In China's philosophy, how did Taoism, Metaphysics and Zhu in Song Dynasty think that the world originated from spiritual things?

First of all, we should think about what consciousness is. Consciousness is the flowing process of receiving and processing information from the changes of the material world (including ourselves) by creatures with advanced wisdom. As far as we humans are concerned, we receive information from five sources: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.

As for what you said, "everything in front of you comes from a period of thinking?" Spirit? Or something in your mind? "This has actually been discussed countless times in history." It is because the sky is colorless, without receiving, thinking, walking, ignorance, without eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and mind; Colorless, sound, fragrance, taste, touch and law "Buddhists believe that since people's understanding of the world comes from the five senses, is it possible that it is a false existence?" That is to say, everything we often say is illusory (Buddha said, it's all catching the wind and catching shadows, and it's all vanity. )? Modern science can verify this view. In terms of chemical and biological weapons, many scientific and technological products have been developed that can deceive people's vision and sense of smell. Even the familiar mobile phones are developing tactile simulation systems and have achieved corresponding results. We might as well make a hypothesis. If one day, we can take out the human brain, keep it from dying, then connect many data lines to its surface and stimulate it with various senses, then will this brain think, I am still alive, am I doing it? Therefore, the Buddhist guess is reasonable.

However, our objective universe (four-dimensional space) exists. There are two possibilities: first, we, everything is virtual, we are just in a closed three-dimensional sphere of consciousness. Information simulates everything for us, including matter, energy and information (what we observe). Of course, most people will not admit this possibility, because it almost denies everything. What's the point? But if this hypothesis exists, we can't prove it (you can go and see Inception and a novel called Panlong, these authors really have a unique understanding of the world); Second, we observe the world, and the world is only a side and dimension. In a word, he exists relative to us.

Laozi's Tao has two connotations: first, materiality, that is, the original substance transformed into all things in the universe; The second is regularity, which is the general law of the operation of all things in heaven and earth, so there is a saying that Tao gives birth to heaven and earth. As for what the metaphysician said, he only intercepted a passage in the Tao Te Ching, saying that "everything in the world is born, and nothing is born", which is extremely nihilistic. As for Zhu's children's theory, well, let's not talk about it.

PS: The following is a partial understanding of Tao and nihilism:

The connotation of "Tao"

Tao Te Ching: Things are born in harmony, and they are born naturally. Lonely and lonely, independent without change, walking around without danger, but the mother of heaven and earth doesn't know its name, and the strong words of heaven are: Tao. At the same time, Taoism believes that the material world is born of Tao, "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything". A comprehensive survey of Taoist thought can lead to the connotation of Tao: first, we firmly believe in the existence and understandability of the world law of Tao and deny that the universe is dominated by theocracy; Second, although everything in the world and human beings are complicated, they all take "Tao" as their greatest nature and origin, and there is internal connection, consistency and unity; Third, everything in the world has its own objective laws, and human beings can't ignore the subjective recklessness of the laws, but only respect and follow the fundamental laws of the world's Tao.

Whether there is a universal law that can adapt to everything in the objective world-it should be a category of "possible knowledge" between science (knowledge of cognition) and religion (knowledge of belief)-if there is, it is the Tao that unifies ontology, epistemology and logic in Laozi's Tao Te Ching. General discipline is only a side or a level of studying social phenomena. Facing the complex system of social things, it can't give a powerful and comprehensive explanation. But Laozi's Tao points out the basic laws of cosmic physics and the necessity of human beings. Everything in nature can't get rid of this basic law. If things go well, they will live, and if they go against it, they will die. Therefore, people and everything in the world should follow the Tao. Liang Qichao said: "My ancestors thought that there was a natural Dali law in the universe, which is actually what human beings should follow. This law is stipulated by heaven."

What is Tao? Tao is the original substance that turns into all things, and it is also the basic law that people should follow when turning into all things (this law is of course also the personnel law that people should follow). What is virtue? Virtue is the self-nature and nature formed by all things following Tao. Tao Te Ching is a philosophical work about this Dali method in the universe and how people should follow it.

