What is the farming system in China through the ages?

I. Primitive Society--Keeping System

Agricultural tools were mainly stone tools, and there was extensive use of wood and bamboo tools, bone and horn tools, and mussel tools. Stone axe, stone adze, a class of cutting tools is one of the characteristics of primitive agriculture, with the coexistence of bamboo and wood sticks for sowing and harvesting of stone knives, stone sickle. Hoe, shovel, a class of soil turning tools is a little later, in our country, especially the use of Lei 耜, the most characteristic, completely by hand.

The beginning of cultivation may be in the mountainous areas, and later to the river banks of the more level areas. The practice of abandonment of land farming system, initially raw land farming system, followed by ripe land farming system. This period of farming technology is characterized by slash-and-burn farming, and later on, the primitive feudal farming directly combined with sowing was produced, and the focus of production technology was gradually shifted from forest cutting and burning to land processing. The primitive Husbandman's Calendar, which was used to keep track of the agricultural time, appeared. Livestock were kept in the wild, and later simple pens were created. The cultivation of wild plants and animals, domestication laboratory cultivated plants and livestock is the biggest achievement of agricultural production in this period. Human beings nowadays have to use the main crops and livestock, all are in the primitive agricultural era of cultivation and domestication of success.

Two, the slave society - leisure system

This period of wood and stone tools are still widely used, but bronze tools have been dominant, because the widespread use of wood has been processed and manufactured with bronze tools, and bronze agricultural tools have become increasingly common in agricultural production. Compared with the primitive agricultural period, there was little change in the types of agricultural implements; the plow may have appeared, but the scythe and the hoe were undoubtedly the main agricultural implements of the time, although many of these implements were already fitted with metal blades. In the later part of this period, both iron farming implements and oxen plowing appeared.

The cultivated land in this period was mainly in the North China Great Plain and other relatively low areas on both sides of the rivers. At that time, more swamps and bogs in North China, to develop agriculture in the relatively low areas must first open ditches and drainage, resulting in ditch and moat agriculture is the dominant form of agriculture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Chinese people. Ditch and moat agriculture originated at the end of primitive society, Dayu ruled the water, the role of ditch and moat is to drain rather than to irrigate. Ditch and moat agriculture is dryland agriculture rather than irrigated agriculture. In line with ditch and moat agriculture, the abandonment of the land system has basically been replaced by the leisure system, which is reflected in "Shishi, Xin, She" in the Book of Songs and "Yi Tian" in the Rites of Zhou. In the south, in addition to some areas still practicing slash-and-burn cultivation in mountainous regions, it is also more common to operate paddy fields in low lying areas.

Ditch and moat agriculture was a form of dryland agriculture in the form of monopoly farming. At that time, agricultural labor took the form of coupled plowing in which two people simply worked together. In this form, the selection, arrangement and improvement of cultivated land, the mastery of farm time, the selection of varieties, sowing, management, weeding, pest control and so on have all gained initial success. In the south of the paddy field is the implementation of the more crude fire hoeing method, this method is not exactly the same as slash-and-burn, some places are often combined with simple water storage projects. This period of more complete astronomical calendar has replaced the original material Hou calendar. In the identification and utilization of different seals also accumulated a lot of knowledge. In animal husbandry, foddering, castration, phase animal, pregnant animal protection, pasture management and other technologies have appeared or developed.

Three, feudal society - continuous cropping system, crop rotation and replanting system, multi-cropping

Starting from the Warring States period, through the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin to the North and South Dynasties, the farming system from the recreational system to continuous cropping system.

The popularization of iron plows and oxen plowing was the main feature of agricultural production tools and power in this period. Agricultural tools from the material to the shape than the previous period has been a great change, iron farming tools are widely used, not only iron spade iron spade, but also iron plow, harrow, 耱, columbarium and other tools, agricultural power from manpower to the development of animal power to water and wind power. Agricultural tools and power of this change in the entire agricultural production and socio-economic change for the party.

In the north, due to some changes in the natural landscape, due to the destruction of the well-field system and the popularization of the ox-plow, ditch and moat agriculture went into decline. In the south, paddy fields were further developed. These circumstances prompted the emergence of water conservancy construction, a number of large-scale irrigation projects have been built. In the north, however, dryland agriculture still dominated. The farming system changed from the leisure system to the continuous cropping system. After the Warring States period, although the leisure system in some areas and some period of time is not extinct, but the continuous cropping is always the main farming system of agricultural production. Adapted to the needs of continuous cropping system, China's farmers created a rich and colorful crop rotation and stubble way. At this time, replanting system has also appeared in local areas.

Sui, Tang, Song, Liao, Xia, Jin, Yuan Dynasties, in the farming system, this period of crop rotation and replanting has developed, the most prominent is the South to rice and wheat replanting based on the annual double-cooking system has been quite common.

