Lecture 1 Outline of Folk Culture.ppt

Chinese History, Culture and Tourism Wu Enemy Associate Professor Chapter 1 Overview of Chinese History Section 1 Introduction to Chinese Dynasties Lineage I. Three Generations The three generations refer to three different dynasties, Xia, Shang and Zhou. 1. Xia (21st to 16th centuries BC) Xia began with Kai, finally Jie Liu Futong Introduction, by sixteen generations and died. According to the Bamboo Book Chronicle, "(Xia) was seventeen generations from Yu to the insanity of Jie, four hundred and seventy-one years." 2. Shang (16th to 11th centuries B.C.) The Shang dynasty began with Tang and ended with Xin (King Zhou), who died after thirty generations and lasted for about five hundred years. King Zhou's major sins were: first, he was a man of pleasure; second, he had to conquer the Eastern Barbarians to the detriment of his own body; third, he was heavy in taxation; fourth, he collected fugitives from the four quarters; and fifth, he was heavy in punishment.3. Zhou (11th century BC-256 BC) The Zhou Dynasty was divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period). 3.1 The Western Zhou began with Fat (King Wu) and ended with Gongni (King You, 771 BC), and lasted for eleven generations, or more than five hundred years. There were two main reasons for King You's defeat: one was militarism; the other was favoring Baosi. The Spring and Autumn Period (the first period of the Eastern Zhou) began with King Ping (Yishu, 770 BC) and ended with King Jing (Jeng, 477 BC),*** lasting 323 years. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Dynasty was declining, and the feudal lords were coming out of the rites and music, and the lords were rising up, and the lords were fighting for supremacy, and the states were dominating. In the Spring and Autumn period, there were Qi Huan Gong (reigned 685-643 years ago), Duke Mu of Qin (reigned 659-621 years ago), Duke Xiang of Song (reigned 650-637 years ago), Duke Wen of Jin (reigned 636-628 years ago), and King Zhuang of Chu (reigned 613591 years ago) dominated the Central Plains and were known as the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period.

In addition, the southern states of Wu and Yue were also dominant for a time. The Warring States period began with Zhou Yuan Wang Ren (476 BC) and ended with Qin Wang Zheng (221 BC), ***255 years. The Zhou dynasty ended in the fifty-ninth year of the reign of King Blush (Yan) of the Zhou (256 B.C.E.). The Zhou family with the surname of Ji ruled China for about 900 years***. During the Warring States period, there was still a great deal of strife and rivalry among the marquis, with Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, and Qin being the most powerful of the seven states, known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". The lineage of Qin can be traced back to the time of King Xiaowang of the Zhou Dynasty (about 800 B.C.E.), and its first ancestor was Bo Yi (伯益) of the time of Dayu (大禹), whose family name was Ying (嬴). At the time of King Xiao of Zhou, his ancestor Fei Zi was a tribal leader who lived in Dog Qiu (southeast of present-day Xingping, Shaanxi Province) and was a good horse breeder. His descendant, Duke Xiang of Qin, who was credited with escorting King Ping of Zhou on his eastward migration, was granted a vassal title by King Ping, and the state of Qin was formally founded around 770 B.C.**** until Duke Xiaogong of Qin, when it was called the "King of Qin" by the 24 dukes of the state. The state of Qin began with King Huiwen (337 B.C.) and was passed down through seven generations to King Yingzheng, who unified the six states in 221 B.C. and became known as Shihuang (First Emperor), and then passed on to Ziying (two generations, 207 B.C.), who was destroyed by Liu Bang. The Han Dynasty was also divided into two periods, the first known as the Western Han Dynasty and the second known as the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a short-lived dynasty between the two, known as the New. 1. Western Han Dynasty (202 B.C. - 8 A.D.) Before the Western Han Dynasty was formally established, there were four years of wars for supremacy between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, known as the Chu-Han wars. The Western Han Dynasty **** experienced fourteen emperors and one queen (the high queen, Lu Piang, ruled for eight years).

