Sociological terms of mechanism

The word "mechanism" comes from Greek, and its original meaning refers to the structure and working principle of machines. The original meaning of mechanism can be interpreted from the following two aspects: first, which parts are made up of the machine and why; The second is how the machine works and why it works like this.

When the original meaning of mechanism is extended to different fields, different mechanisms are produced. If it is extended to the biological field, it will produce biological mechanism; Extending to the social field, a social mechanism comes into being.

Biology and medicine borrowed the word by analogy. Biology and medicine often analyze the "mechanism" of objects when studying their functions (such as photosynthesis or muscle contraction). Among them, the concept of "mechanism" is used to express the way in which organs interact, act and adjust when the body undergoes physiological or pathological changes. Later, people introduced the word "mechanism" into the study of economics, and used the word "economic mechanism" to express the relationship and function of various components in an economy. Normal biological organisms (such as human body) have this mechanism and ability.

Obviously, as an organization in a complex social system, it is impossible for a company to build a mechanism to make it an adaptive system without the intervention of managers. However, when designing the operation mode of enterprises, we should focus on the construction of mechanisms, which will help enterprises to improve management efficiency, improve the pertinence and applicability of management measures, reduce management costs, reduce arbitrariness and the possibility of handling cases, and thus move from "rule by man" to "rule by law". The most important thing to understand the concept of mechanism is to grasp two points. First, the existence of all parts of a thing is the premise of the existence of a mechanism. Because a thing has various parts, there is a problem of how to coordinate the relationship between the parts. Second, it must be a specific operation mode to coordinate the relationship between various parts; Mechanism is to connect all parts of things in a certain way and make them work in harmony.

Institutional division:

Generally speaking, there are three types from the form of mechanism operation.

The first is the operation mechanism of administrative planning, that is, the various parts are unified through planning and administrative means.

The second is the guidance-service operation mechanism, that is, the relationship between the parts is coordinated by guidance and service.

The third is to supervise the service operation mechanism, that is, to coordinate the relationship between various parts by supervision and guidance.

From the function of the mechanism, there are incentive mechanism, restraint mechanism and guarantee mechanism.

Incentive mechanism is a mechanism to mobilize the enthusiasm of the main body of management activities; Restriction mechanism is a mechanism to ensure orderly and standardized management activities; Security mechanism is a mechanism to provide material and spiritual conditions for management activities.

In fact, the above mechanisms are interrelated and interpenetrating, and they are classified as above only for the convenience of analyzing problems.

What is the carrier of the mechanism? Or through what form, through what?

The establishment of mechanism depends on system as well as system. The so-called system here mainly refers to the adjustment and allocation of organizational functions and post responsibilities; The so-called system, in a broad sense, includes national and local laws and regulations and the internal rules and regulations of any organization. It can also be said that the mechanism can only be embodied in practice through the establishment (or reform) of the corresponding system.

We can achieve the purpose of transforming the mechanism by reforming the system and system; In other words, by establishing appropriate institutions and systems, corresponding mechanisms can be formed. For example, planned economy and market economy are two different systems; Under the two economic systems, a completely different economic operation mechanism has been formed. The current social security system and the enterprise employee retirement system under the planned economy are completely different systems, and the promotion of the current system to the enterprise operation mechanism lags far behind the old system.

From the microstructure point of view, the joint-stock system reform of enterprises has established a new ownership system, and also formed a new high-level organizational structure-an organizational system composed of shareholders' meeting, board of directors, board of supervisors and management team, which has obvious effects on the transformation and improvement of enterprise management mechanism.

In the formation of the mechanism, the role of the system is more intuitive; In the process of establishing internal competition and incentive mechanism, the reform of employment system and distribution system bears the brunt; Supervision, [[Audit system also plays an irreplaceable role in improving the supervision and restraint mechanism]].

Mechanism construction is a complex system engineering. The reform and improvement of various systems and institutions are not isolated, nor can they be solved simply by "1+ 1=2". Different levels and sides must echo each other and complement each other in order to play a role in integration. We must also pay special attention to the human factor. No matter how reasonable the system is, no matter how perfect the system is, the people who implement it can't, and the mechanism is still not in place. Moreover, the system and the system can not be completely separated, but should blend with each other. The system can regulate the operation of the system, and the system can ensure the implementation of the system.

