Architecture Appreciation (Different from Chinese and Western) Western Classical Architecture Appreciation

Architecture is the most inextricable part of the growth history of a city. Each country has its own unique history of growth, and in the process of growth, accumulates and nurtures its own unique national spirit and temperament, character and charm. At different stages, architecture has its own style and characteristics of that era, as well as dreams that belong to a specific era.

In the ancient Western architecture, as far as I know, it refers to the architecture from ancient Greece to the British Industrial Revolution. It was mainly built in stone. In all the architectural styles of Western antiquity, I mainly appreciate the following architectural styles. There are about ancient Greece, ancient Rome, Byzantine, Gothic, Baroque, Rococo and other architectural styles. Here I take the opportunity to show the main connotation of these styles and the art of superb:

Ancient Greek architectural art can be regarded as the source of European architectural art and treasure trove. Ancient Greek architectural style is characterized by harmony, perfection and sublimity, and the temple architecture of ancient Greece is the concentrated embodiment of these style features. There are three main types of columns in ancient Greece, Tauric, Ionic and Corinthian. Tauric force through the male physique of the strong and robust beauty. Ionique, the full display of the female body of the beauty of the soft and delicate. Corinth is like a flower basket full of curly grass. Taurik columns for the principle of composition of the Parthenon, the Temple of Afia; Ionik columns for the principle of composition of the Temple of Ithanks first and the altar of Zeus in Pagamon; Corinthian columns for the principle of composition of the typical works of the Leixeograd Pavilion and so on. The representative architectural group is the Acropolis. Acropolis in the history of Western architecture is known as a group of buildings in the art of combination of an extremely successful example, especially in the clever use of terrain is more outstanding.

Ancient Rome's architectural art is the inheritance and development of ancient Greek architectural art. Ancient Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius, in his "Architecture Ten Books" once pointed out that the basic principles of architecture

should be? shall be concerned about the regulations, configuration, proportion, balance, appropriateness and economy? This can be said to be a theoretical summary of the characteristics of ancient Roman architecture and its artistic style. Thus, in the roof modeling, appeared in the ancient Greek architecture is difficult to see? Dome arch? Roof. It is this kind of? Dome arch? Roof, became the ancient Roman architecture, especially the most obvious difference between the house type building and the ancient Greek house type building. To? Round? The main style, is typical of the characteristics of ancient Roman architecture. Representatives of the ancient Roman Colosseum, the ancient Roman Temple of Pantheon.

The characteristics of Byzantine architecture, there are four main aspects: roof modeling commonly used? Dome roof? , the overall shape of the center is prominent, the creation of the dome supported on the independent square columns of the structural method and the corresponding centralized architectural form so that the internal space has gained great freedom, colorful and dazzling. The most glorious representative of Byzantine architecture is Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, the central church of the Orthodox Church. It is a monument to the height of the Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia is centralized. The layout belongs to the Basilica style covered by a dome. The central dome protrudes, the four faces are similar in volume but have a focus, there is a large courtyard in front, and the main south entrance has a second doorway with a semi-circular shrine at the end. The large central dome, supported by sail arches on four large columns of the dun. Its transverse thrust is balanced by two half domes to the east and west and two large column piers to the north and south. Internal space is rich and varied, under the dome, and between the columns, the size of the space before and after the up and down mutual penetration, the bottom of the dome is lined up with a circle of 40 window holes, the light into the formation of the phantom, so that the dome appears to be light and airy. The church's interior space is varied, decorated with stained glass mosaics on a gold background.

Gothic architecture is mostly church buildings. The overall style of Gothic architecture is characterized by: ethereal, thin, soaring, sharp cliffs. Sharp form, is the crystallization of the pointed coupon, pointed arch technology; towering walls, which contains a diagonal support technology, wall technology achievements. The ethereal mood and vertical upward form are the most accurate expression of the spiritual connotation of ****. Appearance of the basic

