History 8th Grade Knowledge Points

Learning will be used; learning eighth grade history knowledge first in vain. For you to organize the humanistic version of Chinese history in the eighth grade next book knowledge points summarized, welcome to read!

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Unit 1

▲1, the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference:

In September 1949, the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was held in Peking in a grand manner, and the conference adopted the "Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference*** with the program", the election of the Chinese People's **** and State Committee of the Central People's Government, and elected Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Central People's Government. The Congress decided to adopt the five-star red flag as the national flag, the March of the Volunteers as the national anthem, to make Peking the capital and rename it Beijing, and to adopt the A.D. chronology. The General Assembly also decided to build a monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, the capital, to express the infinite reverence and remembrance of the martyrs of the revolution.

2, the afternoon of October 1, the Central People's Government Committee held its first meeting in the Palace of Qinzheng in Zhongnanhai, the government leaders announced the inauguration, the meeting decided to "*** with the program" for the Central People's Government's policy, the appointment of Zhou Enlai as the Premier of the Council of State (State Council) and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

▲4. What is the historical significance of the founding of New China?

Domestic significance: The founding of the People's Republic of China opened a new era in Chinese history. From then on, China ended more than a hundred years

to be invaded and enslaved by the humiliation of Li Hua Si, really become an independent country; the Chinese people have stood up and become the master of the country

World significance: the founding of the new China, the growth of the world's peace, democracy and socialism, and inspired the world's oppressed

the war of the persecuted people to fight for the liberation of the world.

5. Peaceful liberation of Tibet: In 1951, the local government of Tibet sent a delegation with Ngapo-Ngawang Jigme as its chief representative to Beijing to negotiate with the Central People's Government, and both sides reached an agreement on the peaceful liberation of Tibet, which was peacefully liberated. Thus, the motherland was reunified and the people of all ethnic groups realized great unity.

Lesson 2, the loveliest people

1, the reasons for the fight against U.S. aid to North Korea: (1) the so-called "United Nations forces", mainly U.S. forces, crossed the "38th parallel" and fought to the Chinese border on the Yalu River; U.S. aircraft invaded China's airspace, bombed and strafed the border cities in northeastern China. The U.S. Seventh Fleet invaded China's Taiwan Strait and organized the People's Liberation Army to liberate Taiwan. The aggressive activities of the United States seriously threatened China's security. (2) Fresh requested the Chinese government to send troops for assistance.

2. In order to resist the United States and defend the country, in October 1950, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army with Peng Dehuai as commander went to the front line of Korea and fought with the Korean army and people against the American invaders.In July 1953, the United States was forced to sign the armistice agreement.

3. The Chinese People's Volunteer Army fought side by side with the Korean army and people, launching five large-scale battles in a row. Five battles were won, and the American invasion forces were driven back to the vicinity of the 38th parallel.

4, Huang Jiguang: a war hero in the battle of Shangganling. In one battle, he used his body to block the enemy's machine gun muzzle and cover his comrades to retake the position.

5, Qiu Shaoyun: in the battle of Shangganling at the same time, Qiu Shaoyun in order to ensure the victory of the battle and the safety of the lurking troops, he strictly adhere to the discipline of lurking, not moving until the fire engulfed the martyrdom.

6. The Chinese People's Volunteer Army, in the battle against the United States and in support of North Korea, carried forward a high degree of patriotism and revolutionary heroism, and was known as the "loveliest people".

Lesson 3: Land Reform

1. Causes, Measures, and Significance of Land Reform▲

Causes of Land Reform: (1) Before the liberation of China, this feudal land system seriously hindered the development of the rural economy and Chinese society. (2) After the founding of New China, the newly liberated areas, which accounted for more than 300 million people in the country, had not carried out land reform, and the vast number of peasants urgently demanded land reform.

Measures of land reform: (1) In 1950, the Central Appointed Government promulgated the Land Reform Law of the Chinese Appointed **** and State, which provided for the dispensing of the feudal and exploitative land ownership system of the landlord class and the implementation of the land ownership system of the peasants. (2) In 1950, the whole country was divided into skins to carry out land reform, confiscating the landlords' land and distributing it to the landless and peasants with little land for cultivation, and also distributing the landlords' due share, so that they could cultivate their own land and earn their own living, and by the end of 1952, the whole mainland China basically completed the land reform.

