What are the characteristics and significance of the pluralistic integration of the Chinese nation? And how did it come about?

China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, and its tradition has never been cut off since its origin and development. There have been various conjectures and statements about the origin of Chinese civilization. In recent decades, especially in the past 30 years, the discoveries and research achievements of paleoanthropology in China and Neolithic archaeology in China have emerged one after another, providing scientific basis for studying the origin of Chinese civilization and the Chinese nation. Therefore, the study of Chinese civilization and the origin of the Chinese nation can be described as a field dominated by humanities in China in recent 20 years. The so-called "pluralism" means that the Chinese nation is not a single nation, but a compound nation composed of 56 brotherly nations. The so-called "integration" means that 56 ethnic groups have combined into an interdependent and unified whole in the long-term historical development process. All ethnic groups in China play different roles on the historical stage. Finally, a pluralistic and integrated pattern is formed. From a dynamic point of view, that is, from the historical development trend of China culture, it has the characteristics of pluralism and integration. From the static point of view, that is, from the reality of China culture, it has two characteristics: diversity and identity.

I insist that there are two points that run through the whole process of China's cultural development: First, the multi-regional unbalanced development of China culture, the Neolithic culture in each region has its own origins, its own system, its distribution area and scope are clear, its cultural connotations and characteristics cannot overlap with each other, and it can be clearly divided into several independent cultural areas; Second, the regional culture presents a two-way movement of convergence to the Central Plains and radiation from the Central Plains to the surrounding areas.

As a conscious national entity, the Chinese nation has always been China and

It was produced in the confrontation of western powers, but as a free national entity, it was formed in the historical process of thousands of years.

My thesis will trace back to the formation process of the pluralistic and integrated pattern of the Chinese nation. Its mainstream is scattered and isolated by many people.

The existing ethnic units, after contact, mixing, connection and integration, also have separatist interests and die out, forming a you.

I go, I come, you go, I have you, and you have me, each with its own personality. This may be the pluralistic unity of the world.

The formation of local ethnic groups is also the same process. The formation of the pluralistic and integrated pattern of the Chinese nation also has its own characteristics: in a fairly early period,

During this period, 3,000 years ago, a core of many ethnic groups gathered and gradually merged appeared in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

Known as Huaxia, it snowballs and absorbs all the aliens around it into this core.

After the East Asian Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, it is called the Han nationality by other ethnic groups. Han nationality continues to absorb other nationalities.

Its composition is getting bigger and bigger, and it also penetrates into the settlements of other ethnic groups, forming a network, which plays the role of cohesion and contact.

It has laid an inseparable and unified foundation for many nationalities in this territory to unite and become a comfortable national reality.

Body, after the national consciousness, is called the Chinese nation.

In this pluralistic pattern, at the same time, there is a competitive mechanism in contact, absorbing each other's better culture without it.

For example, Yangshao culture, which rose in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, once penetrated westward into the culture of the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

Area, but when it was in contact with the better Longshan culture in Shandong Province in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Henan Province replaced Yangshao culture.

Longshan culture. Archaeologists added the names of various places before Longshan culture, indicating that they still came from the local primitive culture.

In fact, it shows that the process of cultural exchange between ethnic groups at that time has increased from pluralism to integration.

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The integration or homogenization of values is the general trend of the development of history and contemporary culture in all countries of the world. Historically, any multi-ethnic sovereign country is constantly enhancing the homogeneity or homogeneity of the values of all ethnic groups, and constantly promoting the process of integration or homogenization.

The integration or homogenization of values is the general trend of cultural development in China. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, all ethnic groups and regions have begun the process of cultural integration and integration, forming roughly the same values, ways of thinking and behavioral norms. Since modern times, the same sex of all ethnic groups and regions has been increasing. Especially since the reform and opening up, the integration trend of values has become more obvious.

The integration or homogenization of values is the need of modernization and the development of market economy. The level of social development of all ethnic groups and regions is very uneven and there is a big gap. Modern society is an open society, and market economy is an open economy. It needs a sense of fair competition and market norms, regardless of nationality and region. To achieve the goal of * * * common prosperity and common development, it is necessary to make the ideas and concepts of all ethnic groups and regions form the same modern values. From the historical facts at home and abroad, modernization and market economy have made all ethnic groups and regions become a closely linked whole, and the integration of ideology has become an irresistible trend. If we don't abandon all kinds of ideas and consciousness that hinder modernization, backward areas will never realize modernization.

The integration or homogenization of values is conducive to strengthening and maintaining the cohesion of the Chinese nation, safeguarding national unity and national unity, and reviving Chinese culture.

The logical deduction of the pattern theory of Chinese nation's pluralistic integration is based on the pluralistic characteristics of China's regional culture. In the process of the blending and gathering of multi-regional cultures, the Han nationality has gradually become the cohesive core of multi-integration, extending from the Central Plains to North China, South China and West China, and finally forming the pattern of multi-integration of the Chinese nation. Judging from relevant writings, the "pluralistic and integrated" Chinese nation is obviously a national concept compared with China's national concept. As a national concept, because it exists relative to China as a national entity, this national concept obviously does not have any significance to reconstruct or change the actual internal national pattern in China. In other words, as far as international politics is concerned, China has a pluralistic and integrated nation, namely the Chinese nation; At the domestic political level, as a unified multi-ethnic country, China's national identity with the Chinese nation and its corresponding China is still one of the important issues in the internal integration of contemporary China.