Emperor Wu was the sixth emperor, 140 years ago to 87 years ago, reigned 54 years, a lifetime of outstanding achievements, flaws. 2. new (AD 8 - 25 years) the late Western Han Dynasty, the autocracy of the relatives. Ping Di, Wang 莽, Wang Wang Mang, the power of the day, and buy people's hearts and minds. Pingdi Yuan Shi five years (AD 5), Wang Mang save local for its refusal to accept the new wild field on the table to praise the merits, a time local table on the table to praise the merits of up to 487,000 572 people. In 8 A.D., Wang Mang was officially proclaimed emperor of the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty. Wang Mang advocated reforms, but due to the over-zealousness of the reforms, coupled with the backlash of the old local Liu forces, it led to the Red Eyebrows and Green Forest Uprising in 22 A.D. In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu seized the victory of the peasant revolt and proclaimed himself emperor of the ancient kingdom, re-establishing the Han Dynasty and then moving the capital to Luoyang, which is known as the Eastern Han Dynasty. 3. The Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 219) The Eastern Han Dynasty, from Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor, to Liu Xie, the Xian Emperor***, lasted for thirteen emperors. In the latter part of the Han Dynasty, as relatives and eunuchs came to power in turn, the emperors were played by them, and the emperors were abolished or reappointed without any regularity. Especially at the end of the period, the dictatorship of Dong Zhuo aroused discontent among the people of China, and all kinds of heroes rose up to fight against Zhuo, thus causing great chaos in the world. In the end, three major powers were formed, led by Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan, which led to the emergence of the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu. Sixth, the Three Kingdoms (220-280) The Three Kingdoms refers to the three states of Wei, Shu and Wu. 1. Wei In October 220 A.D., Cao Pi abrogated Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and established himself, changing the name of the state to Wei, with Luoyang as its capital. Wei died in Jin (265) after five generations of Pi, Ei, Fang, Feng and Huan***. 2. 2. Shu In April 221 A.D., Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu and founded the state of Shu. Wu died in Jin (280) after four dynasties: Quan, Liang, Hugh and Hao. Jin (265-419) Jin was also divided into two eras, known as the Western Jin and the Eastern Jin. 1. Western Jin (265-316) Western Jin died in the Northern Han Dynasty after four successive emperors such as Sima Yan and Sima Zhong. In the latter part of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu, claimed the title of king in Zuoguocheng (present-day northeastern Lishi County, Shanxi Province) in 304 A.D., with the state name of Han (Northern Han), and was formally proclaimed emperor in 308 A.D., with his capital at Pingyang (present-day Linfen, Shanxi Province). In November 316, Liu Yao, a general of the Northern Han Dynasty, captured Chang'an, and Sima Ye, Emperor愍, surrendered, thus ending the Western Jin Dynasty. 317, Sima Rui claimed the throne of Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), beginning the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and in March 318, Sima Rui formally assumed the imperial throne. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was ruled by 11 emperors before falling to Liu and Song. VIII. The Southern and Northern Dynasties (304-589) After the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, four dynasties, namely Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, appeared in the old part of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is called "Southern Dynasty" in history. During this period, the Cheng Han regime was established in Sichuan. At the same time, there were sixteen regimes in the north, collectively known as the "Northern Dynasties".1 Southern Dynasties (420-589) 1.1 Cheng Han (304-374) The late Western Jin Dynasty strengthened the exploitation of the people, which led to the revolt of the migrants, and in Sichuan, there was a migrant uprising led by the dynastic Lite.

In 304, Li Xiong, the son of Li Te, claimed the title of emperor in Chengdu and established a regime under the name Cheng. In 338, the state name was changed to Han, so it is called Cheng Han in history. 1.2 Song (420-479) 1.2 In June 420, Liu Yu, a general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, abolished Sima Dewen and established his own state, which led to the death of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Liu Yu founded a state called Song, which was called Liu Song in history. In April 479, Xiao Daocheng, a powerful official of Liu Song, claimed the throne to replace Song, and in 501, Xiao Yan installed Xiao Baorong, the king of Nankang, as the emperor of Jiangling (present-day Jingzhou in Hubei Province). 502, Xiao Yan established himself as the emperor and renamed his state Liang. Xiao Qi*** passed on to five emperors.1.4 Liang (502-557) Xiao Liang passed from Xiao Yan through four emperors to Emperor Jing, Xiao Fangzhi, who died in Chen.1.5 Chen (557-589) In October 557, Chen Baxian, a powerful official of Liang, made himself emperor and Liang died. Chen died in Sui after five emperors to Chen Shubao, the latter. 2. Northern Dynasties (304-581) 2.1 Han, known as the Northern Han Dynasty, was founded by Liu Yuan in 304, and was renamed Zhao in 318 when Liu Yao moved the capital to Chang'an. It was called the Former Zhao, and died in 329 to Shihu of the Later Zhao. 2.2 Former Liang (前凉) 2.2 Former Liang (前凉) 2.3 Later Zhao (後赵) 2.3 Former Zhao (後赵) 2.3 Former Zhao (後赵) 2.4 Former Zhao (後赵) 2.5 Chen (557-589) 2.5 In October 557, Chen Baxian, a powerful ruler of Liang, made himself emperor, and Liang died. 2.3 Later Zhao (後赵), in 319, Shi Le (石勒) claimed the title of emperor in Xiangguo (present-day Xingtai, Hebei), and died in Ranwei (352) after five emperors. 2.4 Former Qin (前秦), in 351, Fu Jian (苻健) claimed to be the King of Qin (秦天王), and established the state of Qin (秦), which was called the Former Qin (前秦).

