Which dynasty was Han Yu, one of the seven sages of bamboo forest?

Han Yu (768 ~ 824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Hui Zi was born in Heyang (now mengzhou city, Jiaozuo, Henan), Han nationality. Originally from Changli, Hebei Province, he was known as Han Changli in the world. In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong. He was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and advocated learning the prose language of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, breaking parallel prose into pieces and expanding the expressive function of classical Chinese. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature"; in Ming Dynasty, he was regarded as the head of eight great writers in Tang and Song Dynasties, and he was also called "Liu Han" with Liu Zongyuan, and was known as "a great writer" and "a literary master of one hundred generations". All works are collected in Mr. Changli's portfolio. Han Yu is also a master of languages. He is good at borrowing predecessors' words and paying attention to the refinement of contemporary spoken language, and he can create many new sentences, many of which have become idioms so far, such as "falling when it hurts", "being easily blamed" and "losing your mind". Ideologically, he is the founder of China's "orthodoxy" concept and a symbolic figure who respects Confucianism and opposes Buddhism.

Han Yu was lonely at the age of three and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. In his early years, he was displaced and had a hard life. He had the ambition to study the world. Although he is lonely and poor, he studies hard. At the age of 20, I went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam, but I failed the third exam. At the age of 25 ~ 35, he was a scholar first, and all three attempts to understand Hongci failed. He went to Jin Dong in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou as shogunate generals. Later, he returned to Beijing as a doctor from four universities. 36 ~ 49 years old, as a supervisor of the empire, please reduce taxes and demote Yangshan order because of drought and famine. Xian zong returned to the north as a doctor of the country, tired of being an official for the right illegitimate son of the prince, but failed. 50 ~ 57 years old, first recruited Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and then transferred to assistant minister of punishments. Because of remonstrance, the Buddha's bones greeted, and Chaozhou's secretariat fell. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon after, he returned to North Korea, and successively served as a wine festival, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, assistant minister of the Ministry of Official Affairs, and Beijing. More successful politically. Poetry strives to be novel, bold and imposing.

Edit this chronology of life

In the second year of Tang Zhenyuan (786), Han Yu was nineteen years old. He went to Beijing to take the Jinshi exam with the ambition of learning, and failed three times in a row. It was not until the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792) that he passed the fourth Jinshi exam. According to the law of the Tang Dynasty, after being admitted to Jinshi, you must also take the erudition and macro-speech examination of the official department. Han Yu participated in the official election three times and failed. I wrote three letters to the Prime Minister and got no reply. Those who have been in power for three times have been turned away.

In July of the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796), Han Yu was twenty-nine years old and was recommended by Dong Jin as an observation and promotion officer of Xuanwu Army. This is the beginning of Han Yu's political career. During the three years of observing and promoting officials, Han Yu took every opportunity to publicize his innovative ideas of prose, and at the same time guided Li Ao, Zhang Ji and other young people to study literature.

In the winter of the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu was the fourth examiner and passed the official election in the second year (80 1). Answering Li Yishu, written in this period, expounded his thought of closely combining the ancient prose movement with the Confucian retro movement, which was Han Yu's representative work advocating the ancient prose movement. At the end of autumn this year, Han Yu was thirty-four years old and was appointed as a doctor of imperial academy No.4 University, which was the beginning of Han Yu's entry into the government agencies in Beijing. During his tenure as a doctor in four schools, he actively recommended young writers, dared to be a teacher and widely taught his disciples, and was called "the son of the Han family". In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), he wrote a magnum opus "Teacher's Theory", which systematically put forward the theory of teacher's morality.

In the winter of the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu was promoted to supervise the empire. He has only been in office for two months. In order to sympathize with the people's feelings and be loyal to his duties, he wrote "On the Hunger of the Famine". Because of being slandered by the powerful minister, he was demoted to the Yangshan order of Lianzhou. Han Yu worked in Yangshanling for three years, went deep into the people, participated in the farming, fishing and hunting activities of the mountain people, and loved the people, benefited the government, was polite and civilized. Therefore, the book "New Tang Book Han Yuchuan" is "Love the people, and people's livelihood is named after their surnames." On the appointment of Yangshan, a large number of young people went to Hanyumen, and they talked with young students about poetry. There are quite a few poems and works. Today, the Collected Works of Changli has more than 20 ancient poems and several articles. At this time, the chapter written by Yuan Tao and others constitutes an important work of Sinology, The Theory of Five Sources. This is the forerunner of Neo-Confucianism in Tang and Song Dynasties, and its theoretical achievements have great influence.

