What is the history and origin of Jianshui County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province?

Jianshui is famous for its ancient culture in southern Yunnan. Jianshui was once the seat of Lin 'an prefecture. Its ancient culture and ancient buildings are not only built in Jianshui, the political, economic and cultural center, but also distributed all over the jurisdiction. Tuanshan Village, which is only 13 km west of the county seat, is a century-old building, and outsiders are all amazed when they visit here. ?

Tuanshan (Yi language: a place with gold and silver) village is built on a hillside, with 100 households, all of which are brick-wood buildings. It is antique and bustling, just like a huge and rich museum of ancient buildings. The vicissitudes of history are hidden in it. Sightseeing here makes people feel nostalgic, giving people the feeling that the gradual deviation of time series seems to be slowing down here.

Looking at this 100 family's deep house compound, I feel nostalgic: according to the land reform movement at the beginning of liberation, this 100 family is undoubtedly a big landlord. However, according to the cultivated land area occupied by each household, it is not rich in land. More than a hundred years ago, the builders of these ancient buildings were all poor. They all made a fortune in an old tin mine, but they all declined in the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Their descendants have no wealth except this luxurious property left by their ancestors. As we can see now, people's lives are as poor as ordinary mountain people.

Zhangjia park

Jianshui City has a "Jia Zhu Garden", while Tuanshan has a "Zhangjiayuan", which is little known.

Zhangjia Garden, located in the northeast of the village, was built in the 31st year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty 1905, covering an area of 3,495 square meters and a building area of 2,950 square meters. The plane layout consists of an outer door with a wall facing the door, the first courtyard, the middle courtyard, the third courtyard, the ancestral hall and the outer bunker. * * * House 1 19, patio 2655.

The builder of Zhangjia Garden is not as rich as Jia Zhu Garden, but a poor man. Being able to build such a magnificent garden house is simply a miracle like Arabian Nights.

The owner's name is Zhang Jialin. He has two sons, one is Zhang Guoyi and the other is Zhang Guomin. Because of their poor family, both sons went out to help the Jianghu when they grew up. After doing a little business and earning a little money, they went back to their hometown to buy some horses and took them to an old tin mine to carry the soil shortage to their boss, and got a little reward to maintain their family life. Gradually familiar with the environment in the mine, the two brothers found that giving people a load of soil was not as good as making money by mining, so they abandoned the burden of soil to mine. At that time, the wide mines did not belong to anyone, and whoever had the strength to mine them would belong to them. Tin ore is of high value and can be sold to smelters. Brother Zhang is waving a pickaxe and holding a hoe in the Lotus Cave. He worked tirelessly and was exhausted at the end of the day. The ore he collected piled up day after day, and soon more than one hundred stones were piled up. At that time, the ore was sold to the smelter in batches with stones, and then went into the cave to continue mining and sold in batches. After accumulating a sum of money, I built my own smelting furnace in Xiahegou and bought ore to smelt tin for sale, which greatly increased my income. Business is booming year by year. The number of smelting furnaces has increased from one to three, and workers are employed to smelt all the year round. When tin ingots accumulated more, they hired a caravan to transport them to Manhao Port by the Red River, and then shipped them from the estuary to Hong Kong via Vietnam. At that time, an old man opened a trading stack in Hong Kong to sell large tin, which was sold to European countries and made a lot of profits. When Zhang Ge is rich, he will expand his trade and make his business into big cities such as Kunming and Shanghai, and his financial resources will be rolling in. When you make a fortune, you will go back to your hometown Tuanshan to buy land and build a house. First, five rooms were built, and then the houses of Sanjinyuan and the garden ancestral hall were built. Just as Zhang's mining business was booming, his brother suddenly fell ill and died. Zhang Guomin, the younger brother, sadly buried his brother's body, propped up the whole enterprise and made the business bigger. He has successively bought several mines, such as Laochangtang and Gaolaotang, and became one of the wealthy tin miners in Gejiu. On the basis of the original house in his hometown, Zhang Guomin expanded the house into a courtyard, built rockeries behind the garden, planted flowers and plants, beautified the environment, and built defensive guard rooms and forts at the same time, becoming an independent private manor in Tuanshan Village, just like a secluded place for local tyrants. Presumably, Zhang's family was hired to protect their safety.

