What are the customs in Yunnan?

Yunnan is also the province with the largest number of cross-border ethnic groups in China, with 25 different ethnic groups.

Bai nationality: It is the largest ethnic minority in China 15, mainly distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and other provinces. Among them, the Bai people in Yunnan Province have the largest population, mainly living in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province. In addition, it is also distributed in Sichuan and Chongqing.

Bai nationality has its own national language, and Bai language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese has been widely used by Bai people since ancient times. Bai nationality is unique in art, and its architecture, sculpture and painting art are famous all over the world. In the process of its formation and development, it interacted with neighboring nationalities and created splendid economy and culture.

Bai nationality is a nationality with a high degree of living, with three branches of Jia Min, Lemo and Nama, which are deeply influenced by China culture.

The origin of Bai nationality is diverse. The earliest ancestors of the Bai nationality were the indigenous Kunming people and Heman people around Erhai Lake, and the Miao and Qiang people in the southern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Later, they merged into some ethnic groups such as Bo people, ancestors, Bo people, Ailao people, Yunnan people and Han people. In the long history of thousands of years, the Bai nationality has gradually formed the embryonic form of today's Bai nationality due to historical reasons such as fighting, expanding soil, commerce, land reclamation, and staying on the border.

Bai people are mainly distributed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Dali is the ethnic origin, ancestral home and main settlement of the Bai people, and about 80% of the Bai people in China live here. In addition, Kunming, Lijiang, Nujiang, Diqing, Baoshan, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Wenshan, Lincang and other cities in Yunnan have Bai ethnic groups. There are also Bai people in Zhangjiajie, Xiangxi, Bijie, Anshun and Liangshan, Sichuan.

Bai costumes have formed their own national characteristics in the long historical development process. Bai people advocate white, and their clothing styles are slightly different from place to place, and white clothes are noble.

In the housing form of Bai people, the dam area is mostly "three long houses", with huts with kitchens, barns and yards, or tile houses with "one front and two ears", "three sides and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios", with bedrooms, kitchens and barns separated. Most of the mountainous areas are straw houses, "flash houses", bamboo baskets or "wooden cribs" with stables upstairs and downstairs, and cooking and sleeping places are often connected.

In Baijia, the son separated from his parents after marriage. Bai people share the same surname and do not marry.

Young men and women of Bai nationality are relatively free in love activities. They usually use labor, fairs, festivals and temple fairs to fall in love, test each other through folk songs, express their feelings and find their own Mr Right.

Bai people's hospitality, courtesy before guests is the etiquette of Bai people. The guests came home and entertained each other with wine and tea. The famous "three teas" are the hospitality of the Bai people. Bai people generally only pour half a cup of tea, but they need a full cup of wine. They think that wine is full of respect and tea is full of deception. When you are warmly received by the Bai people, you should say "thank you" to show your gratitude and gratitude.

Bai folk entertainment activities are rich and colorful, including horse racing, swinging, playing with Kirin, throwing mud to pray, jumping flowerpots and goats.

Swing: The Baishan area is densely forested with vines criss-crossing. Farmers and villagers usually pick buckwheat for logging and chopping wood for heating. They often compete with vines and branches, practice the skills of swinging vines and climbing ropes, and like swinging very much. Every Spring Festival, in mountainous areas, bamboo ropes are often tied under big banyan trees to form swings; In the dam area, a three-or four-foot-high pole frame is erected on the spacious flat ground on the dam to tie the swing. The most wonderful thing is that young men and women often win the fun of onlookers by playing on swings together.

Bai people attach importance to festivals, and almost every festival has one or several kinds of food. For example, eating Tintin Sugar, making rice tea, and eating rice in Jiangzhai during the Spring Festival; Eat steamed cakes and noodles in March Street; Tomb-Sweeping Day eats assorted cold dishes and "Zhai Xiang Yan" (fried crispy meat); Eat zongzi and realgar wine during the Dragon Boat Festival; Eat new beans, tender melons, old grain mixed with new rice in the new year; Eat sweets and all kinds of sweets on Torch Festival; Eating morels, checking fish and meat without restraint; Eat white cakes and drunken cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival; Eat fat sheep on the Double Ninth Festival; A farm that eats fried grains and mutton on the solstice in winter.

Hani: an international ethnic group living across borders, one of the ethnic minorities in China and an ancient ethnic group in China. Hani people are mainly distributed between Yuanjiang and Lancang River in China, and live in counties such as Honghe, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, Xinping and Zhenyuan, and in mountainous areas in northern Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam (known as Akka people).

Hani language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is similar to Naxi nationality. Modern Hani people use newly created phonetic symbols based on Latin letters.