In the summer and autumn of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Han Yu left Yangshan, and in August, he joined the army in Jiangling. In June of the first year of Yuanhe (806), Han Yufeng recalled Chang 'an and officially authorized the doctor to run the country. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), Han Yu changed to a real doctor. In the fourth year of Yuanhe, Yuan Wailang, the Beijing official, was named the East Capital and the ancestral temple. In the winter of the same year, he was demoted to Yu Ling, and later served as Fang Yuanwai Lang and Guo Zi Doctor.

In the eighth year of Yuanhe (8 13), he was promoted to Bibi Langzhong History Museum, and completed the compilation of the famous history book A Record of Shunzong. In the 9th year of Yuanhe (8 14), Han Yu was appointed as an official in the examination, and in the second year he was promoted to the position of the official in Chinese calligraphy. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he assisted Pei Du, the prime minister, to pacify Huai rebellion as a marching Sima, and was awarded assistant minister of punishments for his meritorious service.

In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Tang Xianzong sent an envoy to Fengxiang to welcome Buddha bones, and the capital once set off a Buddhist frenzy. Regardless of his personal safety, Han Yu resolutely stepped onto the Buddha's bone table, denouncing the unreliability of the Buddha's bone, and demanding that the Buddha's bone be "put into fire and water to be immortal, to break the suspicion of the world and confuse future generations." When Xian Zong got the watch, Yan Long was furious and sentenced him to death. Fortunately, Prime Minister Pei Du and the DPRK ministers tried their best to intercede, so that they would not die and be relegated to the history of Chaozhou punishment. Han Yu spent eight months as a criminal in Chaozhou. Generally speaking, he drove away crocodiles and killed people. Ask teachers to run township schools; Pay off debts and release slaves; Leading the people, building water conservancy and irrigation and drainage. For thousands of years, Chaozhou has become a regional culture with individual characteristics, and Chaozhou has become a state of etiquette and a famous cultural city!

In September of the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820), Han Yu sent an imperial edict to propose a toast to the whole country. In July of the first year of Changqing (82 1), Han Yu was transferred to assistant minister of the Ministry of War. In the second year, he took risks and went to the town to comfort the disorderly army. He is known as "the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces" in history. He turned hostilities into friendship and settled the chaos in towns and States without a single soldier. In September, he served as assistant minister of the official department.

In June of the third year of Changqing (823), Han Yu was promoted to a native of Beijing and an ancient scholar. The land of Jingzhao is said to be complicated and difficult to manage. Under the rectification of Han Yu, the society is stable, thieves stop, and rice prices dare not go up. Later, he was successively transferred to the Ministry of War Assistant Minister and the Ministry Assistant Minister.

In the fourth year of Changqing, Han Yu asked for leave due to illness. /kloc-0 died in Chang 'an on February 2nd at the age of 57.

Han Yu's thoughts originated from Confucianism, but there were also deviant words. He pretends to be Confucian orthodoxy, opposes the purity and silence of Buddhism and the superstition of theocracy, but believes in the fate of ghosts and gods; He praised Mencius for expelling Yang Zhu and Mohism, and thought that Yang and Mohism ignored the right path and advocated using Confucius and Mohism. He advocated that Confucius should be king and should be humble and overbearing. But also praised the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reform of the two kings group, but he was no different from the two kings in opposing the separatist regime of the buffer region and the eunuch dictatorship. These complex and contradictory phenomena are all reflected in his works.

