What are the representative works of Vedic literature?

Vedic literature is the earliest literature in India and belongs to religious literature. His representative works are Rigveda and Avina Veda in the Vedas of Brahmanism.

Rigveda is one of the four works of the ancient Indian religious classic Veda, the oldest classic in India and one of the oldest collections of poems and songs in the world. The book was written between 1500 BC and 1200 BC, hundreds of years earlier than the Greek Homer epic.

Rigveda is a collective work, including 1028 songs or divine comedy written by different authors in different periods, divided into 10 volumes. The authors are all hereditary Brahmin priests. Before the 7th century, there was no written record in ancient India. 10 volume The Divine Comedy was handed down from generation to generation, and it was recorded in later generations.

Rigveda reflects the Aryans' conquest of nature, the conquest of aliens, and the real history of their social life and ideology. Aryans are a nomadic tribe, and they were in the transitional period from clan commune to slavery before and after conquering India. At that time, irresistible natural phenomena made them feel small, so they personified natural phenomena, worshipped them and longed for their blessings. The priest who presided over this kind of sacrifice divided the universe into three realms: heaven, earth and air, with 1 1 gods in each realm and 33 gods in the three realms. In Rigveda, the author wrote many hymns for these immortals. Among the gods, Indra, Ayani and Sumo held the highest position and praised them the most.

Indra is the God of War and Thor, and Aryans regard him as the highest god. There are about 250 poems praising him in Rigveda, accounting for 1/4 of the total poems. Indra is depicted as a tall man with golden skin and beard in this poem. Holding a golden steel pestle, he made a thunderous sound when walking, and the strong wind aroused shocked the world with great power. He fixed the shaking earth, stabilized the bumpy mountains, extended a huge hand and broadened the sky. He expelled Dasa, killed the monster in the river, and protected the interests of Aryans with unparalleled strength.

Ayani is second only to Indra, with more than 200 poems praising it. Jenny is a personified god who sacrifices fire. He has a bright red beard, a pointed chin and glittering gold teeth. The flames from his mouth are like roaring waves, and smoke billows into the sky. His voice is like thunder in the sky. In the eyes of Aryans, Ani is the god who protects the interests of their family. According to the poem, he invited the gods to the Aryans' homes, wiped out the Aryans' enemies, brought them endless wealth, and made their family heroes come forth in large numbers and become famous far and wide.

Sumo is Dionysus, a plant personified god named Sumo. This plant has an exciting effect. In the poem praising him, it is said that the fragrant sumo can cure all diseases, and not only mortals, but also immortals in the sky drink it to keep fit. Aryans are full of energy after drinking sumo and are invincible on the battlefield. Sumo gods in poetry often appear as warriors, holding bows and arrows and shooting enemies.

Besides praising gods, Rigveda also contains some poems praising natural scenery, which are often endowed with human characteristics. In this poem, the sun is compared to a white horse and a bull running in the sky. It illuminates heaven and earth with flame-like light, dispels darkness, and forces the stars to flee like thieves. There are also some poems that reflect the social labor situation, such as saying that farmers "tied yokes to plowshares, sowed seeds in furrows, and waved sickles to meet the harvest if the carols came true", vividly reappearing the whole process of labor of the people in ancient India.

When praising the gods and natural scenery, Rigveda often uses metaphors and exaggerated artistic techniques to frankly express the author's surprise, admiration and awe, reflecting that the author has a certain aesthetic vision and descriptive ability for natural and social phenomena.

Pear from Veda also includes weddings, funerals, entertainment, love and witchcraft, which reflects all aspects of Aryan social life and records the earliest social system, customs, philosophical thoughts and astronomical geography in ancient India. So it can be said to be the earliest encyclopedia in ancient India.

Alvida Alvida is a collection of witchcraft and incantation poems, which consists of 20 volumes, 7,365,438+0 poems and 5,975 sections. It was written after Rigveda. Different from Rigveda, Avina Veda's attitude towards gods is not praise or begging, but command and persuasion, which to some extent reflects the Aryans' desire to conquer nature. Witchcraft poems in Avina Veda include many aspects, such as preventing diseases, seeking longevity, having children, seeking high yield and winning battles.

The poems about the prevention and treatment of diseases in Avina Veda are usually spells to keep diseases away from patients. As a mantra says, a cough "flies away like an arrow." Well, flying far away, in this vast land. "Poems related to bearing children have good wishes, such as" Like the earth, all buds are born. May your fetus be preserved and born after pregnancy! "Like the earth's maintenance of forest trees, may your fetus be preserved and born after pregnancy! Just as the earth maintains mountains, may your fetus be preserved and born after pregnancy. " High-yield spells are mostly related to natural phenomena. A spell said, "roar, thunder and lightning, and let the sea churn!" " Rain clouds, dripping milk, moisten the earth! Please pour in enough rain ... The source of thousands of streams in Qian Qian is inexhaustible, and so is our land! "

Spells are also used in the military. There is a mantra that works: "All the animals in the forest fight when they see people;" Drum, make the enemy's heart panic, make their heart have no opinion, like a bird trembling at the sight of an eagle, like a lion roaring day and night. Drums! Let the enemy panic and let them have no opinion. " This kind of spell can undoubtedly play a great role in inspiring soldiers' morale.

The poems praising God in the Avena Veda are combined with witchcraft, so the role of God is generally not to control nature and human society, but to help mankind subdue demons or enemies.

In terms of artistic features, Avena Veda uses exaggeration, metaphor and other techniques, and its words are forceful. The combination of the two forms the unique charm of witchcraft poetry.