The significance of the land reform: the completion of the land reform, completely destroyed the feudal land system that existed in our country for more than 2,000 years, the landlord class was also eliminated; the peasants turned over, got the land, and became the master of the land. At this time, the people's power is more consolidated, but also greatly emancipated the rural productive forces, agricultural production to obtain rapid recovery and development, for the country's industrialization of the association to prepare the conditions.

Unit 2

Lesson 4: The Beginning of Industrialization

1. The background of the formulation of the first Five-Year Plan: (1) After the founding of New China, after three years of economic recovery, the national economy has been fundamentally improved, and the industrial production exceeded the highest level in history (2) However, the level of China's industrialization still lags far behind developed countries. It is also inferior to India.

2. In order to carry out socialist construction in a planned way, our government prepared the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy.

3. The basic tasks of the first five-year plan: to concentrate on the development of heavy industry, to establish the initial basis for the country's industrialization and modernization of national defense; accordingly, to develop the transportation industry, light industry, agriculture and commerce; accordingly, to train construction personnel. Time: 1953-1957

3. ▲ Achievements of the First Five-Year Plan:

I. Industry: At the end of 1953, the large-scale rolling mill of Anshan Iron and Steel Company and other singular projects were put into operation. By 1956, the first automobile manufacturing plant in Changchun produced the first car; China's first aircraft manufacturing plant test production of the first successful jet aircraft; China's first factory to manufacture machine tools - Shenyang First Machine Tool Plant was put into operation.

Second transportation: In 1957, Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was completed, connecting the Yangtze River north and south. Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, New Tibet highway to the "roof of the world", close to the motherland with the border contact, but also facilitate the economic and cultural exchanges. Three industrial bases: the formation of the Northeast Industrial Base; the development of the original industrial bases in the coastal areas; North China and Northwest China has also established a number of industrial bases. Since then, China began to change the face of industrial backwardness, to socialist industrialization.

4. The promulgation of the first Constitution of the People's Republic of China: In September 1954, the first National People's Congress was held in Beijing. Representatives of the people of the country gathered to **** discuss national issues. The Congress formulated the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, which stipulated that our country adhered to the people's democratic dictatorship, the road to socialism, and that all power belonged to the people. This was the first socialist type of constitution in China, and it is also the constitution that really reflects the interests of the people ever in China.

Lesson 5 The Three Great Transformations

1. ▲What are the three great transformations? What is the essence? How was it accomplished? What is the significance?

(1) The Three Great Transformations refer to the state's socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce.

(2) Completion: agriculture: the state socialist transformation of agriculture, mainly to organize the scattered individual farmers, guiding them to participate in agricultural production cooperatives, to take the socialist road of *** with the rich.

Crafts cooperativization: in 1956, more than ninety percent of individual craftsmen participated in crafts production cooperatives.

Capitalist industry and commerce: the state's socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, the gradual development of public-private partnership of enterprises, and the implementation of the policy of redemption of the means of production in the possession of capitalists.

(3) The significance of the three major transformations: By the end of 1956, the state had basically completed the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce, and realized the task of transforming the private ownership of the means of production into the socialist public ownership system. The basic system of socialism was initially established in China, and from then on, the country entered the primary stage of socialism. In the later stage of the socialist transformation work, there were also shortcomings such as too hasty demands, too coarse work and too rapid changes.

Lesson 6: Exploring the Road to Building Socialism

1. A good start in exploring the road to building socialism: The Eighth National Congress of the Chinese ****productivity Party in 1956 clearly pointed out that the main task of the Party and the people at the present time is to, among other things, develop the productive forces of the society, realize the industrialization of the country, and gradually satisfy the people's ever-increasing material and cultural needs.

2. ▲What mistakes were made during the period of exploring socialist construction? Why? What are the lessons? How were the mistakes corrected later?

