Problems and Countermeasures of the Current Construction of Water Culture in China from the Comparative Perspective of China and Foreign Countries

Yu Tianjiao Sun Peifeng

(School of Public **** Management, Hohai University)

Since the 1980s, the study of water culture has attracted the attention of the water conservancy industry and the academic and cultural circles, and the research has been deepening, both in the discovery of national water cultural heritage, and in the summing up of the practical experience, some theoretical achievements have been made, which provide a Spiritual impetus. In order to further promote the healthy development of water culture, we should broaden the international vision, examine the construction of water culture in China from the perspective of comparison between China and foreign countries, and reasonably draw on the advanced experience and lessons learned from abroad. From the perspective of comparative study of water culture at home and abroad, China's water culture construction needs to be strengthened is mainly reflected in the following five aspects:

One, enhance the cultural connotation of water conservancy projects

Successful water conservancy projects, from the form of a combination of technology and material materials, the connotation is always embodied in the concept of harmony between water and mankind and the concept of sustainable development. Water conservancy project should not only have flood control, power generation, navigation and irrigation and other aspects of economic benefits, should also pay attention to the ecological environment of the water conservancy project and the project itself, such as the pleasant function of social benefits. Over a long period of time, water conservancy project construction is often limited to the structural design and traditional function of the play, more attention to the technical problems of the project itself, less consideration of the cultural connotation of engineering construction and the social environment and ecological diversification requirements. Such projects often bring economic benefits while leaving behind some more far-reaching social problems.

The world-famous Aswan Dam, once the world's largest reservoir and the pride of the Egyptians, has been effective in flood control, irrigation and power generation, and has been very effective in farming, expanding planting areas and increasing food production. However, at the time of design, due to the limitations in understanding, there was a lack of scientific justification and analysis of the negative impacts of sedimentation on the Nile basin. After the completion of the dam, the negative impacts gradually appeared, sedimentation is serious, "on the water environment and ecology caused a certain degree of adverse impacts, mainly in soil salinization, water quality deterioration to varying degrees, aquatic habitat changes to varying degrees, cultural relics and the destruction of the landscape and so on several aspects" [1]. This led to Egyptian reflections on the Aswan Dam. Similar examples can provide insightful lessons for China's water projects.

In ancient and modern times, excellent water conservancy projects not only reflect the high level of technology, but also contains the advanced concept and cultural spirit, such water conservancy projects, its own deep cultural connotation, and thus has the benefit of sustainable development. The Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project in ancient China is a typical example. The Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project, which was established in 256 years ago, is the oldest water conservancy project in the world that still plays a great role and is characterized by diversion of water without a dam. The project scientifically solved the automatic diversion of river water, automatic sand removal, automatic control of water intake flow, without destroying natural resources as a prerequisite to achieve a high degree of coordination and unity of people, land and water, and became the world's best example of water resource utilization. 21st century China's water conservancy project, to break the traditional mindset, to give full play to the cultural functions of the water conservancy project, and to further increase the water conservancy project on the ecological and cultural carrying capacity of the water conservancy project to realize the water engineering and water ecology, water and culture. Realize the organic combination of water engineering and water ecology, water environment, water landscape, penetrate the elements of culture into the construction of water conservancy projects, reflecting the cultural connotation of modern water conservancy construction, highlighting the cultural function of water conservancy projects. This is the development of modern water conservancy, adhere to the road of sustainable development of water conservancy inevitable requirements. According to the specific natural conditions, to expand the function of water conservancy projects, not only in flood control, irrigation, shipping, power generation, in farming, recreational tourism and other aspects of its function, so that water conservancy projects to play the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits, the formation of economic benefits, social and ecological benefits of the trinity of the project model. China's Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project has absorbed the lessons learned from the Aswan Dam and other water conservancy projects, and has made detailed scientific proofs from the quality of the project to the flood control and sand discharge, environment and ecology, making the Three Gorges Project a long-term sustainable project for the benefit of the people. This is a model for contemporary water projects in China, and an example to learn from for water management practices in China.

Two, increase the protection of water cultural heritage

Water cultural heritage is the embodiment of a country's culture, but also the national identity of the image of the teaching material. In recent years, China has gradually recognized the historical importance of water cultural heritage, the protection of water cultural heritage has been gradually carried out, and some water cultural heritage has been developed, protected and utilized, such as Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project and Lingqu and so on. The country is also making efforts to promote the inscription of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and Xinjiang's Qan'erjing has also been included in the protected objects. However, it should also be soberly realized that, compared with the rich and colorful water cultural heritage in China, the current efforts in water cultural heritage collation, excavation and protection are not enough. Due to the lack of protection and management, some ancient water conservancy projects have gradually lost their original features, or even disappeared. For example, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal has lost part of its navigation function, the number of Xinjiang's qan'erjing is also decreasing, some towns famous for water have also disappeared, and so far only a few relics have been left for people to visit.

