Examples are given to illustrate the application of Yin-Yang and Five Elements in ancient architecture in China.

In ancient China, odd numbers were considered as Yang and even numbers as Yin. In the Qing Dynasty, it was stipulated that the gate of the Forbidden City was vertically and horizontally divided into nine ways (nine being the highest number of yang), but the Donghua Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing was a special case that did not conform to the customization, with 72 doornails vertically and horizontally. What is the reason? The answer is related to yin and yang and five elements. According to the relationship between the five elements, in the east, south, west, north and middle directions of the Forbidden City, the north-south axis is the relationship between fire, soil and water, that is, exogenous, internalized and externalized, so it is an auspicious house; The east-west axis is a relationship between the earth and the earth, that is, the outside is the inside and the inside is the outside. In this way, it is a haunted house. In order to avoid misfortune and turn to happiness, ancient architects skillfully used the principle of coexistence of yin and yang and five elements, turning nine doornails into eight, that is, turning them into yin wood (even numbers are yin). However, the yin wood may not be able to resist the yang soil, but it is still a vertical and horizontal road, which can be regarded as the respect of the emperor.

It is obvious from the ruins of palaces in Shang Dynasty that people's understanding of the relationship between rivers and living environment has reached a quite high level. Xiaotun Village, two kilometers northwest of Anyang, Henan Province, is the capital of Shang Dynasty. Huanshui turns from northwest to south here, and then flows east. On both sides of the river, Xiaotun Village on the south bank of the river is the seat of the palace of Shang Dynasty. The large areas in the west, south, southeast and east of Huan River of the Palace are houses, workshops and cemeteries for civilians and small and medium-sized nobles. Houjia Village and Wuguan Village on the north shore are the tombs of Shang princes and nobles. It should be emphasized that all the palace areas, residential areas, production areas and tombs are located in the winding embrace of rivers, which fully proves that the concept of pursuing "Qu Ze's collection" in later Feng Shui has a long history. As Boshan on Water said, "The ocean is surging, and Shui Ge is rich and curved. Bending is nothing more than love, and it is not straight if you don't want to rush, but you must bend and cross. " "When you see the water bend three times, you will live a long and leisurely life, and the bend will be rich and glorious." In short, the requirement for water flow is to "bend around and hug" and pay attention to "bend with affection" because "the bend of the river is also a gathering place for dragons." (summary of yangzhai)

Furthermore, in geomantic omen, the inner side of meandering is auspicious and the outer side of meandering is fierce. "The Secret of Kamen Yu" says: "You can find the land by holding the edge of water, and you can't go down against the edge of water." Shuilongjing also believes that all kinds of terrain such as "anti-flying", "anti-submarine", "heavy anti-water" and "anti-bow water" are dangerous places. This is the conclusion drawn by ancient ancestors in their long-term observation and practice of the relationship between the natural environment of river areas and urban and rural buildings, which is consistent with the changing law of modern river landforms about meandering rivers. In other words, the view that "water is auspicious" summarized in ancient architectural geomantic omen is rooted in this scientific understanding.

Secondly, Feng Shui emphasizes that cities and buildings face south and face the sun, which has a profound cultural background and a very reasonable scientific basis. From a cultural point of view, it is closely related to the study of Zhouyi. "Zhouyi Shuo Gua" says: "Sages listen to the world from the south." Later, the world called the emperor's strategy of governing the country "southern technique", which originated from this. This map was drawn in a geographical way overlooking the south. Therefore, China's ancient concept of orientation was also unique: the front was south, the back was north, and Zuo Dong was right and west, which is just the opposite of the widely used concept of orientation originated from the west (up, down and north) today. The emergence of this idea of "facing south and facing the sun" is determined by its specific environmental characteristics. Because China is in the northern hemisphere, most of the time the sun shines from the south. People's life and production are based on direct contact with sunlight, which determines that people's lighting direction must be south. And choosing to live south is also related to the seasonal wind direction. Cold northerly winds prevail in most areas of China in winter and warm and humid southerly winds prevail in summer, which determines that the basic pattern of China's geomantic environment model should face south, with mountains in the west, north and east to resist the cold winter wind.