2.5 Wei, in the first month of 386, Tuoba Gui claimed the title of King of Dai in Niuchuan (present-day Hohhot), and in April of the same year, he claimed the title of Emperor of Migration Shengle (present-day Helinger), and the state name was Wei, which is known as the Northern Wei, and it was divided into the Western Wei and the Eastern Wei after twelve emperors until the third year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign in 534, when it was split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei. During the reign of Xiaowen Emperor Tuoba Hong (471-499), he carried out bold reforms and the Northern Wei became stronger.2.6 Eastern Wei and Western Wei The Northern Wei split into two states, Eastern Wei (534-549) and Western Wei (535-557). In June 534, Gao Huan, the Chancellor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, led his troops to enter Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowu, fearing to escape from Chang'an, threw himself into the hands of his general Yu Wentai, and in October, Gao Huan installed Yuan Guishan as the emperor in Luoyang, which was called the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In December of the same year, Yu Wentai killed Emperor Xiaowu and in the first month of 535, he installed Yuan Bao Torch, the King of Nanyang, as the Emperor in Chang'an, which was called the Western Wei. 2.7 Northern Qi and Northern Zhou In 550, Gao Yang, a descendant of Gao Clan of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, abrogated Emperor Xiao-Jing to establish his own empire, and renamed his country Qi, which was then called "Northern Qi" in history. Northern Qi died in the Northern Zhou (577) after six emperors. In 557, Yu Wenjue, a descendant of the Yuwen Clan of the Western Wei Dynasty, abrogated Emperor Gong and established himself as a state under the name of Zhou, which was called the Northern Zhou. The Northern Zhou was destroyed by Sui (581) after two reigns. In this historical period, in addition to the above generations, there were also the dynasties of Houliang, Beiliang, Nanliang, Qianyan, Houyan, Houqin, and Xiqin, etc. *** There were sixteen dynasties. Nine, Sui (581-618) in May 580 AD, (Northern) Zhou Xuan Di Yuwen or orn died, son orn established, for the quiet emperor, young, Yang Jian in the capacity of grandfather for the fake yellow battle-axe, left prime minister.

In December, Jian proclaimed himself King of Sui, and was given the title of Emperor of Sui (Emperor Wen), with the state name of Sui and the capital Chang'an in February 581, and in the first month of 589, the Sui army crossed the Yangtze River and destroyed Chen, reunifying China and ending the more than 300 years of division and division. In 604 A.D., Yang Guang, the crown prince, killed his father and established himself as Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang was brutal in nature, setting up the Li Palace, opening the canal, traveling to Jiangdu, and conquering Goryeo, which led to the revolt of Du Fuwei and Dou Jiande, and the uprising of Li Yuan, the governor of Taiyuan, in May 617. In May 618, Li Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor (Gaozu) in Chang'an and established the Tang Dynasty, installing Li Jiancheng as the crown prince, and appointing Li Shimin as the King of Qin and Li Yuanji as the King of Qi. In June 626, Li Shimin killed Jiancheng, Yuanji and their sons and forced his father to abdicate the throne in August of that year. Li Shimin became Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (唐太宗) and was given the name Zhenguan (贞观). In 688, Wu Zetian claimed the title of Holy Mother of God and killed the Tang royal family, and in 690, she formally changed the name of the Tang Dynasty to Zhou (周). In 705, she passed the throne to the crown prince Li Xian (李显), restoring the Tang Dynasty's name to the Tang Dynasty. In 712, Li Longji succeeded to the throne (712-755) and became Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. In the early years of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, he tried his best to rule the country and the people lived in peace and security, which was known as the "Golden Age of the Yuan Dynasty". In the next hundred years, the eunuchs became more and more authoritarian, and in 874, Wang Xianzhi revolted; in 875, Huang Chao revolted; and in March 907, Zhu Wen (Zhu Quanzhong and Zhu Huang) usurped the Tang Dynasty and established Liang, which led to the death of the Tang.