Zhang Guomin and his two brothers have seen the world, so they naturally keep up with the fashion in the structure and decoration of their houses. What they bought was good wood, brick and wood structure, and the wooden house was a two-story building, with fancy decoration and high grade, and they hired skilled craftsmen to carve beams and paint buildings at a high price. Carved flowers, birds, fish, insects and beasts on the eaves of the main hall; Colorful pictures are painted on the lintel, and the windows are inlaid with various patterns. Local calligraphers are invited to write poems of Tang and Song Dynasties outside the house walls, and painters are invited to draw Chinese paintings of bamboo, chrysanthemum, plum and landscape figures. This is the icing on the cake. Gorgeous and elegant calligraphy and painting works decorate the walls of the house, adding luster to it, showing a luxurious atmosphere, like a knowledgeable and wealthy scholar. We wandered around and enjoyed the carving techniques and calligraphy and painting works of houses all over the world. Although it is old or damaged, it is all excellent.

The Intermediate People's Court is surrounded by corridors and corridors. The residential building is a two-story wooden building with a tile roof. The bottom of the fence is inlaid with carved bricks. The doors and windows of the house are decorated with exquisite flower and bird patterns. The patio is built with flower stands and stone jars. The backyard is a "corner building", that is, two rows of wooden buildings are connected at right angles. Ancestor tablets are set in the buildings with direct corridors. The garden on the left side of the gate has a pedestal about two meters high at the top, with stilts hanging on both sides and a square pond at the bottom. Many square stone pillars stand at equal intervals on the stone fence beside the pond. The upper end of the stone pillar is carved into an I-shaped or circular treasure top; Some are carved in the shape of lions and tigers. Opposite the front and back of a stone fence in the center of the abutment, there are inscriptions of "lively splash" and "lively secret". It is said that the yard was originally planted with all kinds of precious flowers and trees, and there were many doors and windows in the house. There is a saying that "a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred doors and windows are carved". Its houses are elegant in structure, magnificent and luxurious in decoration, second only to Jia Zhu Garden. It is conceivable that for such a big house and manor, I don't know how many servants will be hired to do sanitation and raise flowers and trees.

During the War of Liberation, Zhang, a descendant of Zhangjia Garden, hated the corrupt rule of the Kuomintang and joined the "nine-member group" organized by the United front under the leadership of the underground party of Jianshui County Committee in China. The existing left diaojiao building was the place where the "nine-person group" was held at that time. Zhangjia Garden is now listed as a county-level cultural relics protection unit.

The house was empty when we visited. Due to disrepair, the buildings lost their former glory because of a desolate scene of decline; The carvings and paintings of houses are full of traces of years, and some of them have been damaged and fallen off. The beautiful scenery of exotic flowers and plants in those days no longer exists. Because nobody cares, everything is in a mess. During the roaming, we can see that many beautifully carved animal models were smashed during the Cultural Revolution, showing the vicissitudes of life. The spacious house above the pond became the classroom of Tuanshan Village Primary School. Many plastic bags, beverage bottles and various sundries were thrown into the big pond, and the surface of the black pool water was covered with green moss. Its cultural landscape has been eclipsed.

Due to the lack of maintenance and management, some walls of Zhangjia Garden have collapsed and some houses have been damaged, losing their original perfection and luster. However, through these ancient buildings, we can see the beauty of China's traditional architectural style, the wisdom of the older generation of craftsmen in building houses, and we can also think of the scenery when the Zhang family became rich from poverty. It can be said that this magnificent manor came back from an old tin mine. One hundred years ago, the Zhang brothers started from scratch and worked hard to mine and manage tin mines with their own hands, creating such a huge and magnificent castle manor. It sounds incredible, but the Zhangjia Garden is a photo of history.

Jiangjunfu

When we visited Tuanshan Village, we saw a plaque of "General's House" hanging in a family, which was very eye-catching, so we went in to visit.

The "General's Mansion" is not the general's residence, but the residence of junior officers. The house was built in the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty 1905, covering an area of 880 square meters, with 38 houses and 7 patios. Carved beams and painted buildings, flowers, birds, fish and insects, relief figures, paintings and plaques are colorful and magnificent. Being able to build such a spacious house must have an extraordinary origin. The parents of the descendants of the master are not at home, and the family can't tell why. They only know that the ancestor who built the house was called Zhang He.

According to an insider, Z Ryan lost his father when he was a child and was raised by his mother. When I was 6 years old, I saw that my family was really poor, so my cousin Zhang Kai and I went to an old mine to make a living. Zhang He, who grew up as a child laborer in a tin mine and spent his childhood in the wilderness, is cheerful and courageous, likes to make friends, treats others sincerely, values his reputation, makes friends widely and has many friends. His humble residence is often crowded. Friends came to him to give advice and discuss countermeasures, and gradually established prestige among miners. At that time, migrant workers who went to Gejiu to dig mines came from all directions, and most of them took the region as a cluster partnership, each occupying a site. Where there is a quarrel and fight in the mine for the rich mine, Zhang He comes forward to mediate the dispute. He judged who was right and wrong from a fair standpoint and made a decisive decision. Seeing that he was a man, the government appointed him as the police captain to maintain the mine. Zhang He did not shoulder the heavy responsibility and took responsibility in time, which naturally benefited Jianshui miners. People no longer worry about being bullied by outsiders, but rest assured that mining and tin smelting are profitable and have constant financial resources. People are going home to build luxury houses. While maintaining the order in the mine, Zhang He cooperated with the villagers to manage Daxi, and naturally made a fortune and built his own residence in Tuanshan.

