The position of national industry in modern history

A negotiation from black hair to white hair finally came to a conclusion at 200 1. In fact, WTO is really a rose with thorns. Maybe this is called-pain and happiness.

Definition of national industry

National industry is an enterprise operated by national capital in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal period of modern China. Now that China is a completely independent socialist country and has joined the WTO, the historical conditions for the existence of the concept of "national industry" are completely different. Unilever's foreign affairs director once said that "national industry" should not be understood too narrowly. Under the background of WTO, "national industry" is no longer a closed concept, and China enterprises should describe it with a broader vision and international rules. The concept of "national industry" will develop and change with the times. Under the new historical conditions? Quot Relocate the connotation and extension of "national industry".

World economic integration or globalization is the general trend of contemporary world economic development. Driven by this trend, enterprises and products from all over the world have gone abroad to seek development opportunities around the world. Many products have become global products, and many pillar industries have also become international pillar industries, rather than products or industries of a certain country.

The connotation of national industry includes not only industries funded by local people, but also industries funded by all China people, such as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, overseas Chinese, etc. It is no longer a blind and exclusive enterprise founded solely by domestic capital, but the overall industrial capacity and level of the whole nation. As long as it is conducive to improving China's national production capacity and international comprehensive competitiveness, all industries should belong to? Quot national industry "category.

The extension of national industries includes not only industries run by domestic residents (state-owned, collective, private or individual), but also Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperative industries. However, wholly foreign-owned, if the basic technology and brand are completely owned by foreign companies and the transfer and adjustment of funds are controlled by foreign investors, then the industry is not a "national industry". In a Sino-foreign joint venture or cooperative enterprise, it is not necessary for the Chinese side to hold the shares in order to make it a "national industry". As long as the state has the right to regulate enterprises, enterprises can be called "national industries". However, the state's regulation is not completely achieved through holding. On the one hand, the state can manage these projects through macro means such as prices and taxes. On the other hand, through negotiation and coordination, China can obtain the actual control right of the joint venture company in the form of non-holding in terms of raw material supply and procurement rights, product pricing rights, product sales rights, personnel arrangement rights, and decision-making rights on major issues.

The formulation of national industry is helpful to inspire national spirit, improve national self-esteem and self-confidence, and mobilize the spirit of the broad masses of people, especially entrepreneurs. In a word, "national industry" refers to the industry that absorbs the favorable conditions of various countries to produce on the spot, or simply uses local ingredients, or combines local and foreign ingredients, which is conducive to improving the overall industrial capacity, overall industrial level and comprehensive international competitiveness.

Understanding of China's entry into WTO

In today's world, WTO, IMF and World Bank are the three pillars supporting the world economy. The WTO, known as the "Economic United Nations", is an important symbol of world economic globalization. Joining WTO is a national development strategy to ensure the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy. According to the analysis of the development history of WTO and its predecessor GATT, many countries have made great progress because of their active participation in this multilateral trading system. Greece, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Italy, Germany 1950- 195 1, Japan 1955, Spain 1963, Korea, Argentina and 1967. GATT was signed by only 23 contracting parties in 1947. By1May 3, 19991day, the World Trade Organization had 135 members, of which 102 were developing countries and regions, accounting for 75% of the total membership. The trade volume among WTO members accounts for 90% of the total world trade, and the trade volume between China and WTO members accounts for 90% of China's foreign trade. China's trade status ranks 10 in the world, but such a big trading country is rejected by the WTO. China not only does not enjoy the benefits of WTO rules, but also is often subjected to unwarranted reports and sanctions. The annual qualification examination of China's MFN status by the United States has seriously affected the normal operation of Sino-US trade, which is a typical example. In addition, in recent years, in our foreign trade, some countries often launch dumping investigations on goods from China, but we? Stagnant? What's the matter with you? BR> With the establishment of China's market economy system and the development of reform and opening up, it is increasingly proved that China needs the world and the world needs China more. Without China's entry, the world of WTO would be incomplete. At the same time, China Petroleum's entry into WTO can better integrate with the world economy and get rid of China's unfavorable situation in foreign trade. Lu Jie, former Director-General of the WTO, said that China is already an important member of the interdependent global economy, and China needs the opportunities and choices of the WTO system more and more to meet its great potential for growth and development. A fast-growing China can't help but enter the global market!

After joining this organization, we can't expect to get immediate benefits. More importantly, we can actively adjust our strategy by fully participating in its activities and combining our own economic and trade development to obtain greater long-term benefits. Joining the World Trade Organization is a two-way process. While opening the domestic market to foreign products and enterprises, we also bring business opportunities for China enterprises and products with international competitive advantages to enter the world market. Undoubtedly, joining the World Trade Organization is of positive significance to China's political, economic, cultural and social development.

