The Contribution of Ding Wenjiang to the Study of Xu Xiake and the Travels of Xu Xiake

Liu Ruisheng

( China Intellectual Property Newspaper)

I. Xu Xiake and the Travels of Xu Xiake

Xu Xiake ( 1587 ~ 1641), name Hongzu, word Zhenzhi, the number of Xiake, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China, is a Ming Dynasty geographer, traveler. Xu Xiake lived in the decline of feudal society in China, he came out of the study, love landscape, traveled all over the country famous mountains and rivers, the corner of the border. East across the sea to Lujia Mountain, west to Tengchong western border, south to Guangdong Luofu Mountain, north to Panshan. Footprints throughout the Ming Dynasty, the two capitals of the thirteen Chief Secretary, equivalent to today's Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and so on 19 provinces ( districts, cities ). He dedicated his life to traveling and research.

Xu Xiake from the age of 22 began to travel to 56 years old before his death a year due to exhaustion, had to return to his hometown, he did not exhaust the tigers and wolves, not afraid of the difficulties and dangers, three times encountered theft, many times out of food, but still tireless and courageous, showing the grandeur of the adventure traveler. Xu Xiake's life ambition is to "ask the strange in the famous mountains and rivers" [1]. He traced the river poor flow, climbing into the cave, visiting villages and villages, examined a variety of landforms, recorded the content of different wonders and wonders of the landscape. Xu Xiake said, "In the old days, people used to write about the stars and officials, and more and more of them inherited and attached to the land." [2] Even for a monograph like Yugong, which was regarded as authoritative, Xu Xiake was never blindly superstitious. On the conclusion of "Yugong" about "Minshan guiding the river", Xu Xiake confirmed that the Jinsha River is the main source of the Yangtze River after a field trip, and he said, "I don't know that Yu's guide is the beginning of its harm to China". [3] It is important to realize that from ancient times to the present, this is the only conclusion that has been considered correct.

More than 600,000 words of "Xu Xiake Travels" (hereinafter referred to as "Travels"), Xu Xiake's diary to record the geography of China's masterpiece, is China's ancient longest travel works. The Travels opens up a new direction of systematic observation and description of nature in geography; it is not only a masterpiece of geography that systematically examines the geomorphology and geology of the motherland, but also a masterpiece of tourism that depicts China's scenic resources, and also a masterpiece of literature with beautiful writing and vivid language, which has far-reaching influence both at home and abroad. It vividly, accurately and in detail records the rich natural resources and geographic landscapes of the motherland. It provides important information for the study of historical geography and has high scientific and social value. The British expert in the history of science and technology, Joseph Lee, commented on Xu Xiake in his book A History of Science and Technology in China: "His travels do not read like something written by a 17th-century scholar, but rather like a 20th-century fieldworker's record of his expeditions. Not only does he have an amazing ability to analyze various landscapes, but he is also able to use a variety of specialized terms in a very systematic way." [4] The Record of Travels provides extremely valuable information for the study of both historical natural geography and historical human geography in China, and pioneered the field study of nature and the systematic description of nature in Chinese geography.

The content of the Journey is very extensive and rich, ranging from the investigation of the sources of mountains and rivers, topography and geomorphology, to the exploration of strange peaks and caves, and waterfalls and hot springs; from the investigation of plants and animals, to the records of handicrafts, minerals, and agriculture; and from the understanding of local customs and people's feelings to the concern for ethnic relations, and so on, all of them are documented. The Journey was initially widely noticed for its outstanding literary value, and was pushed as "the most ancient and modern travelogue". In fact, the vast field it covers, the rich scientific content it includes, and the multifaceted scientific value it possesses are almost unrivaled among the ancient geographical works of China.