There are many branches and self-proclaimed persons in the Hani nationality, among which six self-proclaimed units, such as Hani, Kaduo, Yani, Ni Hao, Biyue and Baihong, are numerous, and other self-proclaimed units include Ohnu, A Mu, Doni, Kabei and Heini. The mutual appellation among ethnic groups is also inconsistent with the appellation of Kazakhstan by other ethnic groups. For example, the Hani people in Yuanyang call each other glutinous beauty, glutinous ratio and all kinds of harmony; Yanis call each other "Jiao Wai" and "Jiao Jiao", while Han people call them "Aini". It's called Hao Ibudu, and it's called Ounu Seymour. In China's historical records, the historical names of the Hani nationality are: He Yi, Herman, Harmony Mud, Woni, Woni, Russian Mud, Ani, Hani, Woni, A Mu, Luomian, Nobi, Ruby, Karage, Bjor, Ni Hao, Leisure Tower and so on.

Hani, Yi and Lahu nationalities originated from the ancient Qiang nationality. The ancient Qiang people nomadic in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the period from 384 BC to 362 BC, the Qin Dynasty expanded rapidly, and the nomadic groups of the ancient Qiang people living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were hit, dispersed and migrated, and some names of the evolution of the Qiang people appeared. "He Yi" is a branch of the ancient Qiang people's southward migration tribe. After they settled in Dadu River, they started farming life in order to adapt to the geographical environment and conditions of local Pingba and "Cooper's own life".

The population of Hani nationality in Yunnan Province is 6.5438+0.63 million (2065.438+0.00), ranking second among the ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. Hani people in Yunnan Province are mainly distributed in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Pu 'er City and Yuxi City.

Hani people are mainly agricultural and good at growing tea. Hani people have a long history of growing tea. Gelang and Nannuo Mountain in Xishuangbanna are important producing areas of Pu 'er tea, which are well-known in China? The tea production in Hani area accounts for one third of Yunnan's total output.

Hani people like to make clothes out of navy cloth. The bleaching and dyeing of homespun is to put indigo dye into a container, add water and wine to dissolve it, and then start dyeing after seven or eight days. After dyeing, soak the cloth in the glue made of cowhide, rinse it with clear water and dry it. In some areas, clothes should be dyed again to ensure bright colors.

Hani language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is close to Yi, Lisu, Lahu and Naxi languages. Hani language is further divided into three dialects: Ha (Ni) Ya (Ni), Bi (Yue) Ka (Duo) and Hao (Ni) Bai (Hong), and the distribution of dialects is equivalent to the area that calls itself a unit. There are great differences between dialects.

Hani language is characterized by elastic vowels and no difference in length; Vowels are mostly monosyllables, and complex vowels are mostly loanwords. Most Hani people living in Xishuangbanna speak Yani dialect, one of the Haya dialects. Due to long-term contact with other ethnic groups, the Hani people can speak many languages such as Chinese and Dai.

Hani people choose to live halfway up the mountain. All Hani people have wing rooms, and buildings with wing rooms form quadrangles. The wing is flat-topped. The roof is paved with thick wood, then crossed with fine wood and straw, and compacted with soil (now mostly plastered with cement) as a terrace. Sunbathing, clothes drying, enjoying the cool, children's games, and women's textiles are often carried out on the terrace. Terrace has become an important place for people's production, labor, daily life and leisure activities, and an important part of terrace agriculture and home life.

Hani is a paternal family. Men are responsible for producing and selling livestock, while women are responsible for housework, such as raising livestock and cooking. If women can have more sons, their status in the family is basically equal to that of their husbands. Children live in ovaries or build another house after marriage. After his father died, the eldest son moved into his mother's room, exercised his parental duties and supported the elderly. The second son and the younger son separated after marriage and started their own businesses. In the past, if you had no children, you couldn't marry your husband. Now you can marry your husband or other nationalities.

Hani people have always been hospitable. Whenever guests come, they should treat each other with wine. After the guests are seated, the host should first propose a bowl of rice wine and three large pieces of meat, which is called "drinking braised pot wine". Hospitality pays attention to eating more and more, and it is sincere and affordable. During the banquet, there are often drinks and songs. When the guests leave, some even send a big Baba and a packet of bacon, crispy meat and tofu balls wrapped in banana leaves. Yi people in Xishuangbanna have the habit of entertaining guests at separate tables. Traditionally, there are men's rooms and women's rooms at home. Only men can eat at the same table as guests, and women generally do not accompany them. When dining, the seat is headed by the party near the fire pit, and the chief is usually taken by the elderly. When dining in the men's toilet, the chief is seated by the male elder, and when dining in the women's toilet, the chief is seated by the female elder.

The Hani people have two solar eclipses, mainly rice, supplemented by corn. They like to eat dried rice, Baba, rice flour, rolled rice and bean jelly. They chop lean meat, cook porridge with rice, Jiang Mo, star anise and tsaoko, and like to eat glutinous rice Baba, wrapped in banana leaves and eaten with bacon. The Hani people love meat very much. Pigs, cows, sheep, chickens and ducks are eaten in chunks. Drinking in a big bowl is the host's hospitality. Guests follow their ideas, so let's get together and have a rest. In the village, some people killed pigs and chickens or cooked delicious food. All the elderly men and women were invited to dinner, and the most tender and delicious parts such as liver were presented to the elderly. Hani people make unique bacon and dry bar from leftover pork and beef, and reserve them for guests all the year round.

