Hemudu site unearthed boats illustrate what the

National southern early Neolithic site, the national key cultural relics protection units. Located in yuyao city Luojiang township Hemudu village northeast, an area of about 40,000 square meters, in 1973 began to excavate. Hemudu site is located about 20 kilometers from Ningbo city center, Yuyao City, Hemudu Town, is one of the earliest Neolithic cultural sites that have been discovered in China.

Discovered in 1973, the Hemudu site covers a total area of 40,000 square meters and is stacked with four cultural layers. The lowest layer has been dated to 7,000 years ago. Through two scientific excavations in 1973 and 1977, the excavation of bone tools, pottery, jade, wood and other types of materials composed of production tools, household items, decorative crafts and artificial cultivation of rice relics, dry bar building components, plant and animal remains and other cultural relics nearly 7,000, a comprehensive reflection of China's primitive society, matrilineal clans, the prosperity of the period. Hemudu site excavations for the study of agriculture, architecture, textiles, art and other oriental civilization, providing extremely valuable physical evidence, is one of the most important archaeological discoveries since the founding of China, Hemudu site excavated cultural relics have been exhibited abroad many times, y shocked the whole world.

Hemudu site is a world-famous Neolithic site, the site covers a total area of about 40,000 square meters, the thickness of the pile of four meters or so, up and down the superposition of the four cultural layers, of which, the fourth cultural layer of the era, about 7,000 years ago, is one of China's earliest Neolithic strata now found. The third and fourth cultural layers have preserved a large number of plant remains, animal remains, wooden building remains and components, as well as thousands of pottery, bone tools, stone tools, wooden tools and so on.

Neolithic culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It was named in 1976 because it was first discovered at the Hemudu site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province. Mainly distributed in the south coast of Hangzhou Bay, Ning (Bo) Shao (Xing) Plain, and across the sea east to Zhoushan Island. According to the radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is about 6000 BC. The discovery and establishment of the Hemudu culture has expanded the field of archaeological research on the Neolithic period in China, indicating that a splendid and ancient Neolithic culture also existed in the Yangtze River basin.

The culture is currently the only larger-scale excavation is the Hemudu site, in 1973 to 1974 and 1977 to 1978, by the Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Management Committee, Zhejiang Provincial Museum, hosted two phases of excavation. 1982, the State Council announced as a national key cultural relics protection units. In addition, in Zhejiang Yinxian Chenjiao, Ningbo Bazhiqiao, Zhoushan Baiquan, Daju and other places, are found in the late remains of the Hemudu culture.