19 1 1 year, the Xinhai * * * uprising broke out, and Li Shaozong, the bandit leader in southern Yunnan, was robbed in Gejiu factory and mine. Zhang He, who has been appointed as the battalion commander of the pipeline, led the masses to quell bandits, captured hundreds of bandits, enforced the law on the spot and protected minerals. Cai E, the governor of Yunnan, learned that the bandits had been pacified, and immediately summoned Zhang He to understand what had happened. Cai E learned that the matter had been properly handled, so he appointed Zhang He as the pipeline manager and inspector of the fourth battalion of Gejiu National Army, and awarded the plaque of "General De" to hang in his mansion. Therefore, the villagers called Zhang Hefu's house "General House".

In the first year of the Republic of China 19 1 1 year, Zhang He and Zhang Yungui had an argument and were killed in Gejiu soon. When the bad news came, his mother Hu was heartbroken and issued a statement in Diansheng Daily, insisting that the government severely punish the murderer. Zhang He's body was buried at the foot of the mountain. Hearing this, Cai E was very sad. He personally wrote a tombstone for Zhang He. The inscription reads: The 4th Battalion of Gejiu National Army is in charge of Zhang He's tomb, and Cai E, the general and commander-in-chief of Yunnan Army, worships books. In the Republic of China, he offered sacrifices to Ji Dan on the third day of the twelfth lunar month.

Z Ryan worked hard since childhood and started a family business when he grew up. He worked hard to reach the glory of his life. However, people are doomed to misfortune. When he was in his prime, he died unexpectedly, and everyone who knew him sighed?

After Zhang He's death, his mother, Hu Shi, was thrifty and thrifty, raising the orphans of her only grandson, and shouldering the heavy responsibility of managing Gejiu factory affairs and Tuanshan farmland. At the same time, in order to educate the next generation, the wing of the Second Hospital was changed into a "reading building" and a teacher was hired to educate future generations until she died of old age.

Zhang Hegai's house is not the largest and most luxurious in Tuanshan, but it enjoys a high reputation because of his extraordinary experience with his mother for two generations, and the decoration of the "General House" is also unique. The lintel of the "three-stage" gate and the tiles embedded in the wall are embossed with the pattern of "three-stage continuous rise", showing the status and identity of the owner. Once in the courtyard, there are three squares and one wall, and the courtyard is built with large stone jars and flower stands. The stone jar is filled with water, which is used to put out fires and raise fish. On the front of the cylinder wall, there are four characters of "watching fish jump" and poems on both sides. There was no water in the water tank when we visited. The six screen doors under the eaves of the main hall are respectively engraved with carved or embossed patterns such as "Seal the Hou to Hang Seal", "Deer and Crane in the Spring", "Elephant Rise", "Carp yue longmen", "Lion Embroiders the Ball" and "He Lin Entries", each of which has an allusion and reflects our traditional history and culture. Those wonderful combined arts lead people to the realm of beauty again and again. Appreciate it carefully, it is thought-provoking, and everything is full of fantasy and color? There are wings on both sides of the main hall, and the square window sills on the upper wall of the two sides of the house are engraved with carved patterns such as loquat, persimmon, pomegranate, lychee and walnut, as if a forest garden full of fruits decorated the house, expressing the owner's appreciation of the natural beauty of the environment.

There are also decorations around the eaves of the main hall, which makes the artistic taste more elegant. There are dozens of aphorisms, calligraphy and Chinese paintings inscribed by local celebrities, which can be called art treasures.

Entering the second hospital, there is Lin' an? Jianshui's original name? The magistrate wrote the title of the year for Hu, and some clan members congratulated Hu on his 670th birthday with a gold plaque on a red background. On the plaque were written the words "Jin Xuan Yong Yin", "Song Xinhe Shu", "A hundred birds look at you" and "De Guang", which expressed the Zhang family's admiration for the mother's growth in adversity.

These carvings, calligraphy, paintings and inscriptions on plaques are of high level, which adorn the "General's Mansion" with dazzling, luxurious style and strong cultural atmosphere.

With the passage of time, these wooden structures and carving techniques have become obsolete, and some calligraphy and painting have been damaged and fallen off. The descendants of the owners can't be repaired, and the environmental sanitation is not so clean, which shows that the current owners don't have the financial resources and cultural quality of their ancestors. However, what the ancient buildings are left to future generations, including people other than the owners, is a traditional residential architectural culture in China, a page of history, an art, a wisdom and a spirit for future generations to appreciate and learn.