South Korea's initiative to remodel the Cheonggyecheon River contains rich cultural connotations and profound revelations. Cheonggyecheon was originally an ancient river that ran through Seoul, South Korea, before it was covered over and made into a culvert on which an elevated road was built. However, the disadvantages of losing the natural river were later recognized, and the re-planning and construction of Cheonggyecheon began. The concept of the Cheonggyecheon reconstruction project was: "To completely solve the safety hazard problem, remove the elevated bridge to make the city center more beautiful; dig up the Cheonggyecheon, which has been covered for more than 40 years, and build a new urban-type natural river, reshape an urban riverbank cultural space that is harmonious between human beings and nature, and completely change the face of the city; solve the original traffic through the city by utilizing the Outer Ring Road, and Convert the underground waterway into an urban-type natural river, improve the atmosphere in the downtown area, and build a green city; restore the long history and culture of the Qingxi River, especially to restore the ancient bridge of great historical significance, and build a riverside urban culture to provide the public with a place to appreciate the history and culture while relaxing; improve the surrounding environment, and promote the adjustment of the industrial structure for the area to become a financial industry, cultural industry, fashion industry, and tourism industry to compete in the promotion and sale of the industry. industry, tourism industry competing to carry out promotional wars in the space, for turning into a new economic center provides an opportunity for development, as a way to improve the city's taste and international competitiveness." [2] Now Cheonggyecheon has become the symbol of Seoul's "eco-city" and citizens' recreation place, become a relay point of Korea's history and incentive points, always reminding Koreans not to forget history, face the present, look to the future. This has a positive reference significance to the construction of urban water conservancy projects in China.

France is also a country with a long history of water culture, pay special attention to the protection of water cultural heritage. The protection of the Midi Canal is an example. Canal du Midi was built in the period of Louis XIV, and was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1996. The canal not only served a practical function, but was also a symbol of the strength of the French Empire in the 17th century. The conservation design for the Canal du Midi focuses on the impact of the project on the landscape, creating a beautiful landscape along the canal. The Canal du Midi perfectly combines aesthetics and practical function, forming its own unique culture and tradition. In this regard, the Government firstly recognizes and protects it legally. The management of the Midi Canal is governed by a special section of the Public **** Waters and Canals Ordinance. The Canal du Midi is the only French waterway to enjoy a specific section of the Ordinance. These strong protection measures have made the Canal du Midi one of the symbols of French canal culture.

Water cultural heritage, an important symbol of the culture of a nation or country, the protection of cultural monuments, which brings not only economic and social benefits, but also an important symbol of the cultural identity and cultural cohesion of a nation or country, is the inner spiritual support of national unity and social stability, and is also the embodiment of the soft competitiveness of the country. At present, in the protection of water cultural heritage, it is necessary to raise the awareness of the importance of water cultural heritage and elevate it to the height of national cultural construction. We should carry out research on water cultural heritage to find out the quantity, distribution and survival of water cultural heritage in China, and formulate corresponding strategies for the existing problems. It is necessary to unify the development, utilization and protection of water cultural heritage to prevent the destruction of water cultural heritage by only developing and utilizing it without protecting it. At the same time, but also to develop the protection of water cultural heritage related laws and regulations, according to the protection of water cultural heritage.

Three, further improve the water laws and regulations

After the founding of New China, has formulated the "People's Republic of China *** and the State of Water and Soil Conservation Law," "People's Republic of China *** and the State of Flood Control Law," "People's Republic of China *** and the State of Water Law," and so on a batch of water laws and regulations, initially formed the legal system of water management. However, it is not yet able to meet the needs of water management, water use, water protection, water conservation, etc., the lack of a comprehensive water law system from the exploration and design to the construction of the construction, from the completion of the project to the subsequent use, maintenance and management. In practice, the situation of governing and managing water according to the law has not been fully formed.