The agricultural tools of this period continued to have significant development. For example, including eleven parts of the structure of the complete, lightweight twisted plough, iron hitch for deep plowing, adapted to the southern paddy field operation of the middle and high school, the plow, keel car, rice horse and the combined operation of efficient agricultural tools such as dung columbar, push sickle, water turning mill, and so on. Both dryland and paddy field farming tools have been fully equipped, and have reached the point of near perfection within the scope of traditional agriculture.

This period of the northern dryland agricultural technology continues to develop, but relatively slow, the most significant achievements in agricultural technology is the formation of the southern paddy field precision farming technology system. A complete set of measures such as plowing, harrowing, and middle and high school cultivation was formed in soil tillage. Rice seedling, transplanting, baking, hoeing and other further development. In order to adapt to the needs of the two ripening of the year, pay more attention to fertilization to supplement the ground, fertilizer types increased, composting and application techniques.

Ming Dynasty and the Opium War before the Qing Dynasty. The rapid development of multi-maturing planting became a prominent symbol of agricultural production in this period.

In the Jiangnan area, double-season rice began to be popularized, and in parts of South China and Taiwan, a one-year, three-maturing cultivation system appeared, and in the north, a two-year, three-maturing system gained ground. In some places, there is even the emergence of grain and vegetable intercropping one-year triple-cropping and two-year triple-cropping to maximize the use of land.

The agricultural technology of intensive plowing was developed again. Deep plowing was further emphasized, the method of plowing became more detailed, and in order to make up for the lack of plowing tools, methods such as set plowing and rotary plowing appeared. Fertilizer types, brewing, and application continued to make great strides, approaching the limits of what could be achieved in traditional agriculture.

Cultivated land system

I. Primitive society: land clan communal ownership. Land owned by the clan commune, clan members *** with the labor, *** with the enjoyment of the fruits of labor.

Slave society: the slave-owning aristocracy land state-owned system - well field system, the essence of the king's private ownership, that is, the so-called "under the sky, is not the king's land". It existed during the Shang Dynasty and was further promoted during the Western Zhou Dynasty. The ownership of the land belonged to the king, and the vassals could only enjoy it for generations, and the slave masters drove the slaves to work collectively and deprived the slaves of the fruits of their labor, and in the latter part of the Spring and Autumn Period, with the emergence and development of the private land ownership system, the well-field system was gradually dismantled.

Three, feudal society: landlord land ownership, feudal state land ownership and peasant land ownership in three forms

(1) landlord land ownership (China's feudal society, the most important land system, dominant)

1, the establishment of: the period of the Warring States period, the Shang Harness change marks the establishment of feudal landlord land private ownership (the Shang Harness change stipulates: the abolition of the well-field system, established by law)

1, established: the Warring States period, Shang Harness change marked the establishment of feudal landlord land private ownership (Shang Harness change stipulates: the abolition of the well-field system, established by law). (the well-field system was abolished, private ownership of land was established by law, and land was allowed to be bought and sold freely)

2. Influence: it played a positive role in the development of China's feudal economy and social and economic prosperity, but its closed and self-sufficient character seriously hindered the development of the commodity economy, especially the development of the budding capitalism in the Ming and Qing dynasties, resulting in the long-term poverty and backwardness of the Chinese society

3. Abolition: In 1950, New China promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on Agrarian Reform, which completely abolished the feudal and exploitative land ownership system

(2) Feudal State Land Ownership System

1. Tuentian System: Tuentian system was practiced by the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Shu Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, etc. The promotion of the Tuentian system resettled a large number of landless peasants and promoted the recovery and development of agricultural production, which was conducive to the stabilization and development of the agricultural industry. Recovery and development of agricultural production, conducive to the stabilization of social order and socio-economic development

2, Wang Tian system: (such as the implementation of Wang Mang): formally similar to the well-field system, but the nature of the feudal land ownership system. Wang Mang practiced it for the purpose of reforming the system, restricting annexation, and easing class conflicts, but the result was counterproductive;

3, equalization of land: began in the Northern Wei Dynasty (Emperor Xiaowen's reforms), popular in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and was borrowed by Japan, absorbed, and had far-reaching effects. Later, with the serious land annexation, when Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the country had no land to share, and the equalization system collapsed (which was one of the reasons for the implementation of the two-tax law)

4. Renamed fields: In 1669, Emperor Kangxi announced that the land of the original Ming Dynasty feudal lords would be returned to the current cultivators, called "renamed fields"

(3) Homesteader land Ownership (Individual Farmer Land Ownership): It is characterized by male cultivation and self-sufficiency. This form of land ownership did not predominate. During the Spring and Autumn Period, a portion of the slaves and commoners as well as the fallen nobles cultivated this part of the land themselves, which made them small landowners and one-family homesteaders. This small peasant economy, like landowner land ownership, was an important basis for the establishment and long-term existence of the authoritarian centralized system.