Mistakes: (1) In 1958, the Central Committee of the Party put forward the general line of "drumming up energy, striving for excellence, and building socialism faster, better and more economical". (2) The Great Leap Forward and the People's Commune Movement

Reasons: (1) the Party and the people did not have enough understanding of the stage of development of socialism in China, (2) lack of experience in how to build socialism, (3) and eagerness to achieve results, (4) ignored the considerable economic laws

Lesson: We should respect the objective laws of the economy, seek truth from facts and start everything from the practical point of view. everything from the practical.

Correction: In 1961, the national economy was adjusted to restore and develop production, and achieved certain results; in 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party decided to stop using the slogan "class struggle as an outline", and made a shift in the center of gravity of the Party's work to economic construction, the implementation of reform and opening up.

3. Achievements in socialist construction: the petroleum industry is particularly prominent, the completion of the Daqing Oilfield ended the era of China's reliance on "foreign oil", to achieve full self-sufficiency in crude oil and petroleum products. The new electronic industry, atomic energy industry, aerospace industry development.

4, exemplary figures: Wang Jinxi: Daqing oil workers, "Iron Man" Deng Jiaxian: the two bombs, Jiao Yulu: "good cadres of the Party" Leifeng, the people's good soldiers Spirit: hard work, close contact with the masses, and wholeheartedly for the people's service. Spirit.

5 What was the cause of China's economic difficulties in 1959--1961? The Great Leap Forward and the People's Communalization Movement, and three years of natural disasters.

Lesson 9: Reform and Opening Up

1. Family Contract Responsibility System: After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the Party and the government implemented the policy of reform and opening up. The reform began in the countryside to mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production and promote rural economic development. Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui Province, was the first village to implement the system, which was based on the contracting of production to the household, and was self-supporting. Subsequently, under the guidance of the central government, the rural areas gradually implemented a system of responsibility based on household contracting, which led to the great development of agricultural production and the beginning of rural affluence. With the development of agricultural production to specialization, commercialization and socialization, rural township enterprises have also developed rapidly, opening up a new way for rural wealth and modernization.

3. ▲What is the pattern of China's opening up? How was it formed? ▲

Pattern: special economic zones - coastal open cities - coastal economic open zones - the mainland, such an all-round, multi-level, wide-area opening-up pattern.

The pattern.

Formation process: (1) In 1980, China established four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou of Guangdong and Xiamen of Fujian.

(2) Later, 14 coastal cities such as Guangzhou and Shanghai were opened up, Hainan Special Economic Zone was added, and Shanghai Pudong Development Zone was established. The Pudong Development Zone has developed into an internationalized economic center of gravity and financial center. (3) Subsequently, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other economic open zones were opened up (4) Now, the open zones have developed from coastal cities to the interior.

4, the reform of state-owned enterprises: from 1985 onwards, urban reform in full swing, focusing on the reform of state-owned enterprises. In three aspects: (1) the original single public sector economy for the development of public sector economy as the mainstay of a variety of ownership economy **** with the development; (2) the state-owned enterprises to adapt to the separation of government and enterprises, and gradually expand the production and management autonomy of enterprises, the implementation of the system of responsibility for the operation; (3) the implementation of the distribution of distribution according to work-based distribution of a variety of distribution methods coexisting system.

4. In 1992, after the 14th Party Congress proposed the establishment of a socialist market economic system, the reform of state-owned enterprises accelerated the pace of large and medium-sized enterprises to implement the company system, the shareholding system, towards the establishment of a modern enterprise system; for small enterprises to take a variety of forms, such as reorganization, joint venture, and to speed up the pace of reform of enterprises.

5. ▲ List the measures taken in the countryside after the founding of the country? What is the inspiration from it?

(1) 1950 ----1952 land reform abolished the feudal land ownership system, the peasants were given land, so that the rapid development of agriculture. (2) 1953-1956, the majority of peasants enthusiastically participated in agricultural production cooperatives, embarking on the road to socialism. (3) In 1958, the people's commune movement was launched in the countryside, and leftist errors such as the pompous wind appeared, seriously damaging agricultural production. 1961, the Party and the government adjusted the national economy and resumed the development of production. (4) From 1978 to the present, the implementation of the household contract responsibility system in the countryside has led to the rapid development of agriculture. (5) Inspiration: Policies should be formulated in line with China's national conditions, and production relations should be suited to the development of productive forces.