The evaluation of Xu Xiake and the Travels of Xu Xiake in history

Until the 1920s, before Ding Wenjiang put forward the geographic value of the Travels of Xu Xiake, the appreciation of the Travels of Xu Xiake during the past 300 years has been concentrated on the literary aspect. People are sure that the content of the Travels is true, said the book "text quality straight, not carving", [5] "record the text of the arrangement of days and times, directly recounting the scene, did not try to carve for the text, and the day by streaming the interest of nature, the natural and strange police". [6] His manuscripts, at that time, were eagerly circulated and copied, and were praised as "the world's real words, big words, strange words". [7] People also praised the freshness, timelessness, and simplicity of the style in describing the beauty of nature, as well as the unity and harmonization of objects, sentiments, and interests. As Yang Mingshi said: "Xiake's record, all according to the scene straight book, do not fear to commission the details of the dense, not intended to describe the embellishment, to express feelings, and the ancients travel record to compete with the work of the article also." [8] Xi and Pu praised Xu Xiake "its penmanship like Zihou, its narrative class Longmen." [9]

The Ming and Qing dynasties of the literati to Xu Xiake traveled to investigate the "lift in the dangerous cliffs and ravines, searching in the serpent and dragon grottoes and houses, ancient traces of people have not yet come to the area, do not hesitate to donate their lives, and many exhaustion to go to the period of time in the must be created in its domain, must be poor and after the end of the Ao, [10] and praised Xu Xiake for the "ancient wonders", its "Travels" for "ancient wonders". [11] Ding Wenjiang, on the other hand, believes that Xu Xiake is the founder and practitioner of a generation of new learning styles, and is the pioneer of modern geography. Ming and Qing literati evaluated Xiake and his "Travels" as a "strange book of strange people", only at the level of perceptual awareness; Ding Wenjiang Xiake empirical investigation of the scientific spirit, rising to the height of rationality.

In the author's collection of a book Shen Songquan in the early 1920s punctuation of the "Xu Xiake Travels", there is Ding Wenjiang wrote an article entitled "Xu Xiake Travels", the beginning of this article pointed out that: "Qian Muzai [12] said, 'Xu Xiake thousands of strange people, travel is a thousand strange books,' as if he really is Xu Xiake," he said, "Xu Xiake is a strange person, travel is a thousand strange books. ' It seems that he is really a confidant of Xu Xiake, however, look at his biography of Xu Xiake, and even Xiake traveled the road did not understand, it can be called strange! Later people echoed, saying in unison 'a strange man and a strange book,' but they either appreciated his writings or marveled at his footwork, except for Pan Zikeng, none of whom really knew Xu Xiake." [13] Then Ding Wenjiang wrote: "Xu Xiake had traveled to the five mountains, Kuanglu, Baiyue, Huangshan, Tiantai, Yandang, so the recent people have the five mountains in the tour of a few of the mountains, their friends have to compliment him for the second Xiake. This is really the Xu Xiake look too worthless! "[14]

Ding Wenjiang in this article also said: "He is very much in love with the landscape, but the landscape is never his only purpose. Besides, there are many landscapes in the near province that can be enjoyed, so why go through such great pain? He was quite a believer in Buddhism, but he was by no means a traveling monk who made the worship of Buddha the destination of his pilgrimage--and besides, many of the mountains he visited had no Buddha to worship." [15]

Third, Ding Wenjiang's contribution to the study of Xu Xiake and the Travels of Xu Xiake

Before Ding Wenjiang's time, due to cognitive limitations, people were not able to recognize the scientific achievements of the Travels, nor were they able to analyze the inner world of Xu Xiake and the spiritual realm that he was pursuing. Ding Wenjiang studied in Japan and England, and obtained a double bachelor's degree in zoology and geology. He was the first person to recognize, analyze and evaluate Xu Xiake and his Travels with a modern geological perspective, and the first person to establish Xu Xiake's rightful place in the history of science and technology in China and the world.

In Shen Songquan's punctuated version of the Travels, Ding Wenjiang wrote: "...... The article is the rest of Xiake's business, and the footwork is the constant ability to travel, and none of Xiake's true spirit is here." [16]

So what is the "true spirit" of Xu Xiake? We can find the answer from Ding Wenjiang edited "Xu Xiake Annals": "However, Mr. tour, non-apprentice tour also, want to poor the origin of the river, the meridian of the mountain range also. This spirit of 'seeking knowledge' is a characteristic of Europeans and Americans in the past hundred years, and it is not said that Mr. Xu Xiake got it 280 years ago! Therefore, all those who talk about Mr., or only love his articles, or simply amazed by his travels, are not really able to know Mr. also." [17]