Dai: "Dai-Thai people" is a minority in China, a major ethnic group in Thailand and one of the major ethnic groups in Southeast Asia.

Dai Tai originated in the western part of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and established political power in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau many times. Later, due to the oppression of the Central Plains Dynasty and other nationalities, it gradually moved to Indochina Peninsula and South Asia subcontinent. Now it is distributed in Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, India, Viet Nam, China, Cambodia and other countries, with a total population of about 68 million, 47 million in Thailand, 5 million in Laos, 8.5 million in Myanmar and about10 million in India.

Dai and Dai have their own language and writing. There are three major dialects and several sub-dialects, such as Thai, Lanna and Siam (Little Thai). The pronunciation gap between adjacent dialects is very small, and this gap increases with the expansion of spatial distance, but dialects can be easily communicated anywhere. There are seven languages, including Siam, Lancang, Lanna, Duanti, Jiong, Niti and Ahong, which are all evolved from Indian Sanskrit letters. They are all written from left to right, with line breaks from top to bottom, but there are differences in physical structure.

Due to the wide distribution of Dai people, the social development of Dai people in different places is different, so there are some differences in ideas, mainly reflected in the concept of marriage and family.

Before liberation, there were still many remnants of husband-and-wife marriage among Dai people in southern Yunnan, which showed that the family and marriage relationship were not very stable and marriage and divorce were relatively free. However, because of the existence of family and village community, the marriage of young people is directly related to their rights and obligations to family and village community, so they need the consent of the heads of family and village community.

In the Dai nationality in western Yunnan, family marriage has a more distinct feudal color, and marriage is completely based on buying, selling and arranging. Generally, there are many other fees for the bride price of 300 yuan, such as "opening the door", "closing the door", "going to court", "Buddhist fees", "dowry fees" and "matchmaker fees", which add up to more than ten yuan. This has essentially become a woman's value.

Most Dai people have the habit of eating two meals at a time, with rice and glutinous rice as their staple food. Dehong Dai's staple food is japonica rice, and Xishuangbanna Dai's staple food is glutinous rice. Usually eaten immediately. People think that japonica rice and glutinous rice will lose their original color and fragrance only if they are eaten immediately, so they don't eat overnight meals or seldom eat them, and they are used to kneading rice with their hands.

Migrant workers often eat outdoors. They can eat with banana leaves or rice, plus salt, pepper, sour meat, roast chicken, Mi Nan (which means sauce in Dai language) and pine. All dishes and snacks are mainly sour, such as sour bamboo shoots, sour pea powder, sour meat and wild sour fruit; I like to eat pickled cabbage. It is made by drying vegetables in the sun, then boiling them in water, adding papaya juice to make the taste sour, and then drying them for preservation. Put a little stir-fry or put it in soup when eating. This kind of sauerkraut is eaten almost every day by Dai people in some places. It is said that Dai people often eat sauerkraut because they often eat sticky rice food that is not easy to digest, and sour food helps digestion.

In Dai society, every family has to help build a house. Congratulations on the completion of the new house. The young man went upstairs first, carrying a bull's head and singing blessing song. Mature men carry boxes, and married women carry bedding. The girls take turns carrying food. Then they set up a tripod on the fireplace, put it on the table, bought wine and prepared dishes, and sang songs to congratulate the new house. The villagers also send some auspicious gifts to their owners.

Dai women's clothes are colorful and beautiful. Dai women are generally slim, pure and beautiful, and graceful, so they are called "golden peacocks". They are not only beautiful, but also good at dressing up, dressing themselves up as beautiful as flowers and pure as jade with unique costumes.

Dai men generally wear collarless double-breasted or large-breasted small sleeve shirts and long-sleeved trousers, with white cloth, blue cloth or crepe as the head, and some wear hats, which looks chic.

Dai architecture is influenced by natural environment such as climate, altitude, topography and building materials, and social environment such as population, economy, religion, politics, science and technology and ideology. It mainly includes elegant and dexterous dry-fence architecture represented by Dai folk houses in Xishuangbanna, thick and sturdy flat-topped earth palm houses represented by Dai folk houses in Yuanjiang and Honghe, and elegant and rich Buddhist temple architecture.

In the valley dam area where people live by water, due to the influence of high temperature, humidity, rainy weather and lush bamboo and wood, the Dai people's residential buildings are mainly "dry hedges" (commonly known as bamboo houses). The upper and lower layers are made of wood and bamboo; The floors, walls and roofs are covered with thatch and tiles. People live in the upper floors, raise livestock and pile crops below. The whole building has a large space, with bamboo or wood as walls and floors, which helps to keep the room dry and cool.