A comprehensive study of Shaanxi folk culture

Shaanxi is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation, and more than ten dynasties or important regimes, including Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang, have established their capitals here. It is also the seat of Yan 'an, a revolutionary holy land, with rich classics and numerous cultural relics, and many customs and habits can be traced back to history. Geographically, there is the Yellow River in the east and Gansu in the west. It borders the grassland outside the Great Wall in the north and Bashu Water Town in the south, spanning the northern Shaanxi Plateau, Weishui Basin and Qinba Mountain area. Folk customs have a long history, deep-rooted and colorful.

The regional division of Shaanxi folk culture and the development of Qin and Han dynasties

Shaanxi folk customs are divided into Guanzhong area, northern Shaanxi area and southern Shaanxi area.

Regarding the geographical features, historical position, early management and the legacy of attaching importance to agriculture in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Biography of Historical Records Huo Zhi said: "Guanzhong is a lotus from east to east, with fertile soil for thousands of miles, and it has been cultivated for thousands of miles since it started. Gongliu is suitable, the King of Thailand is in Wenqi, Wang Zuofeng is in Wen Qi, and the King of Wu is a pickaxe. Therefore, his people still have former Wang Yifeng, and they are good at planting crops and cultivating grains. "

Regarding the new face, regional characteristics and learning style of northern Shaanxi culture, Yuangui Bookstore said: "Qin Shihuang stayed in Meng Tian to make the Huns busy. It is very good to be thousands of miles north of Henan, so I built a city and moved a residential building and named it' Xinqin'. " "History of Han Geography" said: "Anding, Beidi, Shang Jun and Xihe are all near Rongzhai, so we should practice combat readiness, be energetic, shoot hard and shoot first." This background is related to the sound and image of the waist drum in northern Shaanxi, which can confirm each other.

As for the early customs in Shaanxi, Hanzhong Fu Zhi said: "Hanzhong Fu has a strong and simple custom and is keen on agricultural shooting. Wudu people are strong and brave, and semi-Qin is brave; The land is dangerous, people are half Chu, and the customs are slightly the same as Jingzhou and Zhangzhou counties. " "Tales on Earth" said: "Emperor Gaozu sent Bashu, cut Sanqin and moved Shu to Shangluo. Most of its customs are mountain hunting and logging, which is deeply Chu style. " "Ningqiang County Records" also said: "Ningqiang County" has both north and south, and the languages are mixed with Qin and Shu. They all fully show the mutual influence of wind and habits in adjacent areas and the regional characteristics of wind and habits.

On the evaluation of the pre-Qin customs, Xue Si 'an (Wild Record) said: "Reading Qin Feng makes you feel happy to avoid lewdness and be good at Qin Feng's poems. "It shows the origin of the inheritance of good customs in qi zhou.

At the end of Qin Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang marched into Shangluo, crossed the dam, entered Xianyang in the west and Hanzhong in the south. Fighting back against Sanqin, building Chang 'an as its capital and joining forces with Shanhaiguan, the development of folklore has entered a new historical period.

On the changes, characteristics and great significance of customs in Qin Dynasty, Zhu, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in Song Dynasty, made a profound summary and discussion in Shi Zhuan. I would like to copy it as follows: "The custom of Qin Dynasty is to be brave first and then quick, and forget life and death. The rich land was promoted by Wen Wang from the beginning, and the transformation of' Er Nan' was as loyal as the other side. Qin people used it, and soon changed its customs, brazenly recruiting eight States with the same face. What? Yongzhou is thick in soil and deep in water, and people are thick and straight, without Kevin·Z's habit of arrogance and extravagance. Guide it with kindness. It is easy to rise, but it depends on righteousness; If we drive it with courage, it will be enough to win the enemy's capital and strengthen the industry of agriculture and enriching the people, which is beyond the reach of Shandong countries. "

This comment is a generalization and summary of historical development, and it is also of great reference significance for understanding future historical development.

Second, the development of Shaanxi folk customs and production customs from Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the historical stage of Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, the activities of local rangers, Taoism and Buddhism appeared in society one after another, which had a corresponding impact on folk culture, added new factors to social life to varying degrees, and changed customs accordingly. By the Han Dynasty, local rangers had gradually merged with folk entertainment or appeared in the form of folk entertainment, which was quite common in cities. "geography with the book" said: "Hanzhong people are simple, uneducated, do not make much money, and are addicted to their mouths and stomachs. Although the tent room is Chai Men, the food will be delicious. Worship ghosts and gods, especially avoid confusion, family members have died and need to leave their homes. Advocating Taoism, there is still Zhang! " The characteristics of local customs are still strong; The influence of Taoism and Buddhism is also obvious.

In the Tang Dynasty, the relationship between folk customs and the government was also very close. Qin Zhong Ji Nian said: "It was the end of the Tang Dynasty, and Qujiang gave a banquet. Everyone drinks Jiangtou together and steps on the grass, which is called' outing'. " "When I was one year old" said: "Every year in Chang 'an, soup cakes, chicken blankets and cold dishes are often recommended in tombs, and Lei Zi cars are also recommended; Tomb-Sweeping Day, the officials and children in the inner garden drill fire in front of the temple, and the one who gets the fire gets in first. Give me three silks and a golden bowl, and everyone will watch my wife sweep the floor out of the city at the gate of the wild goose, and the horses and chariots will be noisy. The new Jinshi will hold a blanket banquet in Deng Yue Pavilion, or give the wine to the minister, that is, the re-brewed wine. "

In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the products were abundant, the Silk Road was smooth, and merchants from Chang 'an gathered in all directions. There are many restaurants, restaurants and tea shops. In the prosperous food market, Hu Feng's cooking skills and Hu Ji's restaurant are also frequently enhanced and become folk wonders.