Ding Wenjiang strongly admired this "intellectual desire" of Xu Xiake. For this reason, Ding Wenjiang in the "Xu Xiake Travels" article said: Xu Xiake "refused to inherit and attach, so to observe the two rivers and mountains of the truth of the three - this is the true purpose of Mr. travel. This kind of (intellectual desire) - the spirit of sacrificing for the truth, before the 18th century, was rarely seen in the world, but Mr. Xu obtained it 280 years ago. This is really a supreme honor in our academic history! Qian Muzhai understand him to Zhang Qian, Yuan (Xuan) Zang, Yelu Chu Cai self-comparison, I'm afraid it is Muzhai attached, however, according to our eyes, his achievements are no less than these three, but the spirit is not the same, because these three people are either compliments to the emperor, or compliments to the Buddha, Xiake is purely for the knowledge, and the pursuit of knowledge and they have a seek their own seekers of the difference." [18]

In Ding Wenjiang "reprint of Xu Xiake's travels and a new book chronicle of the preface", Ding Wenjiang also in a very admiring mood to praise Xu Xiake's courage and dedication: "is the pursuit of knowledge of the idea of specialization, it is not enough to fear the thieves and robbers, barbarians can not be blocked, the political turmoil can not be moved, and alone, alone, and die before I do." [19]

Ding Wenjiang summarized Xu Xiake's geographic discovery comprehensively in the article "Xu Xiake's Travels": "① Since Mr. Beginning, it was known that the Jinsha River is the upper reaches of the Yangzi River. The source of the river written by Mr. Kao ...... is not only completely consistent with the facts, and the first put forward the reason for his suspicions, and then take his own observations to a layer of a section to prove the explanation, and then said that the source of the river is not easy to know the reason, it is an excellent scientific paper. ② Since Mr. Beginning, only know the origin of the upper reaches of the Nanpanjiang River ...... ③ Since Mr. Beginning, only know the Lisha (i.e., Hongshui River), Lancang, Nujiang are three rivers, respectively, into the South China Sea. ④ Since Mr. Beginning, only then do we know the source of Longchuan, Daying, and Penang rivers." [20]

Ding Wenjiang, after a careful reading of the Travels, wrote fondly: "One can see how difficult it is to study the waterways of Yunnan. In places like southwestern Yunnan, the rivers are in extremely deep gorges, with high mountains on both sides (the lowest ridge is six or seven thousand feet higher than the body of the river! ), the river and can not travel boats. The name of a river changes every few dozen miles; people from upstream and people from downstream, people from this river and people from that river, are all at odds with each other! It is not easy to find out where a river comes from." [21]

Ting Wenjiang's analysis of the literary value of the Travels is also insightful. Ding Wenjiang believes that many people who love to read the Travels often know what it is, but not why it is. Ding highly valued the literary achievements of the Travels, and he summarized four features for the Travels:

First, the detailed and accurate observation. He criticized some literati for their very weak ability to observe nature, so they often stuffed their readers with platitudes. He cited the example of a steep cliff of a few zhang, which was described as a "craggy wall of a thousand feet"; and a lake of a few miles' circumference, which was depicted as a "vast expanse". There are also people who say that by climbing Mount Tai one can see the East China Sea, and that the Wen River is taken to be the Yellow River; these are even less worthy of a laugh. Ding Wenjiang said; "Mr. a travelogue, from beginning to end, there is not a word of generality; near and far size, there are always miles, feet, steps ...... where the topography, geology, plants, products, mining, military affairs, history, customs, there is not a thing not to pay attention to, the pen, naturally, sentence by sentence practical and detailed, one hundred reads. I've never been able to get enough of it." [22]

Second, the meticulous use of nouns. According to Ding Wenjiang, many literati tended to misuse nouns when describing topography. He appreciated Xiake's "Jizhu Mountain Zhi", Xiake divided the terrain of Jizhu Mountain into 14 kinds: platforms, mountains, terraces, valleys, gorges, turnips, pings, forests, springs, waterfalls, pools, streams, and hot springs. Ding Wenjiang commented: "This spirit of analysis is indeed unique to Mr. Ding, so that all of the Travels, the terminology used, there is no repetition, no ambiguity." [23]