Because it lives in the south, it is often used to indicate its orientation in Feng Shui. For example, "The Book of Burial" says: "The left is a dragon, the right is a white tiger, the front is a suzaku, and the back is Xuanwu." "Ten Books of Yangzhai" says: "Where there is a flowing house on the left, it is called a dragon; There is a long road on the right, called white tiger; There is a sweat pool in front, called Suzaku; There is a hill behind it, named Xuanwu, which is your place. " Therefore, Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu have become the names of the four gods in geomantic omen. However, when these four animals began to be the orientation gods in geomantic omen, there is no textual research at the moment. However, there are obvious patterns made of clam shells in Yangshao cultural tombs found on the western slope of Ziyang, Henan Province. "They are located on both sides of the tomb. If the figures of "Dragon" and "White Tiger" in the tombs also have the function of pointing, then the idea of "Yue Long White Tiger Lying" in later Feng Shui works can be traced back to the Yangshao cultural period 6000 years ago. In fact, in ancient times, people had a clear concept of God. As the Book of Rites Quli said, "Go. The names of the four gods also represent the names of the four gods, forming four celestial phenomena, east, west, north and south. Therefore, "Huainanzi Astronomical Training" said: "God Buron is expensive." Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu, as the gods of the four directions, are respected by Taoism and have a wide influence on China culture.

Four gods, such as Qinglong and Baihu, are the gods in the orientation, and each town guards the city, town and house. Those who meet the following conditions can be called "land of four gods" or "land of four spirits". The condition is "Xuanwu bows its head, Suzaku dances, Qinglong winds and white tigers tame." That is to say, if you look down at the mountain in the direction of Xuanwu, Suzaku will come to sing and dance, and the mountain in the direction of Zuoqinglong will continue to fluctuate.

The composition of a geomantic treasure-house requires not only the preparation of four images, but also the context, case sand, hall, water mouth and orientation. "Ten Books of Yangzhai" said: "The place where people live should be dominated by mountains and rivers, and its source is the most imposing, which is the most important." "The venation of Yangzhai is the same, and the hall must be wide and flat." It's too small to fit. The stars are close to the hall, and the record is not narrow. This statement has a unique classification. "This is a model of a treasure trove of geomantic omen. From the big environment, it requires endless mountains in the north, low hills echoing far and near in the south, and mountains on both sides, which are heavily guarded. Some halls in the middle are unique and spacious, surrounded by winding water. This is an ideal land of geomantic omen. As Fo Yin said in Feng Shui Lecture Notes: "The mountains are undulating, the heights are strewn at random, the music is lively, the midvein is out, the caves are protruding, the dragons and tigers surround the sand, and the mountains and rivers are outside, which makes the land rich and expensive. "

From the perspective of modern urban construction, it is also necessary to consider the natural geographical conditions and ecosystem of the whole region. Each region has its specific lithology, structure, climate, soil quality, vegetation and hydrological conditions. Only when all kinds of comprehensive physical and geographical elements in this area coordinate with each other and complement each other, the "qi" in the whole environment will be smooth, lively and full of vitality. Therefore, it has created an ideal "land of geomantic omen"-a very good living environment. It is a typical environment with ecological significance for the common cities and villages near mountains and rivers in China. Its scientific value lies in that the backing behind it is conducive to resisting the cold wind blowing from the north in winter; Facing the flowing water, you can not only accept the cool wind in the south in summer, but also enjoy the benefits of irrigation, boating and breeding. Chaoyang trend, easy to get good sunshine; Gentle slope terraces can avoid flood disasters; The surrounding vegetation is gloomy, which can not only keep the soil and water, but also adjust the microclimate and get some firewood. These unique environmental factors combine to create an organic ecological environment. This city or village full of ecological images and vitality is also a treasure trove of geomantic omen that ancient architectural style has been pursuing.

Second, the enlightenment of ancient geomantic omen to modern urban planning and architecture

In ancient geomantic omen, the earth was often compared to the human body to consider various factors. In geomantic omen, there is a saying that "the earth is like a person". For example, "The Cape Sutra of the Dark Girl" said, "The situation of Tuolong is like a person, but when the body moves, the hands and feet will react; When the Lord comes out, the soldiers will follow. " "Your own dragon should be long-term, your body should stand upright, your brothers and sisters should be harmonious, your young and old should obey, and your guests and friends should meet with surprise." Based on this idea of similarity between man and land, Long Mai's acupoints in Feng Shui are often divided into three types according to the structure of the human body, one in the head, one in the umbilicus, and the third in the vulva, and their specific positions. Gathering points is like a person's navel, and his hands are dragons and tigers; The point where people gather is like a man's scrotum. His feet are both dragons and tigers. "(Qing Zhengquan Fu) In the Qing Dynasty's Geoscience, a map of Feng Shui acupoints based on the human body's" orifices "was collected, which best vividly reflected the concept of similar people and places.