To sum up, the connotation of mechanism in sociology can be expressed as "the concrete operation mode of coordinating the relationship between all parts to play a better role on the premise of facing up to the existence of all parts of things." 1, economic mechanism

Economic mechanism refers to the relationship and function between various components in a certain economy. Because the mechanism plays a role in the operation of the economic subject, it is also called the operation mechanism. An economy contains the local operation of its constituent elements in the overall operation. Each constituent element is self-contained and has its own specific operating mechanism.

2. Market mechanism

Market operation mechanism is the overall function of market economy and the most important driving factor in the process of economic growth.

The launch of the industrial revolution is based on the market operation mechanism, or the growth process of modern productive forces with industrialization as the core is driven by the market operation mechanism. Market operation mechanism is an indispensable and important aspect of economic socialization and even economic globalization.

The market operation mechanism consists of price mechanism, competition mechanism, risk mechanism and supply and demand mechanism. Price mechanism is the core mechanism, competition mechanism is the key mechanism, risk mechanism is the basic mechanism, and supply and demand mechanism is the guarantee mechanism of market economy.

3, enterprise operation mechanism

Enterprise operation mechanism refers to the internal function and operation mode of enterprise's survival and development. It is the basic principle and corresponding system that guides and restricts the production and operation decisions of enterprises and activities related to people, money and things. The internal and external factors that determine the business behavior of enterprises and their relations. The operating mechanism of an enterprise is the sum total of the working methods that are interrelated and mutually restricted within and between each link in the operation process of its management system, technological innovation system and financial system.

4, enterprise management mechanism

It is the mechanism in the running process of enterprise management system, that is, the sum of the working methods that are interrelated and restricted internally within each business link and among each business link of the enterprise.

Enterprise management mechanism includes input mechanism, conversion mechanism, output mechanism and feedback mechanism.

5, enterprise innovation mechanism

Its main function is to enable enterprises to maintain vigorous innovation activities, ensure enterprises to obtain greater benefits in continuous innovation, and create more value and use value for society.

The restrictive factors of enterprise innovation mechanism include profit distribution mechanism, sales mechanism, price mechanism and supply mechanism.

6. Financial mechanism

It is mainly a financial activity system composed of interrelated value categories such as bonus, cost and profit. It mainly includes the movement mechanism of funds, the accounting mechanism of consumption and the distribution mechanism of financial results.

7. Mutual restraint

The management mechanism, innovation mechanism and financial mechanism of an enterprise restrict each other, and the insufficiency or distortion of each mechanism will have a negative impact on other related mechanisms.

From the operating mechanism of enterprise hardware and enterprise software, the operating mechanism, innovation mechanism and financial mechanism of enterprise are investigated. Enterprise software includes enterprise values, ideals, beliefs and behavioral norms. The elements of corporate culture permeate all aspects of the enterprise hardware operation mechanism, which restricts and affects the overall operation mechanism of the enterprise.

8. Management mechanism

Refers to the structure and operation mechanism of the management system. Management mechanism is based on management structure, which is essentially the internal connection, function and operation principle of management system. For the general management system, the management mechanism mainly includes operation mechanism, dynamic mechanism and constraint mechanism. These three mechanisms are also the general external forms of management mechanism. How to realize scientific and reasonable operation mechanism

To realize a scientific and reasonable enterprise operation mechanism, it is important to do a good job in two aspects: one is the construction of the external environment of the enterprise, and the other is the construction of the internal mechanism of the enterprise.

1in July, 1992, the State Council promulgated and implemented the regulations on the transformation of operating mechanism of industrial enterprises owned by the whole people. On the one hand, the reform of macroeconomic system has improved the business environment of enterprises and created external conditions for the transformation mechanism of enterprises; On the other hand, it decentralizes enterprises (14 autonomy), providing space for the construction of internal mechanisms of enterprises, and combining economic system reform with modern enterprise system construction.