Lesson 10 Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

1. Why did you make Deng Xiaoping the chief architect of reform and opening up and socialist modernization?

(1) Before the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, Deng Xiaoping proposed the implementation of reform and opening-up. (2) Deng Xiaoping, in response to the problem of bourgeois liberalization that emerged during the reform and opening up, also proposed that "to realize the four modernizations in China, it is necessary to adhere to the four basic principles." (3) China *** "Twelfth National Congress": In 1982, Deng Xiaoping again explicitly put forward: "Take our own path and build socialism with Chinese characteristics." (4) C*** "13th Congress": in 1987, he clarified the theory of the primary stage of socialism and put forward the Party's basic line at the primary stage of socialism, i.e., centering on economic construction, adhering to the four basic principles, and insisting on reform and opening up. Based on his vision, the 13th National Congress of the Party made a three-step strategic plan for economic development in the primary stage of socialism.

In China's reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping solved what is socialism, how to build socialism and a number of other basic issues, he is the chief architect of China's implementation of reform and opening up and socialist modernization.

2. The 14th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC): In 1992, the CPC highly valued Deng Xiaoping's theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and established its guiding position in the Party. This congress formed the third generation of leadership with Jiang Zemin as the core.

3. The Fifteenth Congress of the People's Republic of China (PRC): In 1997, after the death of Deng Xiaoping, at the 15th National Congress of the PRC, Jiang Zemin made a report entitled "Holding High the Great Banner of Deng Xiaoping's Theory, and Comprehensively Pushing the Cause of Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics into the 21st Century". The Party Constitution adopted by the Congress stipulates that the C***nese Communist Party shall take Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory as its guides to action. The establishment of Deng Xiaoping Theory as the guiding ideology of the Party is of great significance to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

4. ▲ The content and significance of the 1992 Southern Tour speech?

Content: (1) The basic line of the party should be managed for a hundred years and should not be shaken. (2) the special zone surnamed social not capital; (3) reform and opening up to be more bold, dare to try. (4) seize the opportunity to develop themselves, the key is to develop the economy, development is the hard way.

Significance: Deng Xiaoping's speech of visiting the South further liberated people's thinking and had a far-reaching impact on the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

5. ▲Basic Line at the Primary Stage of Socialism: Lead and unite people of all ethnic groups in the country, focus on economic construction, insist on reform and opening up, insist on the four basic principles, stand on their own feet, work hard, and strive to build our country into a socialist modernized country that is rich, strong, democratic, and civilized.

6. Three criteria for judging social capital:

(1) whether it is conducive to the development of social productive forces; (2) whether it is conducive to the improvement of the comprehensive national strength; (3) whether it is conducive to the improvement of the people's living standards.

Unit 4

Lesson 11: National Unity

1. The Implementation of Regional Ethnic Autonomy: In the long-term historical development of China, the various ethnic groups have formed an interdependent and inseparable relationship politically, economically, and culturally, and have gradually formed a pattern of large mixed settlements and small clusters of the various ethnic groups, with the Han as the main body. In preparing for the establishment of the new China, the Chinese ****productivist party proposed that all nationalities in the country should be equal, and that regional autonomy for nationalities should be practiced in areas inhabited by minority nationalities. This proposal, reflecting the common wishes of all nationalities, was warmly welcomed by the revolutionary groups. Five provincial-level ethnic autonomous regions (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uighur, Guangxi Zhuang, and Ningxia Hui) and many autonomous prefectures and counties have been established throughout the country. Regional ethnic autonomy is of great significance to the unity of the motherland, ethnic equality, national unity and regional development, and has become a basic national policy and a basic political system in China.

2. The development of all nationalities*** together: After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government implemented the policy of the development of all nationalities*** together, and the ethnic minority areas were rapidly developed.

3. Nowadays, the economy of ethnic minority regions has become an important part of the national economic development,. With the development of the economy of these regions, the living standard and cultural level of the minority people have been greatly improved. Since the central government put forward the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region, the western region, which has a large population of ethnic minorities, has seen a new atmosphere of great development and development.