Third, systematic understanding. Ding Xu Xiake rich in observation and analysis of the ability is very appreciated, he believes that the "source of the river test" and "Panjiang test" is a perfect example. He felt that the reading of the Travels "well organized, have a head start." [24]

Fourth, the sincerity of appreciation. Ding Wenjiang believes that it is important to observe things and to be able to analyze them systematically, but describing scenic spots is not interesting, then "no matter how true his observation is, how fine his analysis is, and how well he understands the system, the article is still boring and cannot arouse the reader's sympathy." [25]

Ding writes: "Mr. is a man who lives by landscapes, so when reading his travelogues, even those who do not love to travel must be touched by him. The poem sent to him by Chen Huanhui, saying that he: 'seeks the mountains as if he were visiting a friend, and travels far as if he were devoted to himself,' really describes his joyful naiveté." [26]

Here, another scholar can not be mentioned, he is Pan Lei [27]. In Ding's book "Journey", Ding Wenjiang put Pan Lei's preface to "Journey" at the top, and put the other old preface after the book, which was a novelty. Among the several prefaces written for the Travels, why did Ding Wenjiang favor Pan Zikeng's preface alone? The answer can be found in the remarks after Pan's preface on the first page of Ding's Travels. Ding believes that although there are many people who wrote the preface for the travelogue, they do not really understand the true meaning of Xu Xiake. And it is only in Pan Zikeng's preface that the gist of Xiake's travels in search of knowledge is stated for the first time. "It is the one who can really know Mr.". [28]

Ding Wenjiang did not see Pan's preface at the beginning when he was organizing Xu Xiake's travels, but Liang Rengong (Qichao) found it when he happened to read Suichutang ji (Suichutang ji), a collection of works by Pan Lei, Volume 7, which was the first preface of the previous Travels. This preface was not contained in the previous versions of the Travels, and later Liang Rengong recommended it to Ding Wenjiang. In the Shen Songquan punctuation of the book "Travels", Mr. Liang Rengong wrote in the preface: "my friend Ding Wenjiang, the deepest study of Xiake, I use this preface to show the notes, he was happy to praise, said for the best". [29]

This shows the state of Ding Wenjiang after seeing the Pan sequence, Ding used "joyful to be mad" [30] to describe his mood. Ding Wenjiang believes that this is a preface that best understands the true meaning of Xiake. Ding in his own compilation of the "Travelogue" wrote: "because the crown in the first of this chapter, and move the leaf engraved each preface in volume 20 of the old preface chapter, to show the difference." [31]

Between 1921 and 1927, Ding embarked on the task of organizing, proofreading, and compiling Xu Xiake's Travels, the Annals, maps, and various appendices. He found out the data from his own geological expeditions to Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, and compared and contrasted them with the Records of Xu Xiake. In the "Annals of Xu Xiake", Ding made a thorough analysis of his family history, biography, travel experiences, spiritual style, travel writings and circulation, as well as the comments on Xiake by his predecessors. Ding Wenjiang has also prepared a set of (*** 36) maps of Xu Xiake's travel routes in his Travels, which is unprecedented. In addition, Ding also placed a portrait of Xu Xiake from the rarely surviving Xianfeng engraved and printed book in Ding's Travels, which has been handed down to the present day.

Hu Shih, in his biography of Ding Wenjiang, said, "Xu Xiake traveled far and wide for the sake of exploration and knowledge three hundred years ago, and his spirit is indeed the most rare and admirable in modern Chinese history. "In Jun's three hundred years later, he was alone in Yunnan and south Sichuan to explore the wonders and adventures, and to do the investigation travel of geography and geology, and of course he was often inspired by the great example of Xu Xiake's '10,000 Mile Reverie Journey' in his heart and mind. He later used his personal experience and new knowledge of geography to organize the Travels of Xu Xiake, to make detailed maps for him, to make a 'chronicle' for him, and in the 'chronicle' one side of the commendation of his important discoveries, and one side of the revision of his 'Panjiang Kao', 'Jiangyuan Kao' in some of the errors. and the source of the river. This was his way of repaying the favor of that strange man of three hundred years ago." [32]