After visiting the General's Mansion, we thought of Zhang He, the builder of the house. Xie Heng, vice chairman of Jianshui Federation of Literary and Art Circles, who showed us around, knew where Zhang He's tomb was, so he took us to visit. We walked out of the upper end of the stockade, climbed a small slope along the ridge and branched into a vegetable field. In a corner of the vegetable field, we saw several graves curled up at the foot of the mountain. We searched one by one and found Zhang He's grave. The tombstone is very small, and the inscription written by Cai E is in block letters, with profound calligraphy skills and neat and delicate fonts. However, if a small tombstone wants to hold all the words, it will be compressed and carved small and crowded. Fortunately, the handwriting is carefully carved, retaining the original style, and every word is clearly visible. However, the whole tomb was squeezed by the mountain soil and covered with grass, as if there was no load. I said with emotion, "Cai E didn't leave much handwriting before his death. This is the first time I have seen it here. This tombstone should be protected by words. " Xie Heng naturally can't make decisions, but he hopes to attract the attention of relevant departments in the county.

Huang enfu

Walking to the middle of the stockade, I saw a gold plaque with the words "Huang Enfu" hanging at the gate of a family, so I turned to look at it.

What is "Imperial House"? It is reported that the builder of the house is Zhang Shuyuan, who lost his father shortly after his birth. The young mother Zhu suffered a heavy blow; Her spiritual support collapsed and she lost her life support. She was in great pain. Women in feudal society were bound by the shackles of "three obedience and four virtues" and could not remarry. In order to survive and raise children, we have to work in the fields. A very young widow, as the main labor force in her family, has to support four people, including her in-laws. It's really hard. However, smart Zhu works hard and gets up early every day to work in the fields. After a hard day's work, I still spin and weave for the whole family at night. Through years of hard work, she supported her family, respected her in-laws with virtue, raised her offspring, and lived in harmony with her neighbors at ordinary times, which won everyone's sympathy and respect.

When young Zhang Shuyuan grew up and became sensible, he saw that his mother was too bitter, so he went to an old mine with the people in Zhaili in exchange for a little reward to help his family. In this way, year after year, Zhang Shuyuan grew up with mines as his home, scrimping and saving until he was in his forties. Finally, he accumulated a lot of money and went home to build a house and repay his mother.

Zhang Shuyuan, like others, built a house with three rooms, one wall and five courtyards. There are three six-ear rooms in the backyard; The back hill turret is connected with three halls. The house was built at the end of Guangxu period in Qing Dynasty, covering an area of 1 0,885 square meters, with a construction area of 863 square meters. The plane layout consists of two large patios, six small patios, six aisles and a courtyard with two entrances. The main building with 37 rooms was completed in the first year of Xuantong's rule. The flower house in the front yard is a place to receive guests. Please carve patterns for decoration, which is exquisite and elegant. The pattern of "Eight Immortals Offering Birthdays" on the veranda is innovative. There are nine 6-inch relief figures on the narrow and dragon square board, with the Eight Immortals on both sides, to celebrate the birthday of the birthday girl. The characters are vivid and have distinct identity characteristics, coming from the fog of Xiangyun, showing the realm of magical dreams.

Zhu didn't expect his son to be so strong that he could build such a rich house in middle age. She is sixty years old and knows that her son's life is as hard as her own, and her heart is full of love and happiness. People in the stockade admire and respect Zhang Shuyuan's hard work and ample food and clothing. Due to Zhu Yisheng's hard work and helping to isolate industry, the cause of the elderly is prosperous, and his children and grandchildren are full of praise and fame. After the county magistrate knew it, he was deeply moved. In order to commend Zhu's virtue, the magistrate of Lin 'an wrote to the higher government, and this letter always had to be handed over to the court. In recognition of Zhu's adherence to the feudal ethics at that time, the Qing court awarded him a "yellow watch" plaque and allowed him to set up a "filial piety square" on the avenue to show his virtue.

The Zhang family prepared materials for this purpose, chose the address, and asked the craftsman to get off the stone foot. People in the village think that the archway is built at the junction of the two villages, which is not conducive to geomantic omen and opposes it. Although it was allowed by the imperial court, the Zhang family gave up this project to worship their ancestors in order to take care of the overall situation and follow the family instructions of their ancestors. The prepared stone and a pair of stone lions carved by craftsmen have been stored for more than 80 years. By 1986, when the Dongmen Garden in Jianshui County was restored, the descendants of Zhang Shuyuan donated the well-preserved stone lions to the government.