The Hemudu site is located in Jinguomiao Village, Hemudu Town (formerly Langshuqiao Village, Luojiang Township). It was discovered in the summer of 1973 when local farmers were building a drainage station, with a total area of about 40,000 square meters and four cultural layers superimposed from bottom to top. According to the Carbon 14 Laboratory of Peking University, the fourth cultural layer is about 7,000-6,500 years old, the third is about 6,500-6,000 years old, and the second is The fourth culture layer is about 7000-6500 years old, the third culture layer is about 6500-6000 years old, the second culture layer is about 6000-5500 years old and the first culture layer is about 5500-5000 years old. Two archaeological excavations were carried out at the site in 1973 and the winter of 1977, covering a total area of 2630 square meters, and more than 6700 pieces of cultural relics such as production tools, living implements and primitive artworks were unearthed, and abundant remains of cultivated rice and large wooden buildings, bones of hunted wild and domesticated animals, collected plant fruits and a small number of graves and other relics were also found. All these provide extremely precious physical materials for the study of the origin of agriculture, architecture, pottery making, textile, art and oriental civilization as well as the evolution of paleogeography, paleoclimate and paleohydrology in the ancient times of China. The excavated artifacts of the first and second cultural layers of the Hemudu site are similar to the artifacts of the lower layer of the Qiu City site in Huzhou and the Majiabin site in the suburb of Jiaxing in the province, and the excavated artifacts of the third and fourth cultural layers are new discoveries in the province; moreover, it already possessed a more developed ploughing agriculture and a dry-bar building using mortise-and-tenon joinery, which puts it in the lead of the domestic contemporaneous sites in terms of its production and living standard, and therefore, it is a brand-new Therefore, it is a brand-new archaeological culture, which is temporarily named Hemudu Culture. After the discovery of the Hemudu site, at home and abroad, the academic community has caused great repercussions, in order to make it public as soon as possible, in April 1976, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, Zhejiang Provincial Bureau of Culture in Hangzhou, held a "Hemudu site of the first phase of the excavation of the Symposium" (in fact, it is a symposium), from Beijing, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang experts and scholars and Yuyao County, Anhui, Zhejiang experts and scholars, Experts and scholars from Beijing, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang and Yuyao County, Luojiang Township, on behalf of more than 60 people attended the symposium. Participating experts and scholars believe that the discovery of Hemudu site, proved that in 7000 years ago, the Yangtze River basin also has a prosperous primitive culture, and the Yellow River basin are the same as the birthplace of the ancient culture of the Chinese nation, it is the most important archaeological discovery since the founding of new China, unanimously agreed to the name of the Hemudu culture. 1980-1981, zhejiang province cultural relics and archaeology research institute In 1980-1981, Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, together with the relevant cities and counties, made a census of Neolithic sites in the Ningshao Plain, and in recent years, a number of sites have been found in the capital construction, and so far *** found 47 sites of Hemudu culture, distributed in the coastal areas south of the Qiantang River and the Zhoushan Islands, of which the Yao River Plain is the most dense, counting 25, so it can be said that Yuyao is the hometown of the Hemudu culture.

Features

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The pottery is mainly black pottery with charcoal and red and gray pottery with sand. In addition to plain pottery, prevalent in kettles on the bottom of the belly of the interlaced slap-printed rope pattern, pottery on the wide side of the mouth edge is often engraved parallel stripes, waves, circles, leaf-shaped, valley spikes, and other geometric patterns, and occasionally see the white ground dark brown pattern of colored pottery. Flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wares were the most popular. Typical wares include kettles, jars, bowls with handles, wide-rimmed shallow dishes, pendant sacs, and feet. The kettle used with the foot is always the main cooking vessel of Hemudu Culture. Bone production tools are abundant, especially in the early period, the number of bone tools is far more than the sum of stone, wood and pottery tools, as far as we know, unique to the Chinese Neolithic culture. Wooden tools are more delicate and diversified. Trapezoidal asymmetrical-edged stone axes, arch-backed thick-bodied stone adzes, bone ploughshares, bone arrowheads with oblique collars, tubular bone needles, bone whistles, wooden spears, wooden knives and so on, are all characteristic artifacts. The remains of a large number of mortise and tenon wooden members and dry-steel buildings show the housing characteristics of the Hemudu culture.

The 4th and 3rd layers and the 2nd and 1st layers of the Hemudu site represent the early and late phases of the Hemudu culture respectively. ①Early period: about 5000 to 4000 years ago. The pottery system is simple, and black pottery with charcoal is absolutely dominant. In addition to the smooth surface, there are more rope patterns, and the incised geometric patterns and animal and plant motifs are prominent. The main vessel shapes include converging or open-mouthed shoulder-ridged kettles, straight-mouthed cylindrical kettles, necked amphorae with large mouths, wide-rimmed shallow dishes, slant-bellied basins, ring-shaped single-handled bowls, large rimmed beans, basin-shaped retorts, and block-shaped body legs. Stone tools are few, generally poorly ground, axes, adzes thicker, the main stone tools are not seen in the perforated. Late Period: about 4000 to 3300 years ago. Sandy red pottery and red gray pottery are the most numerous. In the first part of the clay red pottery with red outer wall and black inner wall, often with red pottery; in the latter part of the clay red pottery with the same color on the inside and outside, seldom with pottery. The rope pattern was used, and the openwork decoration appeared. Newly appeared tripod, floor-type handle two-legged shaped □, pendant capsule type □. Other major shapes include the open-mouthed cockle-eared kettle, open-mouthed flat-bellied kettle, bull-nosed ear jar, folded-rim jar, skeletonized bean, and hollow-bellied tilted-body foot. Stone tools are mostly polished through the body, appeared flat long stone adze, perforated stone axe, rectangular two-hole stone knife and stone spinning wheel.