Because the foundation of ancient geomantic omen is based on China's traditional philosophy of Yin and Yang, it is natural to regard the idea of "the unity of man and nature" and "the unity of all things" as the soul that runs through the whole geomantic omen. The ancient people of China have long discovered the running laws of the five planets, namely, the sun, the moon, the twenty-eight stars and the Jin Mu, and their relationship with the seasonal changes and disasters of the earth day and night. The movement of heaven and earth is directly related to the growth of mankind. "Garden Story" says: "The human body is like a small world, with five elements of yin and yang, which can connect the whole body." Heaven and earth are a big universe, and the human body and the universe are isomorphic. Heaven and earth are divided into yin and yang, and the human body is divided into yin and yang. There are five stars and five mountains in heaven and earth, and the human body also has five senses and five internal organs. The sky is divided into ten days, which means that the earth revolves around the sun. It means that the moon revolves around the earth for twelve times a year, and people also have twelve meridians and twelve skins ... The whole meridian system of people flows periodically with time, year, month, day and hour, rising and falling, opening and closing, and artificial seasons. All this implies that the appearance of human beings is by no means accidental, it embodies the life of the whole universe, and the human body and the universe are completely harmonious. The mountains are ventilated, the thunder wind is thin, and the fire and water (not) shoot each other. ""Heaven and earth coexist, and everything is one with me. "The vitality echoes in the universe between heaven and earth, and the true qi is accumulated in the human body. People are actually regarded as a link in the natural ecological chain. Compared with nature, man is small. Any activity of human existence should live in harmony with nature. So we should avoid doing harm to nature. People's architectural activities are conducive to the harmony of nature. In feng shui theory, qi is used to explain the natural environment. In the relationship between man and the natural environment of heaven and earth, as long as he is in harmony with heaven and earth, that is, in line with the natural order, he will get peace and happiness, thus achieving the goal of seeking good fortune and avoiding evil. The basic significance of geomantic omen site selection is to find a suitable place for human beings and hide the angry area between heaven and earth. It is also an ideal place for human growth and reproduction. Generally speaking, all the concrete measures of Feng Shui are centered on how to find the condensation point of Qi, how to welcome, accept and gather Qi, and through catering, guiding and adapting to the Qi of the universe and heaven, the Qi of the human body can be integrated with it, thus contributing to improving the living environment and ensuring the physical and mental health of mankind and the prosperity of future generations. In this sense, Feng Shui can be said to be the art of combining the qi of the universe with the qi of the human body. Feng Shui focuses on choosing an ideal environment, which is mainly composed of mountains and water, especially water as the source of life. "Shui Long Jing" said: "Although the cave is in the mountains, it is fortunate to be in the water." "Fushi is the bone of the mountain, soil is the meat of the mountain, water is the blood of the mountain, and vegetation is the fur of the mountain, all of which are connected by blood. "It is organic in itself. The viewpoint in Huangdi's House Classic is more clear: "The house takes the situation as the body, the spring water as the blood, the land as the flesh, the vegetation as the hair, the house as the clothes, and the portal as the crown belt. If so, it is elegant and auspicious. "Here, the house is obviously regarded as a part of the earth organism, emphasizing the harmony between the building and the surrounding environment. This is the architectural thought of Feng Shui. For example, Guanzi Shuidi said: "Water is the blood of the earth, like a channel of tendons, so it is said that water has material." Wang Chong's Lun Heng Xu Shu said, "There are hundreds of rivers in heaven and earth, and there is still blood. Blood flow. "

The ancient buildings in China are most influenced by geomantic omen, which is to pursue a suitable atmosphere, which is the most favorable external environment for people's growth and development. This environment should be embroidered with mountains and clear water, with good weather and good people. Because there are mountains and bones, water can be "alive", and mountains and rivers complement each other. Therefore, almost all feng shui environments pay attention to the collocation of mountains and rivers and combine them according to a certain feng shui spatial structure. Why can many feng shui landscapes become people's spiritual cultivation? The reason is that its landscape combination is reasonable, which can give people a feeling of elegance, comfort and awe. In this sense, "outstanding people" makes sense. No wonder people will tirelessly pursue a reasonable combination of landscape environment.