During the Tang Dynasty, the main minority regimes that existed alongside the Tang Dynasty were Yan in northern China, Bohai in northeastern China, Nanzhao in Yunnan, and Tubo in ***. Eleven, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960) In March of 907, Zhu Quanzhong established Liang, and since then, the Central Plains has experienced five dynasties: Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou***, which are known as the "Five Dynasties". Since all the five dynasties had already appeared in history, the word "Hou" was added before their names. At the same time, more than a dozen regimes emerged successively in the south, north and Sichuan of China, mainly including the former Shu, the latter Shu, the Wu-Yue, the Wu, the Qidan, the Southern Han, the Northern Han, the Later Han, the Min, and the Southern Tang. Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan (960-1368) (a) Song (960-1279) Song Dynasty is also divided into two periods, the first capital of Kaifeng, known as the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127); the second capital of Hangzhou, known as the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). The two Song dynasties lasted 16 emperors and 319 years. (ii) Liao (947-1125) In 916, Yelu Abaoji founded the state of Qidan; in 947, Yelu Deguang, Lord of Qidan, became the emperor and the state was called Daliao; it was once called Qidan again between 983 and 1066, and was destroyed by Jin in 1125. He was the first of nine emperors*** for 210 years. In 1125, Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward and rebuilt Liao in 1131, and later set its capital at Tokmak in present-day Kirghizstan, which was called Western Liao. (C) Western Xia (1038-1227) Dangjun Tuoba built. 1038, Yuan Hao claimed the title of emperor, capital of Xingqing (now Yinchuan), the state of Xia. 1227 for the Mongols destroyed, after ten emperors, where 190 years.

(4) Jin (1115-1234) In 1115, the female Jin Wanyan Bongdae founded, the capital of Huining (present-day Acheng, Heilongjiang), which was destroyed by Mongolia in 1234. In 1234, it was destroyed by the Mongols. It lasted for 120 years under ten emperors. (v) Yuan (1271-1368) In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol state, which successively destroyed Western Xia and Jin. 1271, Kublai Lied set the state name Yuan, and in 1276, he destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty to unify China once again. 1368, the Ming army of Zhu Yuanzhang was expelled from the Central Plains and retreated to the Desert, and in 1402, it began to lose its state name. From Genghis Khan to 1386,**** there were fifteen emperors in 163 years. From Kublai set the state name to 1368 *** calendar eleven emperors, ninety-eight years. Thirteen, Ming (1368-1644) 1351, Yingzhou (present-day Fuyang, Anhui Province), Liu Futong revolt, the Red Turbans. October, Xu Shouhui according to the Herb (present-day Xishui, Hubei Province) claimed the title of emperor, the establishment of the name of the day complete. 1852 leap March, Zhongli (present-day Fengyang, Anhui Province), Zhu Yuanzhang, cast Guo Zixing in the Haozhou (present-day Fengyang, Anhui Province) 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang seized the end of the Yuan Peasant Uprising fruits of the Yingtian (present-day Nanjing), the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the fruits of the Yuan Peasant Uprising, the fruits of the Yuan Peasant Uprising. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang seized the fruits of the late Yuan peasant revolt and proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (present-day Nanjing), establishing the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty had 16 emperors and lasted 277 years. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) was founded in 1616 by Nurhachu, the leader of the Jurchen, and was known as the Later Jin Dynasty; in 1636, Huang Taiji changed the name from Jin to Qing. In 1644, the Qing Dynasty took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains to enter the country through the power of ***, and entered Beijing in May of that year. In the following years, it eliminated the peasant rebels and the remnants of the Ming Dynasty, and basically unified the mainland of China.

During the Kangxi and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty, the Three Families Rebellion (1673-1681), the *** (1683), the Gerdan Rebellion (1696), and the Jungar Rebellion (1775) were successively pacified, and the unification of the motherland was maintained. The Qing Dynasty lasted 11 emperors from Huang Taiji *** for 276 years. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851-1864) In 1851, Hong Xiuquan revolted in Jintian, Guangxi, and set his capital at Tianjing (Nanjing) in 1853, which was destroyed by the Qing army in 1864. Ancient Chinese dynasty turnover song summer, business, spring and autumn and warring states chaotic long; Qin and Han a, the three wars potential tripod. The two Jin dynasties were divided, and the north and south were separated; the strong state of Sui and Tang was unified. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Northern Song Dynasty, the unification of the situation is not unanimous. The Liao, Jin and Southern Song Dynasty were confronted by each other, but the strong Yuan Dynasty made the unification of the country. The Ming and Qing dynasties have continued to be unified, and the dynasties have been replaced.