Hemudu site excavations found cultural relics with a huge number of remains, rich in variety, for the study of 7,000 to 8,000 years ago, the prosperity of the clan communes during the people's production, living conditions provide a more comprehensive material. Such as the two excavations unearthed as many as 400,000 pieces of pottery, with the same excavation area for comparison, is not as much as other Neolithic sites. Another example is that the excavated textile tools include spinning wheels, yarn-winding rods, split logs, warp beams, knives, bobbins, and bone needles of nearly 10 kinds, according to which the looms at that time can be recovered, which are not so specific in other sites. Its cultural characteristics are still mainly in rice agriculture, dry-fence construction, textile and water transportation. Rice grain unearthed golden color, clear glabrous veins, awn straight, identified by experts as the original cultivated rice japonica, indica mixed species, indica-dominant (accounting for more than 60%). Accompanied by rice unearthed together with a large number of agricultural tools, mainly bone plowshares, there are 170 pieces, of which 2 pieces of bone plowshares handle is still left with the remnants of the wooden handle and bundled rattan. The function of the bone plows is similar to the later shovel, which is a tool for turning over the soil, indicating that the primitive rice farming in Hemudu has entered the "plowing stage". The rice paddies were located in the north and east of the excavation area, covering an area of about 6 hectares, with a maximum total yield of 18.1 tons.

The origin of agriculture indicates that the human society started to develop from a single grabbing economy to a production economy, which expanded the food source and laid a material foundation for human development, and therefore has a very important significance in the history of human development. The discovery of primitive rice agriculture in Hemudu corrected the traditional argument that Chinese cultivated rice of japonica rice was introduced from India and indica rice from Japan, and established the view that Chinese cultivated rice was originated from the native land in the academic world, and there would not be only one diversified point of view of the place of origin, which greatly broadened the field of research on the origin of agriculture. Hemudu site artificial cultivation of rice discovery shows that agriculture is not the invention of the sage, but the result of the progress of mankind itself, which is conducive to the establishment of a dialectical materialist view of history and the concept of the masses.

(2) Dry-structure: A large number of dry-structure remains were found in the two excavation areas of Hemudu site, especially at the bottom of the fourth cultural layer, with the largest distribution area and the largest number, which are densely packed and spectacular from afar. Architecture experts according to pile arrangement, direction projection, the fourth cultural layer at least 6 buildings, including a building more than 23 meters long, 6.4 meters deep, the eaves and 1.3 meters wide corridor. This long house may have been separated into several small rooms for the accommodation of a large family. The cleared components mainly include wooden piles, floors, columns, beams, square beams, etc. Some of the components have mortise and tenon joints and mortise and tenon joints, and there are about several hundred of them, indicating that mortise and tenon joints were more often used in vertically intersecting joints when the houses were built at that time. The buildings at the Hemudu site were constructed on the basis of large and small wooden piles, on which large and small beams were erected and floors were laid to make a base higher than the ground level, and then pillars and beams were erected to build a herringbone sloping roof to complete the roof frame part of the building, and finally, reed mats or barks were used to make the enclosure facilities. The method of erecting the columns may also be started from the ground and erected by tying them to the piles. This kind of long house construction with long corridor underneath is called dry-rail type construction, which is adapted to the humid and rainy geography of the southern region, so it is inherited by the later generations, and today you can still see this kind of construction in the rural areas of the southwest region of China and the Southeast Asian countries. The construction of the huge dry bar type building is far more complicated than the half-ground cave type building of the inhabitants of the Yellow River Basin in the same period, the huge amount of wood needs to be planned by a person, sorted and processed after calculation, and someone needs to direct the building on the spot, or else the seven-high and eight-low, curved house is not solid. The building technology shows that the Hemudu people already had a higher IQ like modern people.

