What are the branches of biology? What are the branches of biology?

What are the branches of biology? What are the branches of biology?

Biological science is a marginal subject. If you want to make achievements here, further study is inevitable.

Biological science is a science that studies the laws of life activities based on experiments. Most universities are in the Academy of Life Sciences, and biotechnology and bioengineering are brother majors. Its specialty covers a wide range, including botany, zoology, microbiology, neurology, physiology, histology, anatomy and so on.

Students in this major mainly study the basic theories and knowledge of biological sciences, and are trained in scientific thinking and scientific experiments in basic research and applied basic research, with good scientific literacy and certain teaching and research capabilities. Cultivate senior specialized personnel in biological sciences who have basic theories, basic knowledge and strong experimental skills and can engage in scientific research, teaching and management in scientific research institutions, universities, enterprises and institutions. [Edit this paragraph] Graduates should acquire the following knowledge and abilities 1. Master the basic theories and knowledge of mathematics, physics and chemistry;

2. Master the basic theories, knowledge and experimental skills of animal biology, plant biology, microbiology, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, molecular biology and ecology;

3. Understand the general principles and knowledge of similar majors;

4. Understand the national science and technology policies, intellectual property rights and other relevant policies and regulations;

5. Understand the theoretical frontier, application prospect and latest development trends of biological science;

6. Master the basic methods of information inquiry, document retrieval and obtaining relevant information by using modern information technology; Have the ability to design experiments, create experimental conditions, summarize, sort out and analyze experimental results, write papers and participate in academic exchanges. [Edit this paragraph] Main disciplines Biology [Edit this paragraph] The main courses are zoology, botany, organic chemistry, inorganic and analytical chemistry, physics, microbiology, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, molecular biology, ecology and so on. [Edit this paragraph] The main practical teaching links include field practice and graduation thesis. , the overall arrangement is 10 ~ 20 weeks. [Edit this paragraph] Mainly experimental animal biology experiments, plant biology experiments, microbiology experiments, cell biology experiments, genetics experiments, biochemical experiments, molecular biology experiments, etc. [Edit this paragraph] Four-year study period [Edit this paragraph] Bachelor of Science awarded degree [Edit this paragraph] Related majors Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Animal and Plant Quarantine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Informatics, Animal Biotechnology, Biological Resource Science, Biosafety [Edit this paragraph] Modern Biological Sciences Modern biological sciences (bioengineering) refer to the molecular, cellular or individual level. Including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering, in which genetic engineering is the core technology. Because biotechnology will open up broad prospects for solving major problems such as food, health, environment, energy, etc., it is considered as the core of science and technology in 2 1 century, along with computer microelectronics, new materials, new energy and aerospace technology. At present, the most active application field of biotechnology is biopharmaceutical industry, which is regarded by investors as one of the industries with the highest growth. Major pharmaceutical companies in the world aim at the target, invest huge sums of money to develop biological drugs, and launch unprecedented fierce competition for 2 1 century.

The development of biotechnology can be divided into three different stages: traditional biotechnology, modern biotechnology and modern biotechnology. The technical feature of traditional biotechnology is brewing technology, the technical feature of modern biotechnology is microbial fermentation technology, and the technical feature of modern biotechnology is genetic engineering as the primary symbol. The biotechnology mentioned in this paper refers to modern biotechnology, which can also be called bioengineering. Modern biotechnology began to rise suddenly in the 1970s, and it has developed very rapidly in the last decade or two. It, together with microelectronics technology, new material technology and new energy technology, ranks as the four scientific and technological pillars that will affect the future national economy and people's livelihood, and is considered as the core of the world knowledge economy in the 2 1 century.

Biotechnology has a wide range of applications, including medicine and health, food light industry, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, energy industry, chemical industry, metallurgical industry and environmental protection. Among them, the field of medicine and health is the first stage of modern biotechnology, and it is also the field with the most extensive application, the most remarkable effect, the fastest development and the greatest potential.

The application of biotechnology in the field of medicine and health mainly includes the following three aspects:

1, which solves the technical problems in the production of drugs that cannot be produced by conventional methods or whose production cost is particularly expensive, and develops a large number of new special drugs. Such as insulin, interferon (IFN), interleukin -2(IL-2), tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), human growth hormone (HGH), epidermal growth factor (EGF), etc. These drugs can be used to prevent and treat diseases such as tumor, heart, brain, lung, blood vessels and heredity.

2. Developed some new clinical diagnostic equipment with high sensitivity, specific performance and strong practicability, such as in vitro diagnostic reagents and immunodiagnostic kits, and found out the pathogenesis and new treatment methods of some difficult diseases. The market prospect of monoclonal antibody diagnostic reagents in China is good.

3. It is the successful development of genetic engineering vaccines and vaccines until mass production that shows a bright future for human beings to resist the invasion of infectious diseases and ensure the eugenics of the whole people. The focus of China's development is hepatitis B gene vaccine.

Modern biotechnology uses renewable biological resources as raw materials to produce biopharmaceuticals, so as to obtain sufficient quantities for clinical research and treatment that were difficult to obtain in the past. For example, 65,438 0 grams of insulin should be extracted from 7.5 kilograms of fresh pig or bovine pancreas. At present, there are 60 million diabetic patients in the world, and each person needs about 1g insulin every year, which is actually impossible to extract from 4.5 billion kg of fresh pancreas. However, biotechnology can easily solve this problem, using genetically engineered "engineering bacteria"