Types of literature classification

At present, there are five main methods to classify documents in China: in the west, around 250 BC, Cali Marcos of Alexandria Library classified documents into six categories according to their authors: poets, jurists, philosophers, historians, speakers and miscellaneous scholars, which is the bud of western literature classification. The second volume of World Bibliography, edited and published by Swiss C. Gesner in 1548, is arranged by classification. * * * is divided into four parts, 2 1 category and more than 250 subcategories. 2 1 includes: (1) grammar, linguistics, (2) dialectics and logic, (3) oratory, (4) poetry and literature, (5) arithmetic, (6) geometry and optics, (7) music, (8) astronomy and (8) (14) natural philosophy, (15) metaphysics and natural theology, (16) ethics, (17) politics and philosophy, (18) politics, citizenship and military science, (/kloc) This classification system has a great influence on the later literature classification.

With the rapid development of science and technology and the prosperity of publishing industry in the19th century, libraries are faced with the task of sorting out a large number of documents imported into Tibet, and libraries need to classify documents more carefully, so a variety of literature classification methods have emerged. 18 10, French J.-C. brunet edited the French Classification Table, which was divided into five categories: theology, law, science and technology, literature and history (including literature history and bibliography history), and several subcategories were established under the category. When reproduced in 1864, it was increased to more than 1. 10000 categories. 1826, the classification published by Φ Φ Φ Lewis, director of the library of Imperial University in Moscow, Russia, is divided into 10 categories: universal logic and pluralistic logic, theology, basic philosophy and mystery, open discipline, history, law, medicine, military, economy, industry, literature and aesthetic education, and politics. Each category is subdivided into 2452 categories. 1870, when W. T. Harris, the director of St. Louis public school library, compiled the Catalogue of St. Louis Public School Libraries, he reversed the knowledge classification system of the British philosopher F. Bacon, that is, it became philosophy-poetry-history, and on this basis, he compiled the classification of science, art and history. Subdivided into 100 categories. 1876, M. Dewey of the United States compiled a book "Classification and Subject Index Suitable for Library Books and Brochures" according to Harris Classification, which is the famous Dewey Decimal Classification. It uses the number of grades in decimal as the category symbol, and also compiles the related subject index for classification for the first time. Dewey decimal classification initiated a new era of literature classification. 189 1 year, American C.A. Carter published Extended Classification, which found a new way in architecture. * * * is divided into 26 categories, with English letters as marking symbols and numbers as mnemonic symbols. 190 1 year, the library of congress began to compile the library of congress classification on the basis of extended classification. 1895, Belgians H.-M. Lafontaine and P.-M.-G. Authelet compiled the international decimal classification based on Dewey's decimal classification. It first adopted the principles of concept analysis and combination, and used a variety of combination symbols, and later developed into a semi-faceted classification. 1906, J.D. Brown of Britain compiled the subject classification according to the idea of "one subject, one place". It adopts theme analysis and combination principle, and is the embryonic form of faceted combination classification. 1928, according to Dewey's decimal classification and Carter's extended classification, Moriyoshi of Japan compiled the draft Universal Decimal Classification for Heyang Books, which was renamed nippon decimal classification when it was officially published in 1929. 1933, Indian S.R. Ranganathan published Colon Classification, which completely adopted faceted classification theory and collocation method, initiated faceted collocation classification, and became another milestone in the development history of literature classification. 1935, H.E. Bliss published the bibliography classification. This classification pays attention to the combination of literature classification and knowledge classification, and clearly puts forward the principle of combining practicality and scientificity of literature classification.

After World War II, in order to adapt to the new situation of scientific development and literature surge and the requirements of information retrieval, many classifications in the world have been greatly revised and supplemented, such as Dewey decimal classification, international decimal classification, Library of Congress classification, bibliography classification, colon classification and nippon decimal classification. At the same time, new literary classifications are emerging. For example, 1960, Soviet Library-Bibliographic Classification, 1968, the Patent Expert Committee of the Council of Europe organizes the editing and publication of the international patent classification; 1973, the international literature Federation organized and compiled the Rough Classification System, which was officially published in 1978. In addition, people have also studied and experimented with various automatic classifications compiled by electronic computers (see Automatic Classification).

From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, due to the emergence of a large number of new scientific documents, the traditional "four-part classification" in China can no longer meet the needs of document classification, so a number of transitional document classification appeared. For example, in 1896, Liang Qichao compiled the Bibliography of Western Learning, which is divided into three categories: learning, politics and teaching. 1904, Xu Shulan compiled the Bibliography of Ancient Yue Library, which is divided into two parts: the academic department and the political department, with a total of 48 categories. 19 19 Chen Naigan Nanyang Middle School Book Catalogue, * * * points 14 category. 19 10, Sun first introduced Dewey's decimal classification in Education magazine, and then there appeared a number of document classification methods such as "imitating Du", "changing Du" and "supplementing Du", with more than 30 kinds. Among them, Zurong Shen and Hu Qingsheng's Ten Books Imitating Dewey (19 17) and Du Dingyou's World Book Classification (published in 1922 and renamed as book classification in 1925) are famous. 1935 was renamed as Du's Book Classification), Wang's Unified Classification of Chinese and Foreign Books (1928), China's Book Classification (1929) and Pi's China Decimal Classification and Index (1934).