Li Bai's "Youth Travel" once described the scene at that time and said: "Wuling Mountain is young and the gold market is east, and the silver saddle and white horse are in the spring breeze; Where to swim in bloom? Laugh into Hu Ji's restaurant. " At that time, Hu Ji learned to use pasta to make Hu cakes with her own national characteristics, which was also famous throughout the country. Bai Juyi has a poem "Learn Kyoto with Hu Bingbing". According to the test, the present sesame cake evolved from the Hu cake at that time. Pasta is the traditional staple food of Shaanxi people since ancient times. This is also closely related to agricultural production in Shaanxi. Shaanxi agriculture has a long history, and its production customs are constantly developing in the social and historical development.

In Guanzhong area, people praise the mystery of waterwheel. The inscription on the riddle reads: "Cao Cao sat alone in the Central Plains, dressed in eight clothes, and led the troops in Qian Qian!"

As for the water towns in southern Shaanxi, the production customs are even more impressive. "Chenggu County Records" said: "Before and after Xiaoman, farmers planted rice seedlings, and the proverb goes:' Water holds seedlings and inserts them into Noda, and heads down to see the water; Six cleanness is rice, and retrogression is progress!' "It creates and reflects another quite high spiritual realm. His philosophical thought and artistic expression are also impressive, which deserves deep appreciation. It can also be seen that people's creativity is indeed infinite and worth learning.

Connotation and function of customs related to production and life in Shaanxi folk customs

(1) There are activities related to production customs in Shaanxi, such as praying for blessings and welcoming the gods. For example, the Song of Tianlu said: "In the Qin Dynasty, there was a custom of taking drum music to the suburbs on February 2 and returning at dusk, which was called' welcoming the rich'. In ancient China, the country was the soil, the valley was the god, and the country (temple) was set up for sacrifice, "spring worships autumn and tastes", praying for a bumper harvest.

(2) There are many customs related to ethics. In the aspect of "looking for a distant place carefully", Tomb-Sweeping Day visited the grave, "sweeping the grave", "clearing away the summer heat" and "offering sacrifices to ancestors in the Central Plains and Magu" to send cold clothes on October 1st, and offering sacrifices first from winter solstice to twelfth day and twelfth day.

There are also many customs in respecting ethics, living in harmony and attaching importance to in-laws. For the next of kin, in addition to the first day of the New Year, the whole family should pay New Year greetings to their elders, brothers, uncles (daughters-in-law) and sisters-in-law, and there are also "lucky money" for children on New Year's Eve. Every Spring Festival, when the wheat is ripe, married daughters, sons-in-law, nephews and uncles should pay New Year greetings to their parents, their families and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Mother's family, Yue's family and uncle's family will send lanterns, explore the summer, send (Dragon Boat Festival) and send (Double Ninth Festival) cakes to their daughters, sons-in-law and nephews on Lantern Festival, Summer Summer Summer, Dragon Boat Festival and Double Ninth Festival! In addition, in terms of harmonious countryside, many habits of "being good neighbors" have also been formed. During the Spring Festival, family worship is followed by going out to worship and inviting each other to hold a banquet. Xianning county theory; "On the first day of the New Year's Day, the scholar-officials were very happy to worship their ancestors, their stepfather's history, and they became their new home; So is Qi Min. "

In addition, in Guanzhong area, there is a custom of "newly married women paying homage to their families" after marriage.

(3) In terms of health, hygiene, cultural and sports activities and customs, "sweeping the house" to welcome the Spring Festival after the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month can be seen everywhere. When winter goes and spring comes, women go out in time to improve their health, which is similar everywhere. When winter goes and spring comes, women go out in time to improve their health, which is similar everywhere. When winter goes and spring comes, young men and women and the whole people engage in cultural and sports activities in various names and forms to entertain their bodies and minds and improve their health, each with its own characteristics.

(4) During the Lunar New Year season, there are many customs of comforting orphans, giving alms and carrying out public welfare activities. Such as Tomb-Sweeping Day's offering sacrifices to sweep solitary graves and ownerless graves. There are also many places where meals are delivered during festivals.

(5) With the development of social history, the increase of cultural exchanges inside and outside the province and at home and abroad, as well as the needs of people's spiritual life, legends, figures, historical figures and even foreign figures gradually entered folk life, so that special meetings were held to commemorate them. Among them, for example: ① Nu Wa's "mending the sky by refining stones" is very common and came into being earlier. ② February 2nd is the meeting of Wang Yao Temple: Xixiang County records said: "On February 2nd, the meeting of Wang Yao Temple was held in Gaoping Temple, where both men and women arrived, taking a walk to choose the winner and picking wild vegetables for food". Other places, such as Wang Yaoshan in Yao County, have such meetings. It is said that February 2nd is Sun Simiao's birthday. (3) Qingming cold food can sweep graves, in addition to injecting the significance of commemorating mesons, it can also sweep graves. ④ Eating brown rice, racing dragon boats and drinking realgar wine during the Dragon Boat Festival, except the former, are all infused with the significance of commemorating Qu Yuan. The latter further confirmed the efficacy of drinking realgar wine to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters with the story of The Legend of the White Snake, which made this custom more deeply rooted in people's hearts. In many places, the Dragon Boat Festival is also very warm.