Opportunities and challenges after China's entry into WTO

Undoubtedly, joining WTO will be an unprecedented opportunity for the development of China's national industry. First of all, in the international market, China's exports will enjoy the non-discriminatory treatment of all contracting parties, gain the benefits of free trade and expand the international market share. In this way, it will face a broader market space as soon as it enters the customs, which is conducive to the implementation of the market diversification strategy. It is of great significance for China to expand its exports, change the sluggish state of foreign trade exports since the outbreak of the Southeast Asian financial crisis, and get out of the state of domestic economic surplus. At home, the expansion of exports leads to the expansion of production, which will promote the rapid development of the entire national economy and is of great significance to solving the employment problem. Secondly, it can enjoy the special treatment of developing countries and protect industries with potential development in China, such as automobiles, electronics, chemicals, computers and biological products. Will enable them to enter the world market and participate in international competition when they mature.

In addition, China's accession to the WTO will help us attract more capital, technology and management experience, import much-needed equipment and raw materials, and accelerate the technological transformation of enterprises. After China's entry into GATT, a substantial reduction in tariffs will help improve the level of national welfare. It is of great significance to crack down on smuggling and improve social morality. The positive effects of foreign direct investment on China's economic development are:

1 absorbed a large amount of foreign capital, making up for the lack of capital of state-owned enterprises.

The introduction of advanced technology and management mode has promoted the improvement of enterprise management level.

3. Promote the adjustment and optimization of industrial and product structure, and make the supply meet the selective demand of consumers quickly.

While creating employment opportunities, it has cultivated China's industrial army.

However, we should clearly see that a large number of imported varieties with high quality and low price will undoubtedly be a great challenge to China's national industry. After China's entry into WTO, according to international practice, foreign-funded enterprises in coastal areas and other places that must export according to regulations may expand their sales to the mainland, state-owned enterprises will face a more severe test, and China enterprises will face a crisis of survival in the face of the entry of a large number of foreign-funded enterprises: without tariff and non-tariff protection, the competitive environment of China enterprises in the domestic market will deteriorate, the market share of products will decline, and the development of emerging industries in China may be frustrated; China enterprises will face the loss of management talents and technical talents, and China enterprises will become talent training bases for foreign-funded enterprises; The employment of national enterprises in China will be impacted, and the pressure of being laid off will be even greater. We are at a disadvantage in production technology, management level, capital and information. If we don't pay enough attention to it or handle it improperly, these uncertain factors will have a negative impact.

handle with ease

Part I: National policy protection.

The necessity of protection

As a developing country, China's national industry is still very fragile. In the face of foreign enterprises with strong fighting capacity and excellent products, if we don't have certain protective measures, then China's national industry will be strangled in the cradle, and most of the vast domestic market will be occupied by foreign enterprises, and our dream of industrialization will not be realized.

Specific protective measures

There are two main specific measures for protection: one is to control tariffs; The second is to formulate relevant systems for the control of a specific industry in terms of quantity and license. After the tariff reduction, foreign products will enter China, which will inevitably have a great impact on China's industries, especially those industries that are relatively backward at the international level, such as the production of mechanical and electrical products. Appropriately raising tariffs will give these enterprises standing on the wave of WTO more opportunities, more support and more room for growth, so that they have enough time to adapt to the challenges brought by WTO and develop themselves into internationally competitive enterprises. At the same time, considering the particularity of some industries, the implementation of the necessary system is conducive to the development of related industries, and gradually into the international track. At the same time, the means allowed by WTO principles, especially for? Quot China should make full use of the special preferential measures of developing countries in the world.

Definition of protection

First of all, protection is within the scope permitted by the WTO. The foundation of WTO is market economy and trade liberalization. Joining the WTO means that China will accept the principle of trade liberalization and abandon the past protective trade policy. Under this premise, protection is no longer as before, but only within the scope permitted by WTO terms. In fact, both developed and developing countries have adopted various protection policies to support their industries while accepting WTO provisions. Therefore, there is no absolute trade liberalization without protection.

Secondly, the scope of protection has changed. After China's entry into WTO, it is obvious that protection should not be "sensational" with national sentiment, but should be selective, which is decided by the WTO itself. Because market economy and trade liberalization can't make you protect all industries, you should have a clear understanding and keen judgment on the scope of protection. Protection is to protect those industries that have certain strength and great room for improvement at present, such as electromechanical industry. Although we have to admit that there is still a gap compared with the international first-class level, we are still in a very favorable position in many aspects. At the same time, in terms of technology, many of our countries are in the leading position in the world, with great room for improvement, and hopefully they will become highly competitive industries in the next few years or longer. However, if there is no proper protection now, we will face a huge impact from the international community from the beginning, which is undoubtedly a huge loss. It is difficult to take a step forward, and what is more serious is to be squeezed. At the same time, some fist industries that are already in the leading position in the world, undoubtedly China, do not need protection. For example, the clothing, food and toy industries in China. These industries are already trump cards with international competitiveness. Joining the WTO is tantamount to letting go, and it seems that other countries also need protection. In addition, we should also pay attention to and invest in some industries that may not be competitive at present, but have considerable potential.