Multi-integration is the objective reality of the inter-ethnic situation of multi-ethnic countries in the world today. Compared with other multi-ethnic countries, the pattern of multi-integration of the Chinese nation has certain particularity, which is enough to illustrate the characteristics of ethnic problems in China. This paper attempts to explore the inter-ethnic political integration of multi-ethnic countries and the political legitimacy in the sense of pluralistic integration.

Pluralism, as a theoretical summary and realistic description of reality in history, is the reality of the unity of ethnic components in a multi-ethnic country; The degree of recognition of this reality by all ethnic groups in China, to a certain extent, determines the fate of this unified multi-ethnic country, which is related to the integrated understanding of the state's separation and existence, and is closely related to the self-interests of all ethnic groups.

Everything people fight for is related to their interests. As far as individuals are concerned, interests are based on the consideration of human nature to protect their basic living conditions, and then develop in a competitive environment. "The first rule of human nature is to safeguard its own survival, and the primary concern of human nature is the care it deserves"; However, in the environment of natural competition, the efforts to maximize personal interests are obviously limited by their own conditions and opportunities. Therefore, the basic motivation of collective action in human political life is to participate in or initiate one or more groups to pursue interests more efficiently and maximize interests by tacit or tacit consent. Initiating or joining a certain group must follow the principle of equality of rights and obligations. Enjoy the interests of others or groups by giving up or transferring some personal interests. In other words, a group has the value and legitimacy of existence only if and only if it can explore, display and finally participate in some interest distribution that is difficult to achieve through pure personal efforts. As a relatively stable group form in human society, it provides its members with interests that at least the other three groups cannot provide together, including the continuation of unique economic life, the inheritance of the same culture and the sharing of political power. This kind of national interest orientation and "inescapable" national identity characteristic, which pays attention to the individual survival and development of each group member, makes the nation find incomparable appeal, affinity and stability. Through national interests, "the life of the nation and individuals has been promoted". In terms of interest integration within the group, the unique aggregation function of blood culture, history and economic life of the ethnic group and the prospect of interest sharing make the internal integration function more unique and exquisite than other types of groups. In the environment of multicultural coexistence and interaction, the socialization process based on blood culture or homogeneous culture constantly shapes the cultural and spiritual characteristics of the nation, which in turn makes the national boundaries gradually clear from obscurity, and the clear national boundaries create myths, beliefs, symbols and history that are different from other types of groups. The subtlety of this integration mechanism lies in the realization of pan-political interest pursuit through non-political integration mechanism.

As far as the relationship between nation and country is concerned, according to the national composition of the country, the vast majority of sovereign countries so far are multi-ethnic countries; Judging from the distribution of ethnic groups in China, most ethnic groups have not yet established a pure nation-state. Therefore, this reality not only means that the non-consistent characteristics of national boundaries and national boundaries are the normal state of nations and countries, but also means that the multi-ethnic distribution pattern corresponds to the reality of a unified and multi-ethnic country. In other words, unifying a country is the general pattern of sovereign countries in the world today.

The multi-ethnic pattern and the multi-ethnic integration theory of the Chinese nation based on it not only effectively explain the relationship between ethnic groups and countries in multi-ethnic China, but also apply to the reality of cross-strait political integration. According to the population data of Taiwan Province Province in 2000, among the 23.4 million people in Taiwan Province Province, there are about170,000 Minnans, accounting for 73% of the total population of Taiwan Province. 2.8 million Hakkas, accounting for13%; 400,000 aborigines, accounting for1.8%; In Chinese mainland's ethnic identification, Minnan people and Hakkas are defined as Han nationality, while aborigines are classified as "Gaoshan nationality" because of "lack of on-the-spot investigation of ethnic identification". This demographic data and anthropological field survey prove that both Taiwan Province Province and the mainland are part of the pluralistic unity of the Chinese nation, and the ethnic distribution on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is not "one on each side" but "one on both sides". In this sense, the idea that some political elites in Taiwan Province Province try to establish a "nation-state in Taiwan Province Province" has no basis in ethnology, anthropology and demography. Even the construction of a nation-state with the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province as the main body shows no signs of law: the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province are neither "fictional" nor "stateless". So far, all international laws and regulations have not given the indigenous people the right to self-determination, and many places can.

In a multi-ethnic country, the diversity of ethnic elements does not constitute a reason to split the multi-ethnic country: "The modern nation-state is neither the only possible state form nor the most brilliant political achievement in human history. The conceptual framework including the concepts of people, nation, society and country in an arbitrary territorial background is related to a specific historical period "; "If a country pays attention to its own national interests, in this sense, it is not necessarily a nation-state. If it can meet the national interests of many national cultures, this policy can also help highlight its own nationality with a correct understanding of national interests. " Even in the European continent, where the number of nation-states is the earliest and most concentrated, the European Union is pregnant with the shell of multi-ethnic countries. This shows that the full development of ethnic groups and the formation of ethnic groups with consistent interests among multi-ethnic countries will be more in line with the trend of history and the times-"Historical experience clearly tells us that different ethnic groups can be completely integrated"; For multi-ethnic countries, what they need to do is to ensure the prosperity and political legitimacy of all ethnic groups by constantly adjusting their inter-ethnic interests.

As far as the relationship between nation and country is concerned, according to the national composition of the country, the vast majority of sovereign countries so far are multi-ethnic countries; Judging from the distribution of ethnic groups in China, most ethnic groups have not yet established a pure nation-state. Therefore, this reality not only means that the non-consistent characteristics of national boundaries and national boundaries are the normal state of nations and countries, but also means that the multi-ethnic distribution pattern corresponds to the reality of multi-ethnic and multi-ethnic countries. In other words, integration and one country are the general models of sovereign countries in the world today.