In the formulation of water laws and regulations, the practice of some countries is worth learning. South Africa is a water-scarce country, in order to strengthen the management of water resources, to protect the limited water resources, South Africa has constructed a very complete system of water laws and regulations. 1956 for the first time to formulate the "Water Act", and then many times to amend. 1971 promulgated the "Water Research Act". 1977, the government also promulgated the "Water Research Act". In 1977, the Government promulgated the National Water Resources Policy, which was followed by a series of water laws and regulations. The principles embodied in these laws and regulations are: all water resources are the people's resources and are managed by the state; any organization or individual has only the right to use water resources or to obtain authorization to use them, but not the right of ownership, and any right to use water resources obtained under the water resources related laws and regulations should be temporary; all people have the right to enjoy the basic supply of water as a basic human right; water must be fully recognized as a fundamental human right; and all people have the right to enjoy the basic supply of water as a fundamental human right; and water must be fully recognized as a fundamental human right. basic human right; the unity of the water cycle system must be fully recognized, its constituent elements are interrelated, and the basic unit for the study and management of water resources is the watershed. [3] South Africa in the formulation of water laws and regulations embodied in the concept that water is a public **** scarce resources, the right to use water and the duty to protect water are mutually reinforcing. This is also our country in the construction of water laws and regulations should be absorbed to learn from the concept.

The development of standardized complete and sound water laws and regulations, is to promote the healthy and orderly development of the water conservancy cause of institutional guarantee. Strengthen the construction of contemporary water laws and regulations to promote the development of water conservancy is an important and urgent task. Improvement of sound water laws and regulations should pay attention to the following aspects: first of all, to improve the existing water laws and regulations, in practice, constantly supplement, modify, in order to adapt to the needs of social development; secondly, the development of new water laws and regulations, from the planning, construction, use of water projects and the subsequent protection, from the development of water resources to the daily use of water for industry, agriculture and civil use of water, from the right of water use to the water, water saving, water conservation obligations, from the protection of cultural heritage to the protection of modern water conservation and water conservation obligations. From the protection of cultural heritage to the protection of modern water culture achievements, etc., all need to formulate relevant laws and regulations; again, the water laws and regulations should be raised to a national level, and water should be governed in strict accordance with the law, and violations of the law must be investigated, and law enforcement must be strict. Through the improvement of water laws and regulations, strict law enforcement, the realization of the formation of the situation of water management in accordance with the law.

Four, cultivate the whole society love water, water conservation, water conservation awareness and habits

Water shortages have become an international concern, more than half of the world's countries are short of water or serious water shortages. In order to cope with the problem of water scarcity, many countries have been educating the public, through various means, to develop the concept and habit of loving, saving and protecting water. Our country also belongs to the water-scarce countries, and the task of water conservation is very difficult. However, in practice, the whole society's awareness of water conservation has not been generally formed, in the daily production and lifestyle, the pursuit of economic benefits to the neglect of social benefits, "water is what I bought, how do you want to use it," the phenomenon of water waste, pollution and destruction of water is commonplace.

Egypt is one of the world's water shortage countries, but people's production and life has not been affected by the larger, thanks to the Egyptian government advocated the water conservation campaign and the formation of public water conservation concept. 2003, Egypt in eight governorates to carry out the "national drinking water saving" campaign, and gradually extended to other areas. The campaign was gradually extended to other regions. The national water conservation campaign in Egypt includes the following: the authorities concerned are raising the awareness of the people, especially children and housewives, of water conservation through lectures and training, so as to enable them to master all kinds of effective methods of water conservation and put an end to the wastage of water resources; restricting the use of water in industry, and in particular, penalizing the wastage of water by large enterprises accordingly, and so on. This activity was strongly supported by the United Nations and achieved the goal of reducing Egypt's drinking water consumption by 40% within two years. [4] In terms of effective utilization of water resources, the United States has been more successful. In addition to the government's meticulous management in place, the national water conservation as a cultured performance, people have been water conservation and environmental protection closely linked together, and the emphasis on environmental protection has become one of the important symbols reflecting the degree of cultural cultivation of the American public high and low. American people's strong sense of water conservation, has formed a water-saving culture in the whole society. [5]

China's water conservation to learn from foreign advanced experience, in the promotion of water-saving appliances, water-saving technology and other material means, the use of water prices, water rights management and other institutional means at the same time, but also to give full play to the role of spiritual and cultural education, water conservation education popularized to the whole society, in-depth to the heart of everyone, to cultivate and improve the society's awareness of water conservation and habits. In terms of school education, water culture education should be incorporated into the school curriculum, and water culture education should be incorporated into the formal teaching track through the introduction of compulsory or elective water culture education courses. In terms of social education, various water culture activities should be carried out, a platform for water culture education should be created, and good habits of water conservation, water love and water protection should be cultivated among the people of the whole society through water culture activities, various tourism festivals and cultural festivals with the theme of water, in conjunction with the dissemination of school education and news media, and through the popularization of knowledge of water culture and water culture practice activities. Set up and recognize the water conservation demonstration units, to practice examples to expand the social impact, the formation of radiation effects, learning from foreign advanced water culture education experience, improve the educational effect of water culture activities.