How can I get this word:

The objective world not only has stable, repetitive, linear and decisive phenomena and other random phenomena that we are familiar with scientifically, but also has a kind of chaotic phenomenon that we encounter every day, which seems chaotic. Tao, which reflects the overall objective law of things, should be found in the chaotic phenomenon of things with probability. Laozi accurately pointed out the regularity implied by seemingly random phenomena in the chaotic state of the universe.

The dichotomy of subject and object is the characteristic of western culture; The confusion between subject and object or the harmony between man and nature are the characteristics of China culture. As far as the overall world outlook is concerned, Western philosophy focuses on the "difference between heaven and man", while China's philosophy focuses on the "unity of heaven and man". Taoism believes that knowledge is the product of human wisdom and man is the product of the objective world, so people's understanding of the objective world can be said to be subject to the object and subject. Man and the universe are not external to each other, they are similar, interrelated and integrated.

As a subject, human beings have the tendency and ability to understand the essence of objects, and can objectify their own essence and form a cognitive structure with objects. In the field of phenomena, people can make some inferences about the unknown field of omission according to the known essence or through some empirical way and logical deduction. Zhang Zai said: "If you have a big heart, you can reflect the world. If things have no body, then your heart is external. The heart of the world stops at the narrowness of sense of smell. A saint does his best and does not judge his heart by what he sees. He thinks there is nothing in the world that is not me. Mencius said, "He who does his best knows his nature. If you know its nature, you will know its nature. "Confucius said" went to school and achieved it. "These are what Laozi called" faithfulness and faithfulness ",and the transcendence of Tao is inferred from human nature.

This is similar to the ancient Greek epistemology: the world is regarded as an entity, from which a single entity can be separated, analyzed and understood from the outside to the inside, forming the concept of the essence of the entity, which is consistent with and corresponding to the essence of the entity.

This is also like the analysis method of holographic particles: isolated analysis is based on the category of the whole, which is the mechanical sum of all components, and some can exist without the whole and remain the same. The system analysis method unifies the two and reveals the order of internal relations. According to the three principles of holographic law (correspondence, isomorphism and * * * effect), it is not difficult to find that there are similar holographic relations among the three harmonies (namely, the harmony between man and nature, man and man, and man himself).

Admit that everyone has a kind of * * *, and regard society as a consortium with ordinary humanity. Then the "natural state" is deduced from the relationship between personal experience and individuals. Self-mind is human heart, human heart is heavenly heart, and human nature is heaven. The relationship between man and the universe can be described by chaotic and fuzzy dialectical holography.

Laozi is an oriental qvodplayer_5. 1.90.0 The west observes the objective things such as heaven and earth, people themselves, birds and beasts, integrates their changing laws, abstracts chaotic phenomena through rational thinking, and generalizes universal phenomena, so as to understand the essence of things through phenomena and make empirical knowledge possible. Metaphysical "heaven" is experienced through physical "humanity" and "tunnel". Lao Tzu said, "Look at yourself, your home, your hometown, your country and the world. How do I know the world is natural? That's it. "

Both Lao Zi and Zhuangzi realized that language is powerless in the face of ultimate reality. The world that Laozi has repeatedly observed and thought about is a world that conforms to common sense. No matter how real such a world is, its main features are not permanent. And "Tao" can't be determined in advance because of its unspeakable eternity. It has no name and is different from anything that can be named. It does not exist, that is, it is equivalent to nothing. This is a kind of reality that can't correspond to any limited existence or entity, but it is obviously true and the root of all limited realities. "Born lonely, independent and unchanging, there is no danger in walking around." (born before heaven and earth, silent and empty; Being independent and not changing, the cycle is endless. Here, I can even feel an answer to time and space from the philosophical level. At the same time, Lao Tzu linked nonexistence with the world of existence, that is, nonexistence is eternal, while existence is short-lived and limited. Laozi believes that the non-human universe and the nature we can feel operate in a spontaneous and inaction way like Tao. The natural inaction we feel is the manifestation of Tao, and nature also exists in Tao. Before the Qing Dynasty and the large-scale introduction of western culture into China, Taoism and Taoism were inseparable today. So far, Taoism does not recognize this difference. Taoism is a school of philosophy and Taoism is a religious belief. Taoist thought was formed in the pre-Qin period, and it was not until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty that the word "Huang Lao" was combined with the concept of immortal worship. Some scholars believe that, as far as it is concerned, this worship of immortals has little to do with Taoist thought, and both Lao Zi and Zhuangzi treat death with a fairly calm mind. The reason for the connection between the two may be that Taoism describes the image of people who understand and embody Tao, and Taoism respects Laozi as the ancestor and pursues immortality, which is contrary to Laozi's philosophical thought. It is a misunderstanding to confuse the two completely. On the basis of Taoism, Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote an atheistic work, Lun Heng, which comprehensively criticized the immortal worship prevailing in the late Han Dynasty and achieved a high position in the history of China's thoughts.