(3) the emergence of textile, transportation and painting technology: Hemudu site unearthed a large number of textile tools, the richness of the types of archaeology for the Neolithic sites rare. The largest number of spinning wheels, there are more than 300 pieces, the texture of pottery-based, stone and wood, the shape of the most common flat round, and a small number of profiles in the shape of a ladder. Weaving aspects of the warp, warp beam, winding rod, teeth, machine knife, bobbin, etc., textile experts believe that this is the original entrenchment loom parts. Sewing with a bone needle, there are more than 90 pieces, the smallest bone needle is only 9 centimeters long, diameter 0.2 centimeters, the needle hole is 0.1 centimeters large, and today's large steel needles are almost the same. From the excavated reed weaving and the delicate patterns on the artifacts, the weaving at that time was the same number of warp and weft threads of the herringbone pattern and diamond pattern. Hemudu site unearthed wooden oars ***8, the Department of logs made of wood, similar to the shape of the later generation of wooden paddles, only slightly smaller in shape. Paddle must have a boat, presumably Hemudu people have paddled canoes in the lakes fishing picking diamonds, may also be used for inter-clan exchanges when the transportation. Hemudu site found more than 20 pieces of lacquerware, early simply with natural lacquer on the surface of wood, a little later in the natural lacquer mixed with red minerals, so that the color of the object is more bright, the third layer of culture unearthed in the wooden lacquer bowl is a representative of the work.

(4) Discovery of primitive works of art represented by ivory carvings: The primitive works of art found at Hemudu site can be divided into two categories, namely, the pure works of art that exist independently and the decorative arts that are engraved on the surface of the wares for practical use and enjoyment, and the latter category is the most abundant, which fully expresses the aesthetic interest of the people and the degree of civilization of the people of Hemudu. The most famous artwork is the ivory carving of "Two Birds in the Sunrise" pattern, which is 16 centimeters long, 5.9 centimeters wide and about 1 centimeter thick, and resembles a bird's nest. In the center of the object carved five concentric circles, the upper part of the outer circle carved flame pattern, each side of a bird of prey with round eyes and sharp beak to the right and look. The layout of the picture is rigorous, the lines of the combination of real and imaginary, the picture has a profound meaning, some people say that it symbolizes the sun, and others believe that the bird is hatching eggs, symbolizing the worship of life and reproduction. It shows that the artifact has a strong religious significance, and the primitive ancestors already had a complex spiritual life.

Geography

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Siming Mountain in the south of Hemudu, Cinan Mountain in the middle of Yaojiang Plain in the north, and Wushishan Mountain, Yangjiaojian Mountain, Yunshan Mountain and other low hills in the east and south of the three groups of mountains constitute a large I-word, the landscape is like the Ding Dam and Shun Dam, which are thrown on the seaward rice paddy fields, and they have a great function of siltation and land formation. 10,000 years ago, the beginning of the Holocene large-scale sea invasion, the northern foot of the Siming Mountain became a shallow sea, from the mouth of the Yangtze River down the tide of mud and sand transported here, by the I-shaped landforms of the obstruction and deposition, so that the Hemudu area of the siltation of the faster than the two sides of the sea recession began, the Hemudu area of the natural first exposed to the land. According to the age of 8020 years of the shell layer found 31 meters below the ground in West Village of Low Pond Town, it is presumed that the sea recession took place around 7500 years ago, so 7000 years ago Hemudu was indeed a piece of upland in front of the Simei Mountain. The research process commissioned by Nanjing University made Hemudu site geological soil samples of ancient microorganisms, sporoderma, soil particle size and salt content of the test results corroborate the group's conclusions.