Lesson 12: The Return of Hong Kong and Macao

1. One Country, Two Systems: After entering the new period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the great idea of "One Country, Two Systems" from the perspective of safeguarding the fundamental interests of the motherland and the Chinese nation. "One country, two systems" means that within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the socialist system will be practiced on the mainland, while the capitalist system will be practiced on Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao. "One country, two systems", for the realization of the great cause of reunification of the motherland pointed out the prospects, won the praise of people at home and abroad.

2, the return of Hong Kong: 1984 Sino-British negotiations completed

July 1, 1997, resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region directly under the Central People's Government

3, the return of Macao: 1987, the completion of Sino-Portuguese negotiations. December 20, 1999 resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Macao

4, the return of the Significance: The return of Hong Kong and Macao has washed away a hundred years of national shame, marking an important step on the road to accomplishing the great cause of reunification of the motherland.

Lesson 13: Interaction between the two sides of the Strait

1. ▲What is China's basic policy towards Taiwan? How was it formed?

The policy is: "Peaceful reunification, one country, two systems"

Formation: (1) After the founding of New China, the liberation of Taiwan was explicitly proposed. (2) In the mid-1950s, the idea of striving for the liberation of Taiwan by peaceful means was also established. (3) After the reform and opening up, the Party and the government established the major policy of peaceful reunification of the motherland. (4) Soon after, on the basis of the scientific concept of "one country, two systems" put forward by Deng Xiaoping, the basic policy towards Taiwan of "peaceful reunification and one country, two systems" was formed, and a series of measures were taken to ease cross-strait relations and push forward the cause of reunification of the motherland.

2. In 1987, the Taiwan authorities were forced to adjust the "three noes" policy (no contact, no negotiation, and no compromise), open up Taiwan residents to visit their relatives in the mainland, and gradually adopt some liberalization measures in economic and cultural exchanges. The isolation of compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, which had lasted for nearly 38 years, was finally broken. Cross-Strait relations have undergone a historic change.

3. The Straits Exchange Foundation was established in Taiwan in 1990, and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) was established in the motherland the following year. Both sides of the Taiwan Strait authorized these two civil groups to start economic and business negotiations and political dialogues. 1992, the two associations reached a **** understanding that "both sides of the Taiwan Strait adhere to the one-China principle". In the following year, the Chairman of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS), Mr. Wang Daohan, and the Chairman of SEF, Mr. Koo Chun-fu, held talks in Singapore, and included "strengthening cross-strait economic exchanges for the purpose of complementing each other's benefits" in the agreement, and also reached a **** understanding of the need to carry out cross-strait economic, scientific and technological, and cultural exchanges. The development of cross-strait relations has taken a historic and important step forward.

4. At the beginning of 1995, Jiang Zemin, in response to the new situation of cross-strait relations, put forward eight propositions for the development of cross-strait relations and the promotion of peaceful reunification at this stage. These include: "Adherence to the one-China principle is the basis and prerequisite for the realization of peaceful reunification"; "Negotiations on peaceful reunification of the Taiwan Strait can be carried out step by step"; "Strive for peaceful reunification, but do not promise to give up the use of force"; "Strive for peaceful reunification, but do not promise to give up the use of force. force"; "not to use political differences to influence or interfere with cross-Strait economic cooperation"; "compatriots on both sides of the Straits should *** inherit and carry forward the outstanding traditions of Chinese culture"; "leaders of both sides should visit each other in an appropriate capacity", etc.; and "leaders of both sides should visit each other in an appropriate capacity". appropriate status to visit each other" and so on. These eight propositions are the guiding ideology for promoting the peaceful reunification of the motherland in the new era.

5. Increasingly close interactions: A situation of mutual economic promotion, complementarity and mutual benefit between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has taken shape.

6. Differences between the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan issues:

Hong Kong and Macao were occupied by foreign invaders, and their return belongs to the struggle to safeguard the sovereignty of the country against foreign invasion; Taiwan was controlled by other parties in China, and its problems belong to the internal contradictions of democracy.

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