Finally, protection is time-sensitive. In the past, there was no specific time limit for protection, but most of the protection after China's entry into WTO has a time limit. Some protection is temporary, some protection is transitional, and some protection is phased. For example, in China, it usually takes 3-4 years to protect an industry with provisions to protect infant industries. If China invokes the Regulations on the Protection of Balance of Payments to take protective measures, the time will not be too long; Once the balance of payments situation improves, the protective measures taken for this must stop.

Correctly understand protection

In fact, the state's protection of an industry is more conducive to the development of the industry, rather than wrapping it up to prevent wind and rain. As the saying goes: emergency does not save the poor. What we mean by protection is protection with a clear purpose, and protection with temporary and local favorable conditions for its development. For some enterprises in some industries, the internal operation mechanism is decadent, the product quality is inferior and the resource allocation is unreasonable. Such enterprises, even with protection, are useless. One day, the "protective cover" will be removed, the problems will be exposed, it will be uncompetitive, and it will be eliminated soon. Therefore, as an enterprise, what is more important is how to make better use of our existing preferential policies of our country and w to, how to improve our own strength, see the situation clearly, understand problems, be prepared for danger in times of peace, and look to the future, instead of striving for temporary happiness, which has no bright future.

The second part: the internal operation mechanism of the enterprise.

(1) Play the "national card". The Chinese nation has a strong local culture and an instinctive affinity for the products of national industries. This is a national complex rooted in the hearts of Chinese people, and it is also a favorable condition for the national industry to give full play. A few years ago, Changhong Electric's advertising campaign of "serving the country with industry and making the nation rich and strong" was quickly recognized by consumers. The advertising lead of Skyworth TV "Skyworth Love, China Heart" was quickly remembered by people. These propaganda, which is close to the national feelings of the Chinese people and has the characteristics of the times, have brought considerable market share and profits to these enterprises.

(2) Implementing "brand strategy". A good brand is always synonymous with excellent quality and perfect service. To create a brand, we must first pay close attention to product quality and establish a perfect service network. Secondly, we should be good at using various media to introduce and publicize products in all directions. Facts have proved that advertisements with nationality, popularity and human touch can arouse consumers' desire to buy. Thirdly, it is necessary to register the brand to be created in time and protect the intellectual property rights of the new technologies it uses.

(three) the implementation of enterprise innovation project. In the era of knowledge economy, innovation ability directly determines the competitiveness of products, and will also determine the life and death of an enterprise. Therefore, national industries must have their own technological innovation system.

1. Establish excellent research and development institutions. Enterprises should independently establish or jointly establish research and development institutions with scientific research institutes and universities. This is the premise of enterprise technological innovation.

2. Increase investment in scientific research and development, which is the basis of enterprise technological innovation.

3. Establish a flexible operating mechanism, which is the core of the innovation system. Only a good mechanism can attract talents from all over the world and give full play to their talents.

4. Focus on introducing foreign advanced key technologies, and combine introduction and matching, introduction and learning, transformation and innovation. The sign of a good mechanism is that science and technology are directly combined with economy, the output rate of scientific research achievements is high and fast, and the labor achievements of scientific research and development personnel are fully affirmed in spirit and material.

5. For similar foreign products, actively develop brands that meet the consumption characteristics of our country and update products in time according to the changes of consumer demand, which is the purpose of enterprise innovation project. Technological innovation system is the first driving force of enterprise development, while institutional innovation and cultural innovation have far-reaching significance. The institutional innovation of an enterprise is to establish a new mechanism and system that is beneficial to its own development according to the changes of its living environment. Enterprises should establish an efficient enterprise system according to the requirements of modern enterprise system, including enterprise property right system, capital operation system, corporate governance structure, enterprise distribution system, etc. Corporate culture innovation includes corporate image strategy, brand strategy, management concept, leadership art, employee quality and pursuit, etc. Excellent corporate culture is a culture with good image, fine brand, strong leadership and strong cohesion.

(4) Active attack and active defense. Protecting your own market based on domestic market is only one aspect of the problem. On the other hand, you must take the initiative to enter the international market, which is a positive strategy to protect yourself. National industries should have this confidence. Once their products become internationally famous brands, it will not be a problem to protect their domestic market.

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With the economic globalization and the rapid development of China in recent years, it is imperative for us to join the WTO. This is neither a fashion nor a wishful futility, but a necessity of development. If we have to pay any price for our future strength, then joining the WTO will be our best choice. Undeniably, the past economic system played an inestimable role in our development, but it also played a certain negative role in some aspects, which made some enterprises hide their own problems and gradually lost their competitiveness and initiative in the international market. Now that we have joined the WTO, it means that our national industry will face real challenges and baptism, and will gradually be brought into the international track. Everything is difficult at the beginning, and the first few years after China's entry into WTO are undoubtedly the most difficult years for our national industry. Using the existing preferential policies to enrich themselves will be the primary task of the current national industry and a key step that must be taken to integrate into the international track. How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain? Through the most difficult days, our national industry will definitely become the protagonist of the world economy and realize the rejuvenation of our great nation.