The literary achievements of editing this passage

Han Yu was an essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty, and Liu Zongyuan was an advocate of the ancient prose movement. In order to rectify the old order and revitalize Taoism, he advocated learning ancient prose and writing ancient prose to publicize the ancient road. His requirements for the creation of ancient Chinese prose are: "to be benevolent, to enter and leave", "to speak in sequence" (Nanyang Fan Shaoshu's epitaph), "to speak in deed" (to answer Li Yixin) and "to learn its meaning without learning its words" (to answer Liu Xin). Because of his loyalty to ancient Chinese prose, his works are quite fruitful, such as Yuan Yi, Xue Jie, Preface to Li Yuan Pangu, Preface to Meng Dongye, Miscellaneous Notes, Sacrifice to Twelve Lang, Biography and Postscript of Zhang Zhongcheng, etc. In poetry, he highly praised Chen Ziang, Li Bai and Du Fu, and was one of the representatives of Han Meng's poetry school. His poems, whether reflecting current events or describing the political frustration and personal experiences of middle and lower-class literati, are very distinctive, such as Bianzhou Rebellion, Zhang presented to the second official in Mid-Autumn Festival, The Story of the Stone, Moving Left to Languan to Show Grandnephew, Old Ambassadors of Twelve Houses Send Tongguan First, and Eighteen Members of Zhang Shui Department in Early Spring. Ancient poetry is often large-scale and magnificent. In order to correct the mediocrity and familiarity of Dali's poetry, he explored a new way of poetry development. But for example, Luhun Mountain Fire, Nanshan Mountain, Shigu Song, Eclipse and so on. Deliberately collecting dangerous monsters is too scattered and argumentative, which is detrimental to poetry. For details about his life, see the book of the new Tang dynasty (volume 176).

In the theory of literary creation, he believes that Tao (that is, benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, and literature is the means and form, emphasizing that literature carries Tao, literature and Taoism are integrated, and Tao is the main one. He advocated the study of ancient Chinese prose in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and obtained the works of Zhuang Zhou, Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. It advocates that the past should not be forgotten, and that the future should be a teacher, innovating on the basis of inheritance, and that "words must come out" and "words must be done". Pay attention to the writer's moral cultivation, and put forward the theory of nourishing qi, "If qi is strong, short words and high voices are appropriate" (answer to Li Yishu). Put forward the argument that "injustice makes noise". It is believed that the author's injustice to reality is the reason for deepening his works. In the style of his works, he emphasizes "strangeness" and takes strangeness as good.

Han Yu's prose and poetry creation realized his own theory. His works in various genres, such as Fu, Poetry, Argumentation, Saying, Biography, Recording, Ode, Praise, Book, Preface, Mourning, Inscription, Form, Form and Writing, have all made outstanding achievements.

Essays occupy an important position in Han Wenzhong. The novellas that focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism include The Original Road, The Buddha's Bone Table, The Original Nature, The Teacher's Commentary and so on. Most of them are well organized, well organized. Miscellaneous essays such as Miscellaneous Notes and Enlightenment satirize the current social situation, with clever metaphors and profound implications; Novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", adopt the form of question and answer, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. Literary thoughts and writing experience are diverse in genre, changeable in writing style, fantastic in image and exquisite in theory. Narrative occupies a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Scholars who study classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Fu, which are large in length and heavy in sentences. Ji Hua directly tells many characters, and its writing style is beyond Shangshu Gu Ming and Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji Zi's Rule of Man. Inherit the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, which combines narration, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Draw lessons from Historical Records and Hanshu to portray vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Yao Zhen. But in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works that "despised the tomb", which was already ridiculed at that time.

Odes in lyric articles, such as Ode to Twelve Lang, are written in prose, which breaks through the routine of four rhymes. One kind writes about friendship between friends and hardships in life, with four rhymes, such as Henan Foreign Language and Liu Zihou. In addition, a wild letter with Meng Dongye and a preface to seeing Yang off are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Ding Shilian's Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is vigorous, ingenious, clever and metaphorical, or mysterious, or solemn, with diverse artistic characteristics; Sweep away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties.