Hu Shih knew Ding Wenjiang's respect for Xu Xiake best, and Hu Shih said, "He admired Xu Xiake the most, and loved to read his travelogues, and when he went to Southwest China this time, he of course brought the Travels of Xu Xiake with him for reference. Later (in the 10th year of the Republic of China), he gave a lecture in English on Xu Xiake at the Literary Friends Association in Beijing, and especially honored him for being the first person in China to discover that the Jinsha River was the headwaters of the Yangzi River. In the fifteenth year of the Republic of China, he gave special recognition to this unprecedented travelogue in the Novel Monthly (Volume 17, Extra). He made a lot of efforts to organize the Travels of this seventeenth-century wunderkind, made a new volume of maps for the Travels, and made a very detailed Annals of Xu Xiake, which was printed by the Commercial Printing House in the seventeenth year of the Republic of China." [33]

Hu Shih wrote: "It is well recognized that Ding Zaijun is the Xu Xiake of our new age. He most lamented that Xu Xiake's Travels on the Jinsha River had been scattered, so that we could not know of his 'direct observation of the Jinsha River' three hundred years ago. In Jun's own account of the Jinsha River a few words may be said to have been intended to make up for that great deficiency." [34]

From Hu Shih's words above, it can be seen that Ding Wenjiang did a landmark job---organizing Xu Xiake's Travels, distributing maps, and making and publishing Xu Xiake's Chronicle. Most importantly, Ding clarified the scientific value of the Travels from the perspective of modern geography. It is not an exaggeration to say that the importance of Xu Xiake in the history of China's geographical development began with Ding Wenjiang. Throughout Xu Xiake's contemporaries or descendants of Xu's praise are "love his words, or surprised by the travels". And Ding Wenjiang, as a geoscientist, conducted an in-depth study of Xu Xiake. Weng Wenhao said: "...... Mr. ( refers to Ding Wenjiang - the author of this article note ) on the scientific aspects of writing, extremely cautious, unless already all convinced beyond doubt, never easily published! "Mr. Ding Wenjiang was extremely cautious about scientific writing, and would never publish it easily unless he was convinced of all the facts. Ding Wenjiang's knowledge and understanding of Xu Xiake, to organize the "Travels" is a process, as Ding Wenjiang himself said: "Yu sixteen out of the country, twenty-six began to return, where ten years did not try to read the book of the country, I do not know that there is a Xu Xiake its people. Xinhai returned from Europe, from Vietnam into Dian, will be Dian into Qian. Ye Hao Wu seniors told: 'Jun study geography, and good travel, it is appropriate to read 'Xu Xiake travels'. Xu and Jun countryman, recognition is also the responsibility of Jun generation.'" [35]

In 1914, Ding Wenjiang into the Yunnan expedition, he "traveled alone in the east and north of Yunnan for more than two hundred days, tiredness is to take the travelogue to read, and evidence of what I have seen and heard, and began to marvel at Mr. rich energy, the investigation of the fine, the record of the detailed and real. Because of the thought of the study of public opinion, non-map unknown, Mr. to the talent, hard work and specialization, footprints and all over the sea, so it can be said like a finger in the palm of one's hand. The later generations were limited to the old news and had no maps to examine, so they only knew the oddity of Mr. Chen's article, but could not say where his insights were. Quite want to collect new map, divided into a special format, so that readers can be certified according to the map, without the feeling of blind men and horses, and the collection of maps is not much, not enough to prove the whole book; back to Beijing and for the duties of the constraints, no longer have the spare capacity; only in the summer of ten years, to make a general map, to add to Mr. travel routes, but in Beijing literary friends, read a treatise in English, a brief description of Mr. life only." [36]