In the west, Taoism and Taoism are collectively called Taoism, and they are distinguished by religious Taoism and philosophical Taoism. Western scholars generally believe that Taoism is pure philosophy, Taoism is the product of religious thought, while Taoist supporters believe that Taoism and Taoism are complementary in thought.

Daosan principle

(A) the eternal Tao and its laws of motion ── independent and unchanging, Zhou Xing is not in danger, and moves against the Tao.

Laozi's Tao includes two aspects: one is to express the quality of Tao, that is, to turn it into the original of all things. The second is to express the essence of Tao, that is, the basic law followed by the evolution of everything in this metamaterial. Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, said: "It is wise to admit that all things are one.

Laozi said, "Things live by mixing, and they are born naturally." If you don't change your independence, there will be no danger and you can be the mother of the world. ""Tao is a thing, but it is just a dream. "In a trance, there are images: in a trance, there are things in it."

Modern scientists believe that celestial bodies are made up of molecules and molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms consist of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged atoms. Nuclei consist of quarks, which are invisible. Matter is eternal in time and infinite in space. It won't disappear, and it won't regenerate. It cannot be created or destroyed. It will only change its form.

Laozi said: "Everything in the world is born with it, and everything is born without it." "There is always something, so I want to see its wonder; Often, I want to see it. " They have the same name, but different names. "

Modern scientists also say that every cell of animals and plants, at every moment of its existence, is the same as itself and different from itself, because the molecular changes are endless. Everything exists and does not exist at the same time, because everything is flowing and changing, producing and destroying. This combination of "being" and "nothing" is the "wonderful door" for the development and change of all things.

Laozi said: "Tao can be Tao, not surprising;" The name can be named, and it is very famous. " "The movement against the Tao", "What is lost, what is gained".

Laozi's assertion profoundly reveals the essence of dialectics: for dialectics, nothing is unchangeable, absolute and sacred except the matter that changes and moves forever and the laws on which its movement and change are based. Other theories are only temporary, relative and close to the truth, and people's understanding of the specific process of each development stage is only relative truth. The evolution of the universe shows that one thing is constantly moving towards its own negation and constantly transforming into other things. The negation of negation is the inherent law of the development of things, but it is not a simple cycle, but a new stage of negation of negation.

(2) the application of law-governing by doing nothing, the weak use Tao.

Laozi said, "Tao always does nothing" and "the weak use Tao".

"Tao" creates an environment suitable for the growth of all things, and all things grow naturally according to the nature formed by adapting to the environment. "Tao" never interferes with it, binds it and does not dominate everything. "Live without relying, grow without killing" can be described as "inaction".

"Tao" is invisible and silent, without a trace of nobility. Because of inaction, it is weak. Kindness and fraternity are unkind and selfish to one thing. Leave everything as it is, and take your places. Doing nothing without doing anything can be described as "doing nothing without doing anything".

Natural selection, survival of the fittest, everything that can adapt to the environment is selected and retained, and everything that can't adapt to the environment is eliminated. The ancients said, "Man will conquer nature, and nature will conquer man." It's just that man is better than heaven, and heaven is better than man. Su Shi put it this way: "People who talk about heaven in the world don't wait for the sky to be fixed, and they take the sky infinitely. However, it must be tested with far-reaching knowledge! " .