He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as "flying as a dog" ("seeing poverty"), "doing different things together" and "taking everything" ("learning to understand"), which are widely used in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "preface", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expressive function of classical Chinese. But he also has an embarrassing sentence. The self-assertion that "it is impossible to do things in good times and entertain yourself" ("Sending the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strangeness, heroism and strangeness. For example, Lu Hun's Rhyme of Mountain Fire and Huangfu, Poem of Eclipse, Yuchuan Self-made, etc. have strange and profound contents. Nanshan's poems, Yueyang Tower's four ambitions of fighting, Meng Dongye's lost son, etc. Very spectacular. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poetry is often full of strange words and rhymes. Han Yu also has an unpretentious poem. Korean poetry is ancient and short, but there are also excellent quatrains. For example, in the Seven Laws, I moved to Languan to show my grandnephew, Answering Zhang's Eleven Palace Exercises, Titing Yiliang, Sending Zhang's Twelve Pavilions to Tongguan and Titing Chu Zhao Wang Dian, etc.

Later generations spoke highly of Han Yu and respected him as the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Mu juxtaposes Korean with Du Shi, which is called "Du Han Shi Bi". Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature." The ancient prose movement advocated by Liu Han opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang Dynasty. Korean poetry strives for novelty, emphasizing momentum and originality. Taking prose as poetry, Han Yu introduced the new language, rules and techniques of ancient China into the poetry circle, which enhanced the expressive function of poetry, expanded the field of poetry, and corrected the mediocre poetic style since Dali (766 ~ 780). However, it also brings some bad habits, such as stressing talent and learning, being judgmental and pursuing adventure. In particular, the theory of taking discussion as poetry, even all discussion, and taking poetry as rhyme has had a bad influence on poetry after the Song Dynasty.

Among the ancient books of Han Dynasty, Wei Huaizhong's Collection of Works of Mr. Changli of the Five Hundred Music School in Southern Song Dynasty and Waiji are the best. The most popular editions are The Collection of Mr. Changli, The Collection Outside and Legacy (reprinted by Xu Shi Dong in Ming Dynasty). In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Fang Shiju each had a single note on a poem. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In addition, Jing Yun,, Wang, Shen Qinhan, Fang Cheng, Modern Xu Zhen, etc. The Chronicle of Zi Han written by Hong Xingzu in Song Dynasty is the most detailed. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems of Oubei, Fang's Zhao Mei and Lin Shu's Korean Studies Law are representative works to comment on his poems.

Edit this article.

Han Yu's prose is rich in content, diverse in forms, clear and concise in language, novel and vivid, which sets a good example for the ancient prose movement. Korean style is unrestrained, full of twists and turns. His prose works can be roughly divided into the following categories:

(1) Essays can be divided into two categories: one is to promote orthodoxy and Confucianism, such as The Original Road, Primitive Nature and Primitive Man; The other kind also has a more or less Ming Dow tendency, but it focuses on reflecting reality and creating dissatisfaction. Moreover, many articles have a kind of anti-vulgar and anti-traditional power, and have a strong emotional tendency in writing, such as the most representative Shi Shuo and Ma Shuo.

2 Essays, compared with essays, essays are more free and casual, long or short, Zhuang or harmonic, and essays vary from thing to thing and have their own uses. For example, "Jin Xuejie" uses questions and answers for irony, and the full text uses rhetoric and prose for comparison and confrontation, so the writing is relaxed and lively. The most famous essays are those that mock reality and have sharp arguments, such as ZaShuo and Huo, which are lively and eclectic in form and have high literary value.

(3) Preface (that is, the gift preface) is concise and ingenious, showing all kinds of feelings about the real society, such as the postscript to Zhang Zhongcheng's Biography, the preface to seeing off Li Pangu and the preface to seeing off Meng Dongye. In addition, Han Yu also showed outstanding material narrative ability in biographies and epitaphs, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Epitaph of Liu Zihou.

④ Biography and lyric prose. Han Yu's biographical prose inherits the tradition of Historical Records, portraying characters in narrative, discussing and expressing emotion just right and skillfully. Zhang Zhongcheng's biography is a famous masterpiece. His lyric poem "Ode to Twelve Lang" is also a unique song in mourning poems, which has a strong lyrical color.