According to the Hemudu site sporoderma data and archaeological excavation material analysis, 7000 years ago, Hemudu's climate is warmer than now, hot and humid, the average temperature is higher than the present 3-4 ℃, the annual rainfall is more than the present 500 millimeters or so, and the present Guangdong, south of Guangxi and Hainan Island is similar. The biggest difference in terms of geography is that the site was not yet separated by the Yao River to the south, and only Zhiling Stream flowed southwest of the site. To the east of the site is a plain, to the west and north is bordered by Hemudu--Zhoteng--Erliucheng Great Lake, Hemudu is in the complex environment of lakes and swamps, plains, grasslands, hills, and mountainous terrain, so that the flora and fauna of the site is particularly rich, very favorable to the production of Hemudu ancestors. favorable to the production and life of Hemudu ancestors. It is worth mentioning that, when Hemudu became a land, the two wings of the "I-zigzag" landform, i.e. the area west of the present Yuyao city and east of the western suburb of Ningbo city, were still in the shallow sea, and the rise and fall of seawater regularly pushed the lake water up and down, which created the self-irrigation conditions for the paddy fields of the Hemudu people, and enabled the Hemudu people to get the most paddy rice with the least inputs. Therefore, Hemudu people could spare more time and labor to build huge dry-fence buildings, and had time to develop textile and lacquer woodwork production. The good natural environment was the key factor for the prosperity of Hemudu culture, while the Hemudu people's knowledge and utilization of all natural things was the determining factor.

Economic Development

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(1) Agriculture and Livestock Feeding: Hemudu 4th layer of a larger area, generally found in the remains of rice, some places rice, rice husk, stems and leaves and other interactive mixed, forming a 0.2 to 0.5 meters thick pile layer, the thickest place more than 1 meter. The large number and well-preserved remains of rice are rare in the archaeological history of the Neolithic period in China. After identification, mainly belongs to the cultivated rice indica subspecies late rice type rice. It and Majiabang culture Tongxiang Luo Jiajiao site excavated rice, the age of the first 5000 years, is so far China's earliest two cases of rice in kind, but also the world's oldest artificially cultivated rice. This is of great significance for exploring the origin of rice cultivation in China and its position in the history of world rice agriculture. The representative agricultural tools of Hemudu culture include bone plowshares, of which hundreds have been unearthed in Hemudu alone. Deer, buffalo scapula processing made of shoulder socket, shoulder socket generally pierced horizontal axe, thin bone without axe and shoulder socket part of the grinding into a half-moon shape, in the middle of the front of the plow crown engraved vertical groove and on both sides of the cut a hole. Also found installed in the bone plowshares on the wooden handle, the lower end embedded in the groove, the cross axe through a number of circles around the cane to tie, the top of the d-shaped or carved triangular catch hand hole. In addition, there are few wooden ploughshares, perforated stone axes, double-hole stone knives, and a pestle and mortar of nearly 1 meter long for pounding rice.

The main domestic animals are pigs and dogs. Broken pig bones and teeth can be seen everywhere, and obese ceramic pigs and square-mouthed pottery bowls with pig motifs were found. There is a pottery pot engraved with the image of rice pig pattern, is largely a reflection of livestock rearing dependent on agriculture. In addition, more buffalo bones were unearthed, and it is possible that cattle were also domesticated.

(2) fishing and hunting: Hemudu unearthed a large number of wildlife remains, counting mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and mollusks *** more than 40 kinds. The vast majority of deer, water deer, four elephants (elk), muntjac, roe deer and other deer animals, antlers alone that is, there are more than 400 pieces. Birds, fish, turtles, turtle bones are also a lot of people. Also found a very small number of Asian elephants, Sumerian rhinoceros, red-faced monkeys and other animals in the temperate zone of the remains. Bone arrowheads amounted to more than a thousand pieces, with the collar asymmetry of the long blade or short blade diagonal collar arrowhead is more characteristic, there are long narrow blade willow leaf-shaped arrowheads, blunt or sharp tapered with collar arrowheads and other forms. Did not see the net pendant and other fishing gear, but the existence of a large number of fish bones, some bone arrowheads when also used for shooting fish. Other fishing and hunting tools are wooden spears, bone fish darts and so on. The discovery of the handle and leaf connected to the body of the wooden paddle, that there have been oars, in addition to the transportation, may also be used in fishing activities. The use of avian bone tube carved holes made of bone whistle, both a musical instrument, hunting can also be blown to trap animals.