Since the reform and opening up, the external business environment of enterprises has changed. From a nationwide perspective, the reforms in the fiscal and taxation system, financial system, price system, wage system, employment system and social security system have effectively promoted the transformation of the role of the government in social and economic development, and the socialization and marketization of management functions in all aspects have improved accordingly, which not only lifted the shackles for enterprises, but also provided a stage for fair competition. It is precisely because of various reforms that today's business operators are no longer worried about "whether there is a superior plan for the production and supply of products, how to determine the price of products, whether good projects can be invested, whether important talents can be promoted and hired, how to deal with violators, and whether there is a planned amount of salary increase".

While improving the external environment, how to build the internal mechanism of the enterprise?

1. Make a fuss about the internal organizational system and architecture.

As far as the property right structure is concerned, it is an effective way to implement the shareholding system. Under this structural system, ownership and management rights are separated, forming a power balance mechanism. If different ownership components can be introduced, the incentive and restraint function of this system will be more obvious.

As far as corporate governance structure is concerned, we should combine the characteristics of corporate enterprises, standardize the composition of shareholders' meeting, board of directors and board of supervisors, as well as the rules of procedure and target assessment, and give full play to the role of corporate governance institutions.

In the management structure, we should implement the principle of lean, scientific and efficient, rationally design the organizational structure of enterprises, and scientifically allocate the functions of departments and posts. Up to now, various organizational forms have been described in many professional works. As for what kind of structure the enterprise should adopt, it needs to be studied and determined according to the specific conditions of related industries and enterprises.

2. The integration of micro-mechanism should be realized through the construction of various internal systems and systems.

We often compare the management mechanism, incentive mechanism, distribution mechanism and decision-making mechanism of enterprises, but these mechanisms are closely related, but they belong to different levels; Only by sorting out the context can the construction of the mechanism be more purposeful and achieve twice the result with half the effort.

Simply put, the internal operating mechanism of an enterprise can be divided into two mechanisms: one is self-development mechanism and the other is self-restraint mechanism. Figuratively speaking, an enterprise is like a car driving on the road of market economy, and its self-development mechanism is its power system, including engine, fuel supply and reserve. Self-restraint mechanism is the control system, including steering wheel, brake, driving (driven) safety system, alarm device and so on.

According to the functional characteristics of the two mechanisms]], further decomposition, there are:

A. self-development mechanism; Including: competitive incentive mechanism, talent development mechanism, accumulation mechanism, investment mechanism, innovation mechanism and so on.

B. Self-restraint mechanism; Include decision-making mechanism, control mechanism, supervision mechanism, restriction mechanism and early warning mechanism.

Accordingly, we can analyze and design from specific problems according to the functional composition of the internal mechanism, deepen the internal system reform and system construction, and finally realize the goal of mechanism construction.

Competition incentive is the most important part of the development mechanism, and competition itself is also an incentive, even an incentive in the sense of survival. Its breakthrough point is the reform and improvement of the employment system (including the selection and competition of managers and cadres at all levels) and the distribution system. From the perspective of talent development and reserve mechanism, we should focus on continuing education, technical training and planning guidance according to the development needs and job requirements of enterprises. Control and supervision are important links in the restraint mechanism, and the system construction and power and responsibility distribution in financial supervision, cost accounting, legal norms, key post restraint, auditing and other aspects are the focus of work.

As we said before, the construction of mechanism should be realized through the construction of system and system. In the construction of system (organization system and management system), we should pay attention to the mutual coordination and restriction among all parts. In the system construction, we should take different measures according to the situation; The function of the system lies in prohibition in some cases and guidance in more cases.

In particular, the construction of the mechanism is not simple and absolute, but complex. Incentive mechanism is not only about how to select people and how to distribute wages and bonuses, but also involves many other factors, such as leadership style, internal atmosphere, corporate culture and so on. Therefore, we must avoid patterning and metaphysics in mechanism construction.

The construction of mechanism is a long-term work, and there are also problems of continuous innovation. With the development of social environment and the improvement of people's awareness, the mechanism should be adjusted accordingly at any time. Principles of forming mechanism of enterprise strategy

The strategic mechanism of an enterprise refers to the general outline and strategy of all business activities of the enterprise, as well as the ways, methods and means adopted by the business activities of the enterprise and the effective combination between them.