The ideological characteristics of editing this paragraph

Han Yu's thoughts originated from Confucianism, but there were also deviant words. He claimed to be a Confucian orthodoxy, opposed the purity and silence of Buddhism and the superstition of theocracy, but also believed in the fate of ghosts and gods. In the later period, he became very close to the monks and became fascinated. He praised Mencius for expelling Yang Zhu and Mohism, and thought that Yang and Mohism ignored the right path and advocated using Confucius and Mohism. He advocated that Confucius should be king and should be humble and overbearing. But also praised the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reform of the two kings group, but he was no different from the two kings in opposing the separatist regime of the buffer region and the eunuch dictatorship. These complex and contradictory phenomena are all reflected in his works.

Educational thought

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Han Yu was a famous writer, thinker and educator in Tang Dynasty.

Han Yu has been engaged in many activities all his life, and there are three main ones that should be mentioned:

The first is the anti-Buddha activity of "Dao Ji drowning in the world". This was the political requirement of consolidating centralization at that time. Han Yu lived in the middle Tang Dynasty after the "An Shi Rebellion" and experienced the reign of Dai, De, Shun, Xian and Five Emperors. The main social contradiction in this period is the contradiction between centralization and local forces in the buffer region. The ruling class realized that only by vigorously improving the political unification status of Confucianism can it form an ideology suitable for the requirements of the feudal ruling class and consolidate its ruling position. Han Yu studied the book of six classics and a hundred schools of thought since childhood, the old Tang book? The biography of Han Yu records: "The more self-righteous you are, the more you learn from Confucianism ..." Answer to Li Yishu says: "The founders dare not look at the harvest of the three generations of Han Dynasty, and the ambition of non-saints dare not exist." It shows that Han Yu's world outlook was formed under the influence of Confucianism since childhood and became a loyal believer of Confucius and Mencius. Ouyang Xiu said: "Han's writing style is respected by the world and spread by the world." Su Shi said: "The decline of the eight generations, the Tao and discipline drowned in the world", "noble and pure." (Chaozhou Hanwen Temple Monument) Han Yu believes that he has made contributions to "rejecting heresy and spurning the Buddha and the old" and reviving Confucianism.

Han Yu's political views are embodied in his original Tao, Primitive Man, Tan Xun, Zhou Confucius Temple Monument and other articles, expressing a set of new Confucian thoughts of loyalty to the monarch, incorruptibility, etiquette and tradition. This is the political theoretical basis and concrete content of his educational thought. His critical spirit in the struggle against Buddhism had a positive impact on education at that time.

The second is the ancient prose movement of "the decline of eight generations". Han Yu advocated ancient Chinese prose with the aim of "writing to convey the Tao". The ancient prose movement advocated Confucianism ideologically. The movement of ancient Chinese prose is lined up in style, and the cliches of obscenity, emptiness and detachment that have prevailed since Wei and Jin Dynasties have established a good style of study for ancient education and teaching. The ancient prose movement is called retro, but it is actually innovation.

The third is educational and teaching activities that complement the above two activities. In the ancient prose movement, Han Yu dared to be a teacher, paying attention to the way of teaching, preaching and teaching to solve doubts. Cultivating the younger generation has also had a good influence on ancient education in China and played a positive role in the formation of fine educational traditions in ancient China.

In addition to teaching in person, Han Yu also criticized the imperial examination system and traditional education, and put forward some valuable views, pointing out that the disadvantages of the imperial examination system at that time were: "those who have points, like and hate from the heart." He realized that talents could not be selected by the imperial examination. At the same time, he also put forward a insightful theory of identifying and cultivating talents, such as in his book Miscellaneous Notes 4? The article "Ma Shuo" puts forward that "there is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse; There are always swift horses, but Bole is not always there. In other words, he believes that there are always talents, and the key lies in whether they can be recognized and supported. As long as you are good at identifying and training properly, a large number of talents will emerge.

Han Yu criticized the school education at that time. When I was a doctor in the fourth class, I requested to restore the apprenticeship system in imperial academy and use the school to train talents. When he was a Ph.D. student in Guo Zi, he wrote "Teacher's Theory" and "Understanding of Learning", which advocated respecting teachers and pointing out the road to success. During the national sacrifice, Jesuits were invited as scholars to rectify Chinese studies.