(3) primitive handicrafts: pottery to clip charcoal black pottery is the most characteristic. Especially in the early period, no matter cookware and food containers, all belong to this kind of pottery. The clay is pure, and the iron content is only about 1.5%. A large amount of rice husk and the crushed stems and leaves of rice are used as adulteration materials. The technology is primitive, and the wares are all handmade and not very regular; according to the test, the firing temperature is 800-900℃, and the wares are made in the oxygen-poor reducing flame. The tires are thicker and looser, lighter in weight and more absorbent. In the late stage, basically, they were still handmade, but some of them were trimmed by a slow wheel. Appeared three-footed ware, bag foot ware and other more complex shapes, some pottery firing temperature increased to about 1000 ℃.

About knitting and weaving, there were fragments of reed mats found in Hemudu, which were woven with two warp and two wefts. Lightweight wooden spinning wheel, together with ceramic and stone spinning wheels of varying sizes and weights. Can be used to draw yarn twisting. Also found is thought to belong to the original waist machine parts of the wooden weft knife, combing the warp of the long wooden toothed ware, cut at both ends of the notched spools of cloth, and so on.

The bone tools of the Hemudu culture were relatively developed, including ploughshares, arrowheads, fish darts, whistles, awls, needles, tubular needles, daggers, handled daggers, pikes, saws, chisels, spoons, and other objects, which were widely used in the fields of production and daily life. There are decorative items such as buns, tubes, pendants, and beads. There are also butterfly-shaped vessels (made of four kinds of materials: wood, stone, bone, and ivory), boot-shaped vessels, and other vessels whose use is not yet known. Grinding is generally fine, a few have handles on the bone dagger, bone buns, carving patterns or double-headed conjoined bird pattern, can be called a fine practical handicrafts. Another 20 pieces of ivory products, which carved with two birds sunrise image of the butterfly, phoenix bird-shaped dagger-shaped ware, carving weaving pattern and like silkworm pattern of the cup, etc., showing the then superb skills.

Archaeological Discoveries

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(1) Crested Bird-shaped Tooth Dagger: The Hemudu people's woodworking craftsmanship is outstanding. In addition to wooden plows, small shovels, pestles, spears, paddles, mallets, spinning wheels, wooden knives and other tools, but also found a lot of mounting bone plows, stone axes, stone adzes and other tools handle. With forked branches and antlers processed into a curved shaped handle, the lower part of the fork head hacked out of the tenon shaped binding surface, stone axe when it is bound on the left side, stone adze is bound on the front side. Many of the architectural wooden members excavated from the Hemudu site were chiseled with mortise and tenon, especially the invention and use of dovetail tenon, tenon with pin holes, and pengkou board, which marked the outstanding achievement of the woodworking technology at that time. In Hemudu layer 3 unearthed a melon prism convergence of the mouth of the wooden bowl, the appearance of a thin layer of vermilion paint, flaking more, slightly glossy, identified as lacquer, which is China's earliest lacquerware to date.