Eight principles of forming mechanism of enterprise strategy

1, the principle of sustainable development

The sustainable development of enterprises mainly emphasizes four aspects of substitution: technology substitution, product substitution, system substitution and industry substitution. The emphasis on enterprises is four short and one long, that is, the life span of enterprises should be long, but the cycle of technology, products, systems and industries should be short, and it is best to constantly replace them. The faster they are replaced, the more dynamic the enterprise will be.

2, according to the principle of.

The formulation of enterprise management strategy must consider the bearing capacity of enterprises. Because in a certain period of time, enterprises are limited in terms of people, money, materials and systems. Business strategy should be subordinated to the bearing capacity of enterprises.

3, the principle of comparative advantage

When formulating the business strategy of an enterprise, we must analyze where the comparative advantage of the enterprise lies and make it clear. This is mainly to consider what position the enterprise is in the market and what its share is.

4, the principle of economies of scale

In the design of enterprise management strategy, we must consider the question of scale economy or uneconomical.

5. Liquidity principle

Enterprises with poor liquidity have poor ability to resist risks, so they must have certain liquidity.

6. Principle of service nature

The so-called business essence principle means that you can't leave the enterprise in the design of enterprise strategy, especially in the business strategy, you should consider the limitations of enterprise goals.

7, the principle of openness

In fact, the principle of openness emphasizes that enterprises should avoid a bad tendency when formulating business strategies, that is, narrowness, that is, the thinking of considering problems is relatively narrow and not so open in all aspects.

8. Dynamic principle

The principle of dynamic means that expectations must be made in the design of enterprise management strategy. Prediction is a scientific prediction of the future development environment of the whole enterprise and some changes within the enterprise. If there is no scientific prediction, then enterprises will be in trouble or even short-lived. Ten mechanisms in the realization mechanism of enterprise strategy

The realization mechanism of enterprise strategy refers to the sum of all measures or means for enterprises to develop and compete for the market, that is, all ways and means for enterprises to develop and compete for the market by using various factors that have influence on the market.

1, price mechanism

-refers to the use of price and price-related factors to explore and compete for the market. Price mechanism mainly includes five mechanisms, namely, price fluctuation mechanism, buying and selling mechanism, cost mechanism, supply and demand mechanism and profit mechanism.

2. Quality mechanism

-refers to the enterprise to develop and compete for the market with the promised high-quality products. Quality mechanism includes the connotation of quality, quality standards, comparative advantages of quality and the ratio of quality to technical standards.

3. Utility mechanism

-refers to the mechanism of gaining market by promising to use products efficiently. Utility mechanism includes the comparison of consumption utility of similar products, consumption expenditure and consumption utility, consumption safety and consumption utility, personalized development and consumption utility, etc.

4. Brand mechanism

-refers to enterprises using brands to develop and compete for the market. When an enterprise's products are famous brands, it has the ability to explore and compete for the market. Brand mechanism includes the internal meaning of brand, improving brand taste, making full use of brand effect, creating brand and obtaining brand.

5. Resource mechanism

-refers to the way that enterprises develop and occupy the market by controlling some resources that are very effective for the market. Resource mechanism includes resource utilization, resource control and resource creation.

6. Service mechanism

-refers to the enterprise to explore and occupy the market by promising good service methods. Service mechanism includes service form, service content, service level, service mode and service fee.

7. Customer mechanism

-It means to explore and compete for the market by winning customers. Customer mechanism includes customer development, customer selection, customer management, customer communication, customer guidance and customer emotional contact.

8. Cultural mechanism

-It means to explore and compete for the market through the cultural taste of products. Cultural mechanism includes cultivating cultural taste of products, utilizing cultural taste, acquiring cultural taste and improving cultural content of products.

9. Technology mechanism

-By improving the technical content of products, the harmfulness of products can be reduced and the adaptability of products can be increased. Technical mechanism includes harmless technology and adaptive technology.

10, sales mechanism

-means to explore and occupy the market through various better sales methods. The sales mechanism includes effective sales forms, the formation of sales network, the use of property rights system, the use of various means of interest, the use of various media, the use of the power of administration and its associations, sales orientation and sales services.