Han Yu wrote Ode to Rural Studies, criticizing the neglect of 9th grade at that time and praising Zheng Zichan for not destroying rural studies. He attached great importance to local education, and when he was a secretariat in Chaozhou, he took out his salary to set up state schools and develop local education.

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Han Yu's educational thought can be summarized as follows: educational teleology put forward to realize the "ancient road"; The theory about the role of education is related to his view of human nature; The "teacher theory" of respecting teachers and valuing morality; Understanding of Learning and its teaching ideas and theories summarized from long-term educational practice.

1, teleology of education

The purpose of education mainly refers to the training goal, that is, the specifications of talents. Educators' political opinions stipulate the standards and requirements for training talents, and political opinions are often his educational purpose.

Han Yu's political proposition is the Confucian way of benevolence and righteousness and the three cardinal guides and six disciplines. His requirements for talent specifications are: loyalty to the monarch, honesty and integrity, and combination of legal system and legal system. To this end, Han Yu expounded the viewpoint of "nourishing qi and calming down" in "University" and further standardized the training objectives. Daxue is one of The Book of Rites, and its status has been improved since Han Yu. In the original way, Han Yu quoted a program from the university: "Those who want virtue in ancient times should rule their country first; If you want to govern your country, you should first get your family together; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first; If you want to be right, you must be sincere. " However, "in ancient times, sincere people would make a difference." This passage means to take the cultivation of mind as the basis of everything. The purpose of emphasizing "honesty" and "righteousness" is to rule the country and level the world. After the Song Dynasty, Daxue became an independent Confucian classic and was listed as one of the "Four Books".

Han Yu's "honest official" refers to keeping officials clean, keeping politics clear, eliminating all evils and suppressing violence, with the aim of consolidating the political power of feudal countries.

With regard to concurrent ceremony, the ceremony here refers to the feudal hierarchy. "Benevolence" and "courtesy" are two complementary and integrated aspects of Confucianism. Han Yu put ceremony, music, punishment and politics together as the way to govern the country. He is a scholar, a bureaucrat and also in charge of the military. Therefore, on the issue of governing the country, he advocated paying equal attention to Confucianism and law, and paying equal attention to punishment and education.

Rites and music refer to thought, culture and behavior, while criminal administration refers to politics and law, both of which are indispensable.

The "tradition" mentioned by Han Yu is the "Tao" of Confucianism, that is, the feudal hierarchy, ethics and behavior etiquette that embody the "three cardinal principles" and "six disciplines".

Among the above standards, loyalty to the monarch is the core content. Honesty, propriety and tradition are the inevitable requirements for cultivating and implementing loyal monarch. With these qualities, Confucian scholars can rule the country and level the world.

According to the requirements of educational purpose, the content of education is basically political, ideological and moral education, that is, moral education, including the whole set of Confucian theories of benevolence, righteousness and morality; Second, knowledge education, including books, changes, spring and autumn; Third, political education includes ceremony, music and punishment.

2. Theory about the role of education.

The educational function here refers to the role of education in exploring human nature. Educators and thinkers in ancient China all talked about human nature. As far as Confucianism is concerned, Han Yu had the theory of "good nature", "evil nature" and "three products of nature" before. The purpose of their talk about "human nature" is to show that the ruling class is predestined, born as a "ruler", and all beings who work hard are "stupid", "evil" and "rulers".

Han Yu is a theorist of "Three Sexes". He wrote the article "First Sex", expressing his basic views on human nature. He believes that human nature is innate and has moral qualities such as "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith"; "Sex" is divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower. Top-class people are "good", middle-class people are "educated and up and down" and inferior people are "evil"; He believes that there are emotions besides sex, and emotions are "born of things", including "happiness, anger, sadness, fear, love, evil and desire". Emotions are also divided into three categories. He believes that people with morality can "control" the expression of seven emotions; People with China's personality require moderate emotions, but they often have "something to do" and "something to die", that is, too much and too little, which is inappropriate; People with low self-esteem "act by feeling" and have no control.