The basic feature is high and straight, its typical composition is a pair of towering minarets, sandwiched in the middle of the hall's wall, all the walls are unified by vertical lines, all the modeling parts and decorative details are pointed arches, vouchers, spires for the synthesis of elements. At the same time, the building's fa?ade is divided into more and more delicate, the more exquisite form and decoration. All this makes the whole church full of a kind of transcendental and extraordinary, leaping and moving up the sense of dynamism and momentum. Secondly, from the characteristics of the internal space, the Gothic church plane is still generally Latin cross-shaped, but the nave is narrow and long, thin and high, the church's internal orientation to heaven and the altar of the momentum is very strong, the church's internal structure is all exposed, close to the frame type, vertical lines make the space appear extremely high. Bunch of columns surging to the zenith, revealing people to the light of the lost, whenever the sunlight from the stained glass between the full window lattice shines in, the entire church space will be filled with ecstasy and phantasmagoria, such an atmosphere shows the spirit of the ****. France's Notre Dame, Italy's Milan Cathedral, Germany's Cologne Cathedral are representatives. Baroque art is characterized by grotesque, twisted irregular. Baroque architectural style is the tone of opulence and novelty and cheerfulness, with a strong flavor of secular hedonism. It mainly has four aspects of the characteristics: show off wealth, not confined to the structure of logic, often using some irrational combination of techniques, thus producing anomalous and surprising special effects, full of joyful atmosphere, novelty, the pursuit of novelty. It often uses a lot of precious materials, fine processing and deliberate decoration to show its wealth and nobility. The use of oval-based S-shaped, wavy planes and elevations, so that the architectural image of a sense of dynamism; or a mixture of architecture and sculpture, in order to seek a sense of novelty; or the use of high and low staggered and form some kind of incongruity between the components, causing a sense of excitement. Baroque master Polomini design of St. Carlo Church, Rome, Italy, Trevi Fountain is a representative of it.

Rococo style is in opposition to the logic of French classical art, easy to understand, rational

the premise of the emergence of soft, delicate and delicate architectural style. Its main feature is that everything around the soft and smooth to the composition, especially like the use of curves and circles, as far as possible to avoid square corners. In the decorative theme, often like to use a variety of grass and leaves and mussel shells, roses and palms. Instead of marble, which was often used in the past, the soft texture of wood was used. Classical programs no longer appear on the walls, but are replaced by panels with elaborate lines and a large number of glass mirrors. Delicate colors are used and strong contrasts are avoided as much as possible. Line feet with gold, the ceiling is often painted sky blue, and often painted with floating white clouds. In addition, also like to hang satin mantle and crystal glass chandelier, furnishings porcelain antiques, trying to show the luxury of elegance. However, its style is too deliberate because of the decorative techniques, often too much fat and powdered gas, the meaning of the lack of purity; stacking, more than soft and charming, natural rhyme and elegance is not enough. Berlin Charlottenburg? Golden Hall? and Potsdam New Palace of Apollo Hall belongs to this.

And our country from ancient times to the present, the style of architecture has been changing with the development of the times, in the vast river of architecture has a number of iconic buildings standing in the motherland everywhere. For example, Tianjin? Sky Tower, Hebei? Shijiazhuang? Art Center, Inner Mongolia? Hohhot? Vajra Pagoda, Quan Cheng Square in Jinan, Shandong Province, and Hunan Province. Changsha, Hunan Yuelu Academy, Guangxi? Nanning International Convention and Exhibition Center, Hainan? Haikou Century Bridge, Tibet? Lhasa? Potala Palace, Qinghai? Xining? Dongguan Mosque, most of these buildings are religious buildings, and why religious buildings are so enduring?

Religious buildings have a soul, its sublime and perfect often make people step into the breathtaking, and even by a strong spiritual power to conquer. The church is like a huge container, will look to the Taoist people into the control of its unique atmosphere, so as to achieve the ultimate goal of absorbing them into the religion, this power is the appeal of religious space. Compared with other types of space,

Religious space has been developed and evolved over thousands of years, and in the process of religious erosion, its architecture has also been broadcast around the world, and combined with the national architecture of each country to form a relatively fixed pattern. Spirit attached to the material above, the inspiration generated in the art of space, the inspiration of religious architecture from the dark Burgundy from the ancient, presenting its divine access to the principle, through the Kingdom of Heaven and the earth, and from the Egyptian temples 4,000 years ago to the modern Japan and South Korea Protestant architecture, the inspiration of the formation of the formation of the conception and carry forward the development of the power of the process, is a long and difficult process.

Different religions in the world have different styles of architecture, and the Chinese concept of patriarchal ethics, which also influences almost all types of Chinese religious architecture. Buddhist temple architecture throughout the land of China. Though Buddhism was introduced to China from India, Buddhist architecture in China is very different from Indian temples. Chinese temples are heavily influenced by ancient Chinese architecture; they are stately and majestic, beautifully ornate, and blend in with the natural landscape, with a strong and distinctive Chinese Buddhist architectural character.