(2) Houses and wells: Hemudu culture prevailed a kind of pile frame plate above the ground of the dry bar type of construction. In the Hemudu site of each cultural layer, were found with the remains of this kind of construction of round piles, square piles, sheet piles, beams, columns, planks and other wooden components, **** up to thousands of pieces. In a long house of the dry-rail type on the fourth floor, more than 220 piles and long round logs adjacent to each other remain, arranged in four rows in a more regular manner, parallel to each other and oriented in a north-west-south-east direction. Existing longest line of piles 23 meters long, from the southwest to the northeast of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd rows of roughly equal distance between the total width of about 7 meters, presumably indoor area of more than 160 square meters. The distance between the 3rd and 4th rows is 1.3 meters, which is located in the front porch aisle facing the northeast side. Within the area of the remains of the building, there were fragments of mats, many pottery shards, and a large number of plant hides and animal bones discarded by people after eating. This large dry-structured building was a public **** residence, and the interior was probably divided into several small rooms. Dry-structure is one of the important architectural forms since the Neolithic Age in the area south of the Yangtze River in China, and the earliest one found in Hemudu is the earliest. In addition to dry-bar construction, a little later in the early period, there was also a kind of standing-post ground construction, in which wooden boards were placed at the bottom of the postholes as foundations, and some were filled with red-burnt earth blocks, clay and broken pottery pieces, etc., which were filled and reinforced to form mortar-shaped post bases, with wooden pillars in the center.

(3) Tongue and groove wooden components and pengkou boards: In the second layer of the Hemudu site, the remains of a wooden shallow well were found. This is the earliest known remains of a well in China, and also the oldest remains of a vertical well support structure found so far. The well is located in a shallow round pit, with a square mouth, a side length of about 2 meters, and a depth of about 1.35 meters. Inside the well, dozens of rows of piles were planted against the four walls, and the inner side was supported by a horizontal box made of mortise and tenon joints to prevent tipping. The row of piles on the top end of the flat long logs, forming the framework of the wellhead. Well periphery is a circle of about 6 meters in diameter in a circular distribution of 28 fence piles, another in the well was found in the plane of a slightly radial small logs and reed mat fragments, etc., can be seen on the well when the cover of the Well Pavilion.

(4) Burials: Two infant urn burials were found in the 4th floor of Hemudu's residential area, with pottery kettles and pots as burial tools. There are more than 20 tombs on the 1st to 3rd floors, all of which have no burial pits or burial tools, and only one of them has a wooden board as a base. Adults and infants were mostly buried alone. There are three tombs of two persons, one of which is for two children. The tombs in the second and third levels were popular for single person side-bending burials, some were bent over with the head facing east or northeast, and most of them had no burial goods. The tombs in the first floor are popular for single person supine body and straight limbs burial, there are also individual supine body and bent limbs burial, head to different directions, most of them are in the northwest, generally there are burial goods but not rich, the most two tombs have 6 pieces each, usually placed in the kettle, beans, rarely seen production tools. Generally speaking, the burial style, head direction and burial goods changed in different periods.

Cultural Relationships

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The early Hemudu culture, represented by the 4th layer of the Hemudu site, is comparable in age to the Luojiajiao type of the Majiabang culture, represented by the 4th layer of the Luojiajiao site, and the proximity of the hexagonal-rimmed dish pots and the arc-converging mouth and double-ear bowls in ceramics suggests that there is a certain connection between the two.

Hemudu culture in the late pre- and post-stage, respectively, with the Majiabang culture Majiabang type and Songze culture (see Songze site at the same time.). Majiabang type developed plain waisted kettle (or called wide eaves kettle), in the late Hemudu culture before the stage occasionally seen, on the contrary, the late Hemudu culture, although the number of small, but rich in the characteristics of the pendant capsule type □, in the Majiabang type there are also individual findings. In the latter stage of the Hemudu culture, long stone adzes, protruding ribs and skeletonized beans, petal-shaped feet, chisel-shaped tripod feet, etc., are the same as the style of the Songze culture. The late Hemudu culture may have been strongly influenced by the Majiabang and Songze cultures. It is also believed that the fourth layer of the Hemudu site, the third layer is the newly discovered Hemudu culture, the second layer, the first layer should be divided into Majiabang culture Majiabang type and Songze type (or named separately for the Songze culture), and then put forward by the development of the Hemudu culture for the Majiabang culture views.

Hemudu culture of early and late articulation and the development of the direction, to be found in more materials on the basis of in-depth analysis; the nature of its late remains and belonging to the need for further study.