V. Strengthen the international dissemination and exchange of water culture research

With the global water shortage problem is becoming more and more prominent, the study of water culture gradually get the attention of the international community, the international exchanges are becoming more and more frequent. 1993 January 18, the 47th session of the United Nations General Assembly to determine that every year on March 22 as the "World Water Day On January 18, 1993, the 47th United Nations General Assembly designated March 22 every year as "World Water Day", and there are other water-related world festivals, such as World Wetlands Day on February 2, World Environment Day on June 5, and World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought on June 17. In 1996, the World Water Council (WWC), composed of water experts and scholars and relevant international organizations, was established and decided to hold a large-scale international conference every three years before and after the World Water Day, which is the World Water Forum. 1999, at the initiative and under the coordination of the Intergovernmental Hydrological Council (IHP) of UNESCO, the International Water History Society (IWHS) was established. In 1999, the International Water History Association (IWA) was established under the auspices and coordination of the Intergovernmental Hydrological Council (IHP) of UNESCO. The purpose of the Association is to promote and deepen the understanding of the role of water in the development of human civilization, and to promote human understanding of and concern for water. The Association focuses not only on the historical process of human transformation of the water environment, but also on the role of water in the formation of human civilization and the relationship between water and the social, economic, and cultural development of people of different nationalities, countries, and cultures. All this shows that there is a growing international concern about the relationship between water and culture. [6]

At present, China's water culture research has made certain achievements, but there is still a lot of room for development in the dissemination of academic achievements, the use of modern communication media is not enough, the dissemination channel is not smooth, the dissemination of the way is also relatively single.

China's water culture research to the world, in the international arena to show the brilliance of Chinese water culture, in addition to continue to publish water culture works, the creation of water culture journals and websites, should be actively expanding the dissemination of ways to innovate the dissemination of carriers, and actively participate in the organization of the international water culture forums and water cultural exchanges, and to further increase the international dissemination of Chinese water culture and exchanges. Happily, preliminary achievements have been made in this regard. September 2005, the International Institute of History and Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences jointly held an international conference on water culture and water environment protection in Kunming, experts and scholars from more than 10 countries, including China, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Japan, etc., brought their own on the water culture and water environment, the latest research results. March 2006, by the World Institute of Water Culture and the National Development and Reform Commission. In March 2006, China's first Water Culture Summit Forum was held in the Great Hall of the People under the theme of "Water, People and Harmonious Society" sponsored by the World Water Culture Research Institute and the Public Nutrition Development Center of the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Forum adopted the Beijing Declaration on Water Culture; and the International Symposium on Water and Cultural Diversity was convened in Kyoto, Japan in October 2009, aiming to promote international exchanges on water culture. The forum aimed to promote international exchanges on water culture, raise the awareness of water culture among government departments and society as a whole, and accelerate the construction of water culture. In these international water culture seminars, there are Chinese scholars contributed to the fruits of thought.

In the process of building a harmonious society, the water issue is increasingly becoming the focus of attention of the whole society, and the construction of water culture is facing a more difficult task. On the basis of the existing achievements, researchers of water culture should face up to the deficiencies in the research and construction of water culture with a positive attitude, and meet the challenges of water shortage and deterioration of the water environment with a pioneering and innovative attitude, so as to continuously promote the in-depth development of China's research and construction of water culture and realize the harmony between human beings and water, and to promote the sustainable development of the society.

References

[1]Zhu Tielong, Yang Fangli, et al. Impact of Aswan Water Conservancy Hub on Ecology and Environment. Hubei Hydropower, 2004(4):78

[2]Guo Jun. Reconstruction of Cheonggyecheon, Korea: intimate contact between regional water culture and urban river. China Water Resources News, 2005-10-15(4)

[3]Lin Xingchao. An overview of water resources management in South Africa and Egypt. Groundwater, 2007(6):2

[4]Huang Peizhao. Egypt's water-saving farmers exempted from paying water fees. Rural Work Newsletter, 2005(1):56

[5]Jin Ming. Water conservation and protection initiatives abroad. China Information News, 2008-05-21(8)

[6]Zheng Xiaoyun. Water culture in international perspective. China Water Conservancy, 2009(22):28