Tao is the way to "defeat its sharpness and solve its disputes" and the way to "benefit all things without fighting". It does not interfere with the development of things, so that things can adapt to the environment in different ways, thus transforming the world and not being left behind.

(3) the harmonious law of unity of opposites ── everything is negative, all hold Yang, and are anxious to think that it is peaceful.

Laozi said, "All things are negative and embrace yang, and they are harmonious with each other." In other words, Yin and Yang are two unified aspects of things. Because they change endlessly, the harmony between them is conditional, temporary and transitional, so it is relative. Disharmony is absolute. But the degree of disharmony can indicate the degree of deterioration of things. Flushing gas plays an important role in regulating everything. Harmony is the result of the balance of yin and yang. "Impulse is harmony", that is to say, objective laws act on two aspects of internal contradictions of things, and through their changes, new harmony can be achieved at a new level.

Laozi said that "knowing harmony is constant, knowing what is common is clear", which means the way to know harmony, which can be described as a routine of knowing; It is wise to know the routine. Xun's On Tian Zi said: "Everything has its harmonious life". The Analects of Confucius said: "Harmony is the most important thing in courtesy. Wang Zhidao is the first, the beauty of Sri Lanka depends on its size. " In other words, wise kings govern the country, regardless of size, following the standard of achieving harmony. Jun Zheng's The Doctrine of the Mean says: "Those who are called the Doctrine of the Mean should keep it in mind. It can be seen that both Confucianism and Taoism advocate harmony between things. From this perspective, it can be said that all roads lead to the same goal.

As a philosophical category, harmony can be defined as mutual coordination, adaptation and harmony in all aspects, which is a moderate proportional relationship. Harmony is the basic attribute of what we call good things. The scope of harmony can be divided into multiple levels. There is harmony centered on human activities: this level of harmony includes harmony between man and nature, harmony between people, and harmony between people's material life and spiritual life. There is harmony with the country as the central coordinate: this level of harmony includes the harmony between the economic base and the superstructure, the harmony in the three major areas of the country's economy, politics and culture, and the harmony of all social strata in China.

Laozi's profound understanding of this basic law has great enlightenment to us. Paying attention to, pursuing and maintaining the balance and harmony of things is of great theoretical significance for maintaining the stability and normal development of things.

Nihility:

1, does not exist, is empty. The coexistence of nothingness and existence, in other words, is a denial of absolute existence.

2. Terminology of traditional Chinese medicine. Refers to the state of mind, empty and clean, without desire or desire. Su Wen's Introduction to Angelababy's Xiang Da Lun: "It is based on the sage's inaction that he can be happy, and he wants to be quick and have nothing to save, so he will never stop, and the world will end."

3. Nihility is the absolute existence of hyperspace and metamatter beyond the beginning of the universe without any meaning or attribute. Nihility is the source of the universe and the destination of all things.

4, nothingness can be understood as zero or infinity in a sense, because nothingness is all-encompassing, but it is different from anything.

Nothing exists absolutely, but exists without any conditions and reasons. At the same time, it denies the existence of absolute existence. Therefore, nothingness itself is contradictory.

6. Nihility is an unconscious state that human consciousness can't penetrate and touch, and it often manifests itself in the form of death.

7. nothingness is the highest point of human cognition, and no one can decipher it until today. Its existence transcends the limits of human consciousness.

Nothingness is the only thing in the universe that doesn't need to prove its existence. With it, everything in the universe has a full reason to exist. There is nothing in the world, there is no reason, and it is outside the law of causality.

9. Nihility is the ultimate pursuit and thinking of human thought, and the existence of the whole universe is insignificant to it. In contrast, nothingness is insignificant to human beings, which is determined by its own inaccessibility. All human cognitive and ideological theories can only be established in the context of time and space, while nothingness has no temporal and spatial attributes and material characteristics, so human beings cannot understand the real existence of nothingness.

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