After experiencing the "great development" of industrialization and urbanization, human society began to sum up and reflect on the consequences of industrialization and urbanization, and found that the development of human society increasingly abandoned and destroyed nature, pushed the harmonious relationship between man and nature to the opposite side, and tasted all kinds of "bad consequences" brought about by it, such as abnormal climate, environmental pollution, lack of natural sentiment and so on. However, people are human beings, have subjective initiative and can adjust themselves. Countries all over the world have taken various countermeasures around the proposition of "man and environment". /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the "urban beautification movement" appeared in the United States, and the trend of "garden city" appeared in Britain, all of which reflected people's desire to be in harmony with the environment and return to nature. "Garden City" has been put into practice, and its ideas have inspired many urban planners. Most new urban design schemes benefit from this. After China put forward the countermeasures of "urban and rural landscaping" in 1950s, he held the "Symposium on Landscape Cities" in China on February 1993. Mr. Qian Xuesen pointed out that the city of China in 2 1 century should be a "landscape city" integrating urban gardens and urban forests. Mr Wu, the planner, pointed out: "China. Mountain, water and city are integrated and have their own characteristics. The background of these characteristics is China's traditional philosophy of "harmony between man and nature", which is related to the "Feng Shui" theory that attaches importance to landscape composition and urban site selection and layout. " With a unique vision, Mr. Wu realized the important role of Feng Shui in the site selection and landscape composition of ancient cities in China. At the same time, it also enlightens us that the effective combination of Feng Shui theory in landscape space will certainly play a positive role in the planning and construction of "landscape city"

Modern application and value of geomantic omen in ancient buildings

Geomantic omen of ancient buildings, which belongs to the traditional cultural field of China, is bound to contain many illusory elements due to the limitation of time and history. It is an important task for Chinese experts and scholars engaged in traditional culture and modern architecture to take its essence and discard its dross and explain traditional ideas with contemporary language and scientific ideas in order to better serve the society.

First of all, we should jump out of the "mysterious" strange language circle in traditional geomantic omen and let more people know the essence and modern value of geomantic omen with simple and easy-to-understand modern expressions. Secondly, we should adapt to the development of contemporary science and technology, be good at taking the latest scientific and technological achievements as the "touchstone", touch the traditional geomantic omen, make it thoroughly remould itself, and carry forward the essence of traditional geomantic omen under the new historical conditions. Third. It is necessary to adapt to the rapid development of contemporary urban construction, real estate development and construction industry, study various new problems, dare to innovate, and promote the modernization of Feng Shui as soon as possible, that is, organically integrate the essence of traditional Feng Shui into contemporary architecture.

The development of contemporary society is centered on urban construction. But many cities have no mountains or lack rivers, which seems to be a far cry from the traditional geomantic omen. However, with a little modification, we can still find examples that conform to traditional geomantic omen. When investigating the geomantic omen of the city, we can regard the architecture as the overlapping peaks, the protection of sand and stones, the green dragon and white tiger, and the suzaku Xuanwu. The criss-crossing roads extending in all directions can be said to be rivers and streams. For urban and residential buildings, the influence of natural environment, such as mountains and rivers, is far less direct and close than that of other houses and walls and roads adjacent to houses. Therefore, dragon, sand, water and cave are endowed with new special figurative meanings and applied in the method of distinguishing the shapes of urban landscape houses. Just like "Yang Zhai Integration", a tall building is the real dragon. Although it is said that Hanlong ascended to heaven, it is still necessary to descend to the true Sect. "Yang Zhai Understanding" also said: "A street is a layer of water, a wall house is a layer of sand, the street in front of the door is a hall, and the opposite house is a mountain. "On the basis of following the basic concept of traditional geomantic omen, we make full use of and give full play to the advantages of various regions and various congenital conditions, and carefully discover the congenital conditions of individual regions. Improving the buildings in this residential area can also get good results. Here is an example of the design scheme of Haikou International Trade Center, which can be called a successful example of applying Feng Shui theory in modern architectural design. The following is an introduction based on Jiao Yiqiang's "Preliminary Study on the Application of Fengshui Theory in Modern Architectural Design".

Haikou International Trade Center (hereinafter referred to as Haijiao Center) is a comprehensive facility to be built in Haikou, focusing on exhibitions and transactions, and compatible with office buildings and hotels. Upon completion, it will become a new economic and trade center in Haikou. Cape Center is located in the city center, covering an area of 76,940 square meters and a building area of about 240,000 square meters. It consists of hall, hotel and office building. Most similar comprehensive buildings in modern cities. Even when facing the street, the entrances of several functional areas are absolutely separated, and their external space is homogeneous. Although this way is based on the consideration of function and traffic, it inevitably brings the following disadvantages: (1) The sense of space is scattered and the sense of centripetal force is not strong. (2) It is difficult to form a centralized urban public space. More importantly, this design scheme, which represents the western architectural thought, is contrary to China's traditional Feng Shui thought. From the concept of harmony between man and nature, from small family houses to complex comprehensive buildings, and even the whole region, it can be regarded as a whole, that is, a whole in which heaven and earth are interrelated and mutually restricted. Therefore, buildings of any size can be built.