Huang Bingwei in the "Xu Xiake's travels in the botanical geography of information" pointed out that: "However, looking at the history of our country, without fear of danger and obstacles, not to spare the effort to wade through the depths of the steep, in order to explore the strange, such as the Ming Dynasty, Mr. Xu Xiake, the real is high in the reflections of the lone sun, the only lifting of the moon, the ancient and modern times, a person only. Mr. Ding in the gentleman in Mr. solo line to the victory, pectic hard work, the openness to the forefront of the mind, detailed and simple writing, deep admiration, is for the compilation of genealogy, explaining the Huuming, not only in order to highlight the ancestors of the high torque model, but also to make the coming people to know what to follow and encouragement." [37]

Xu Xiake and Ding Wenjiang's patriotism is manifested in the deep emotion of the motherland's mountains and rivers. Three hundred years ago Xu Xiake physical, objective and true to the natural society of the written report, after three hundred years after Ding Wenjiang's field survey, to be confirmed; three hundred years ago Xu Xiake's outstanding contribution to China's geology, after three hundred years after the founding father of China's geology, Ding Wenjiang prudent testimony to be highly praised. Both Xu Xiake and Ding Wenjiang are outstanding geographers in the history of our country, both are great patriots, and both are worthy models for future generations to learn from.

Ding Wenjiang was both an outstanding geologist and an outstanding explorer. After Xu Xiake, he tracked Xu Xiake's travel routes, witnessed Xu Xiake's discoveries, corrected some of Xu's mistakes, and moreover filled in the gaps left by this precursor with the "scientific spirit" he always advocated.

Ding Wenjiang once sighed: "Poor people like Xu read Mr. Travels for two hundred and eighty years, and only one Pan Zikeng was his true confidant! "[38] Today, Ding Wenjiang is not Xu Xiake's true confidant. Not only is he a true confidant, but Ding Wenjiang is the only true Xu Xiake in modern times.

Today, the author only highlights Ding Wenjiang's achievements through his contribution to the research of Xu Xiake and his Travels. In fact, in Ding Wenjiang's short life voyage of 49 years, he not only made historic and outstanding contributions to the pioneering and development of China's geology, but also made pioneering achievements in many fields. 2007, October, in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province. In October 2007, in Huangqiao Town, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, which is Ding Wenjiang's hometown, the 120th anniversary of the birth of Ding Wenjiang, an important founder of China's geological cause, was held to honor the memory of this encyclopedic geologist, and the author had the honor to participate in it. At the symposium, the author proposed that the research on Ding Wenjiang should be systematized to form a synergy; Ding Wenjiang Research Association should be set up in due course; it is suggested that Huangqiao Town and Ma Town, the hometown of Xu Xiake in Jiangyin, should be twinned as sister towns. The author also suggests that the study of Ding Wenjiang should be called "Dingology", because the valuable wealth left by Ding Wenjiang to his descendants is not only in the field of geography, but also involves economy, education, military, culture, science and technology, history, politics, tourism, archaeology, surveying and mapping, as well as cartography, sociology, anthropology, linguistics of ethnic minorities, and many other fields. . The study of Xu Xiake is known as "Xuology", the study of Dream of the Red Chamber is known as "Hongology", and the study of Li Daoyuan and the Water Classic is known as "Liology". Ding Wenjiang, as the main founder and founder of China's geological cause, is a scientific master and famous sociologist who enjoys great reputation at home and abroad, the study of his learning is called "Dingology" is appropriate.

References

[1][2] Chen Xinhui . Epitaph for Mr. Xu Xiake . The Travels of Mr. Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 2nd edition, May 1997, 3rd printing, 1191, 1194

[3] The Travels of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 2nd edition, May 1997, 3rd printing, 1128

[4] Joseph Lee. The History of Science and Technology in China (in Chinese), Vol. 5, Geology, First Division. Beijing: Science Press, 1976 edition, 62

[5] Qian Qianyi . [5] Qian Qianyi . Xu Xiake yuiji (Travels of Xu Xiake). Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 2nd edition, May 1997, 3rd printing, 1186

[6] Pan Lei . [6] Pan Lei . The Travels of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 2nd edition, May 1997, 3rd printing, 1269

[7] Yang Mingshi . [7] Yang Mingshi . The travels of Xu Xiake. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, 3rd printing, May 1997, 1273