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[Editorial]

(1) Definition of culture: (1) The sum of material and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the course of their social and historical development, specifically referring to spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education and science. (2) Archaeological terminology, refers to the same historical period does not depend on the distribution location for the transfer of the remains, relics of the complex. The same tools and utensils, the same manufacturing techniques, etc., characterize the same culture, e.g., Yangshao culture, Longshan culture. (3) Refers to the ability to use words and general knowledge: learning culture, cultural level.

(2) The problem of the origin of rice cultivation: 1973 News of the discovery of the world's earliest artificially cultivated rice at the Hemudu site spread rapidly throughout the world through the media. Because there were also a large number of agricultural tools, processing tools and cooking utensils *** with the excavation, so immediately set off a rice origin research fever. Contrary to the enthusiasm of the media, a few top archaeologists and agricultural experts believe that the Hemudu culture of rice agriculture has been more mature, before it should also have a longer development stage. 1995 to 2000 archaeologists through the site of Hunan Tao County Yuchanyan successive excavations, found up and down stacked from 12,000 years ago, a few grains of wild rice and 10,000 years ago, the artificial cultivation of rice. Then in jiangxi wannian immortal cave and bucket ring site of soil specimens detected in the cultivated rice spores, so far the world's earliest cultivated rice and it from the wild rice domestication of scientific basis. The discovery of ancient rice in Yuchanyan, indicating that the artificial cultivation of rice in eastern Asia, corn and the two river basins of West Asia's barley, South America's corn are about the same time, the invention of agriculture is the result of the progress of mankind **** with the progress of mankind.

(3) Hemudu culture disappeared in the Ningshao Plain: (1) the environment said The beginning of the Holocene large-scale sea invasion ended around 6,000 years ago, the Dagutang ancient coastline was formed (today's 329 National Highway to the south), and in the tidal action of the sea continued to silt high. In this way, the northward drainage of rainwater from the northern foot of Siming Mountain was gradually difficult until it was blocked, and the advantage of Hemudu highland was gradually lost. After the northward extension of Cao'e River mouth in the west of Yao River Plain, the drainage process increased, resulting in part of the flood water to the east, aggravating the flooding of the Yao River hinterland, Hemudu finally became a waterlogged disaster-prone areas, when encountered with the wind, storms, tides combined with the astronomical tides, Hemudu inevitably suffered from the catastrophe of no one's head, which resulted in the formation of the site of the Hemudu four cultural layers. From the comparison of the number of main artifacts in the four cultural layers of Hemudu site, we can find that environmental degradation seriously affected the survival of the clans. 5,000 years ago, there was another serious waterlogging disaster on a global scale, which was recorded in the ancient book "Shangshu - Yao Dian", "The Tang Tang Flood Fang Cuts, Swinging Huaishan Xiangling, Hao Hao Tian." There is also a similar legend of Noah's Ark saving mankind in the Western Bible. From the archaeological, Hemudu site of the first cultural layer covered with a thick layer of silt layer, the thickest part of the north up to 2.5 meters. This mega-flood finally eroded the flat land between Hemudu - Dain, the Yao River diverted to the east, Hemudu outcropping, the sea water upstream, the Hemudu people who came down from the Siming Mountains had to withdraw from the area and migrate southward.

(2) the invasion of foreign cultures said Hemudu site of the first and second layer of culture and the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain Songze culture, Majiabang culture has more **** sex, three, four layers of culture is relatively independent, so the academic staging of Hemudu culture exists in the 1-4 layer are Hemudu culture and 3-4 layer is Hemudu culture Therefore, there are two views in the academic world on the staging of Hemudu culture: 1-4 layers are Hemudu culture and 3-4 layers are Hemudu culture, and 1-2 layers are Majiabang culture. The latter believes that 6000 years ago, the Taihu Lake basin was hit by a huge flood, Majiabang culture to move to the Ningshao Plain, and the local culture fusion after the formation of Majiabang culture, two cultural factors **** survival of the new culture.