Buddhist architecture includes Buddhist temples, pagodas and grottoes. Buddhist architecture in the initial period of Indian influence at the same time, soon began the process of Chineseization. The layout of the Buddhist temples of the Ming and Qing dynasties is generally a strictly symmetrical multi-courtyard form consisting of the main house, supporting rooms and so on. At the forefront of the main axis is the mountain gate ? The entrance to the whole temple. Inside the gate on the left and right sides are divided into bells and drums. The center is facing the door of the Heavenly King Hall, often made into three rooms through the form of the hall. Through the Hall of the Heavenly King, into the second courtyard, located in the center of the main axis is the main hall, often named ? Da Xiong Bao Dian? The main hall for the whole Buddhist temple building group is the center of the building, it is in the building volume and quality, are in other single building above. The main hall of the left and right side of the hall or for the two-story pavilion form. The main hall after a courtyard, often building two-story? Hidden scripture building? In addition, more in the main axis of the courtyard on both sides of the layout of the monk room, meditation hall, fasting hall and other monks living in the house. Beijing's large Buddhist temples, such as the Guangji Temple in Xisi Pailou belong to this type.

Smaller temples, generally only one courtyard? Into the mountain door to face is the main hall, two compartments for the monks room.

Buddhist temple architectural group is often arranged in a series of ancillary buildings, such as the mountain gate in front of the pagoda, lion carvings, towers, blocks, monuments and so on.

The existing pagodas in Beijing are all built of brick and stone. Famous outside the Guang'anmen Liao Dynasty built Tianning Temple Tower (arch dense eaves type); Fuchengmen Yuan Dynasty built the Myo Ying Temple White Pagoda (Tupo type); Fuchengmen Ming Dynasty built Cishousi Tower (arch dense eaves type); Dazhengjue Temple Vajra Throne Pagoda (India Vajra Throne type); Wolverine Temple in the Xishan Mountains in the remaining veins of the Jubao Mountain (Shou'anshan) southern foothills, the temple was first created in the Tang Zhenguan years (627?649 years), formerly known as the Tuluo Temple, or the name Shou'an Temple. Shou'an Temple. Qing Yongzheng twelve years (1734) was renamed Ten Square Pujue Temple. Because the temple has Yuan Zhishun first year? Two years (1330?1331) cast a torso of Sakyamuni Nirvana bronze statue, so generally called the Reclining Buddha Temple. Biyun Temple at the eastern foot of Xishan Mountain, groups of halls into a ladder-like rise; built in the Yuan Dynasty to the Shun years, initially known as the Biyunan, the Ming Dynasty, Zhengde years (early sixteenth century) expansion; Qing Qianlong thirteen years (1748) and on the basis of the original large-scale expansion. Tianning Temple Pagoda outside the Guang'an Gate, is China's existing dense-eaved brick tower in the more typical one. This tower has the Sui Dynasty, the existing tower is built in the Liao Dynasty.

And China's Taoist thought originated earlier, not as now rumored to be founded by Laozi, but originated in early Chinese witchcraft, then quoted Laozi's Tao Te Ching as a classic, the Eastern Han Dynasty to form a formal religion. Taoist architecture did not form an independent style system, but follow the traditional Chinese palaces, shrines and temples system, generally for the central axis of the layout, to the halls and pavilions, not to build towers and scripture buildings.

Religious architecture, there is not to mention is the church building. The architectural style of the church is mainly

Roman, Byzantine and Gothic three. Romanesque church is *** become the state religion of the Roman Empire, some cathedrals commonly used building style. It is modeled after the ancient Roman rectangular synagogue style and early ***? Basilica? Basilica? Basilica is a rectangular hall, there are two rows of columns separated by the gallery, the center gallery is wider called the center hall, the two sides of the narrow side gallery. Hall east-west, the west end of a semi-circular vault, under the semi-circular altar, before the altar, is the missionary presided over the ceremony place. Later, the vault was built at the east end and the church door opened at the west end. The high altar, representing the hill where Jesus was crucified, was placed on the east side to avoid having to change direction every time the Crucifixion was prayed for. As the rituals became more complex, the horizontal space in front of the altar was enlarged to the north and south, corresponding in height and width to the main hall, thus forming a cross-shaped plane, short horizontally and long vertically, with the intersection near the east end. This is called the Latin Cross, to symbolize the crucifixion of Jesus, which strengthens the religious meaning.

In summary, the spiritual inspiration, is the soul of the religious space due to the past and present, whether it is the period of classical architecture or the modern new building period, the spiritual inspiration of this theme throughout the thousands of years unchanged, and such as the tide, it has its origins, the development of the climax and the resurgence of the process, the process will continue, and the continuous development of its religious **** survival. It is also this long-flowing river in the underworld, so that people feel the beauty and solemnity of the religious space. Art, in its form, is respected and protected, and is happy to continue for a long time, to feed the flower of the soul that blooms between the earthly and the heavenly.

School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Class 11501

Huang Ziqing