[8] Xi Yupu. Xi Yupu. Preface to the Travels of Xu Xiake. Xi Yupu. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2nd edition, 1987, 3rd printing, May 1997, 1269

[9] Yang Mingshi. [9] Yang Mingshi . [9] Yang Mingshi. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 2nd edition, May 1997, 3rd printing, 1272

[10] Qian Qianyi ( 1582 ~ 1664) early late Ming Dynasty Changshu people. His name was Shouzhi, Muzhai, and Mengcao. Ming Wanli bachelor's degree. Chongzhen early official Minister of Rites. Qing troops to the south, took the lead in welcoming the surrender to the Ministry of Rites Minister of the Secretary of the House. His life is very well versed in books and history, and his poems and writings were very famous at that time. His family had the Jiangyun Building, which had a rich collection of books and was especially famous for its complete collection of historical materials of the Ming Dynasty, but it was destroyed by fire in the early Qing Dynasty. His works include The Collection of Beginning Learning, The Collection of Learning, and The Collection of Throwing Pen, etc. He also edited The Collection of Poems of the Lian Dynasty. He also had a collection of poems from the Lichao Dynasty. The richness of the collection of books, several subdistricts, the inner government. Later, Changshu book collection has become a trend, and Qian Qianyi's advocacy has a lot to do

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[13] Ding Wenjiang . Xu Xiake yuiji (Travels of Xu Xiake) . Xu Xiake yuiji (The travels of Xu Xiake), Shen Songquan, punctuation version. Shanghai: Shanghai Mass Book Company, 1920s, 2

[15] The Travels of Xu Xiake. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996 edition, 28 ～ 29

[17] The Travels of Xu Xiake. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1996 edition, dingxue: 3

[25] Pan Lei (1646 ～1708) was a scholar of the early Qing Dynasty, with the name of Zigeng (次耕), and the number of Jiatang (稼堂), a native of Xigang (溪港) in Pingwang (平望鎮, today's Jiangsu Province) of Wujiang (吴江). He studied under the tutelage of Xu Fang and Gu Yanwu, and was well versed in economics, history, calendaring, and phonetics. He traveled to and from Yan and Zhao, and was a companion of celebrities and scholars. In the 17th year of the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (1678), he was awarded the title of "Learned Hong Rhetoric" in a cloth coat, and was authorized to participate in the compilation of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" by the Hanlin Academy, and to compile the "Foodstuffs and Goods" as well as the "Chronicles and Biographies". He did not know how to speak, and was appointed as an official of the Daily Lectures, compiling and repairing the Records of the Realm and the Sacred Traditions, and serving as an examiner for the General Assembly Examinations. The name is more and more jealous of more and more people, and finally demoted for impatience. Then returned to the south to visit Tiantai, Yandang, Wuyi, Huangshan mountains, each with a poem. In the forty-second year of the Kangxi reign, the Kangxi Emperor gave reinstatement, Lei firmly resigned. In his later years, Lei studied sound and rhyme, and wrote "Class Sound" and "Suichutang Poems". He was also the author of "The Classical Sounds" and "Suichutang Poems . He also engraved Gu Yanwu's Rizhilu (Records of the Day) and several other posthumous works

[26][28][29] The Travels of Xu Xiake. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1996 edition, preface by Pan: 2

[27] Liang Rengong . Xu Xiake's Travels: A Preface. [27] Liang Renggong, Xu Xiake's Travels: Preface. Shanghai: Shanghai Mass Book Company, 1920s, 3

[30][31][32] Hu Shi . Ding Wenjiang's Biography. Yuanliu Publishing Company, March 1986, 37 ～ 38, 43

[33] [34] Ding Wenjiang . [33] [34] Ding Wenjiang. Preface to the Reprinting of Xu Xiake's Travels and the Chronology of His New Work. Xu Xiake, The Travels of Xu Xiake. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1996, 1

[35] Dr. Chu Kezhen . Geographer Xu Xiake. Beijing: Commercial Press, Republic of China, February 37, early edition, 40

[36] Ding Wenjiang. Xu Xiake yuiji (Travels of Xu Xiake) . [36] Ding Wenjiang . Shanghai: Shanghai Mass Book Company, 1920s, 18