What are the traditional cultures in ancient China?

brief introduction

Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, loyalty, filial piety, sadness, restraint, forgiveness, courage and tolerance; Chyi Chin's calligraphy and painting, 360 lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyalty to the country, natural health preservation, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River and red moon. Zodiac: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig. Peasant uprising; Gzero, court culture, imperial studies.

contention of a hundred schools of thought

1. Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi; Thought: morality, inaction and freedom; Nanhuajing, Daodejing and Guanzi

2. Confucianism (Confucius, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mencius, Xunzi; Thought: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith; Four books: The Doctrine of the Mean, University, Mencius and The Analects of Confucius)

3. Legalists (Li Kui, Han Fei, Li Si and Han Feizi believe that the monarchy is centralized and the country is ruled by law)

4. Mohist school (Mozi, Mozi, thought: universal love, non-aggression, virtue, frugality)

5. Famous artists (Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan's "Gong Sunlong Zi")

6. Yin and Yang Family (Zou Yan, Wuxing, Jinmushui, Fire and Earth)

7. Strategists (Gui Guzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Warring States Policy)

8. Sage (Lv Buwei's Lv Chunqiu)

9. Novelist (Yu Chu Zhou Shuo)

10. Military strategists (Sun Bin's The Art of War by Sun Bin), Sun Wu's The Art of War, Wu Qi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Bai Qi's military motto: Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle, all from this book. )

1 1. Physician (Bian Que, Chun Yuyi, Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, Bing Wang, Zhang Congzheng, Zhu Zhenheng, Li Shizhen, Zhang Jingyue)

music

Flute, erhu, guzheng, flute, drum, guqin, pipa. Top Ten Famous Songs (Mountain Flowing Water, Guangling San, Pingsha Wild Goose, Plum Blossom Lane, House of Flying Ambush, Flute Drum at Sunset, Eighteen Beats of Hu Family, Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Chun Xue and Fisherman's Questions and Answers); China chess, China Go, chess, chess pieces, chessboard; China calligraphy, seal cutting, Four Treasures of the Study (pen, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodcut watermark, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, Han bamboo slips, vertical binding books; Chinese painting, landscape painting, freehand brushwork; Dunhuang murals; Eight horses, Tai Chi (Tai Chi).

Traditional literature

Mainly refers to poetry and music.

The Book of Songs, Han Yuefu and Sun Tzu's Art of War; Pre-Qin poetry, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels, four classical novels (A Dream of Red Mansions on the Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin), Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, etc.

traditional festival

There are various traditional festivals in China, and many things have various customs and habits. There are nearly 50 traditional festivals in Han nationality. The following are the main festivals of 15: Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Flower Festival (Hundred Flowers Birthday), Shangsi Festival (March 3rd), Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival, Zhongyuan Festival (Ghost Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter solstice Festival, Laba Festival and Kitchen Festival (off-year). Every place also has local and ethnic characteristics.

Chinese drama

Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Shaanxi Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Kunqu Opera, xiang opera, Henan Opera, Quju Opera [1], Errenzhuan, Hebei Bangzi, Shadow Play, Sichuan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Cantonese Opera, Ancient Painting Opera, Baling Opera, Puppet Opera, Facial Makeup, Liyuan Opera and Taiwanese Opera.

Chinese architecture

Pavilion archway, garden temple, bell tower temple, pavilions and houses

Chinese character

Chinese character

Chinese characters are one of the four self-generated characters in the world (the other three are Egyptian holy books, Sumerian cuneiform characters and Mayan characters), and the only one that is still full of vitality and timeless.

As an outstanding representative of ideographic (morpheme) characters, Chinese characters dominate half of the world's writing world (the other half are all kinds of letters and phonography).

Chinese characters and their recorded Chinese are exquisite, and their artistry is the highest among all characters. It produced the only art in the world, such as classical metrical poems, couplets, crossword puzzles and divination.

Few words can become an art, and none can reach the height of China's calligraphy. Inscriptions, seal cutting, plaques, couplets and scale fans are all exquisite.

Every stroke of Chinese characters reflects the wisdom of our ancestors and their understanding of the world. The so-called China's philosophy is vividly reflected in the structure of Chinese characters.

From the Spring Festival couplets and the upside-down word "Fu" to the calligraphy and painting of "Lucky for Treasure" and "Fu Lushou", as well as the flaming word "Xi" in the bridal chamber and the solemn word "Drink" in front of the mourning hall, Chinese characters are living folk customs and cultures.

Chinese characters have maintained the unity of China for thousands of years. Kyushu, Sihai, ancient people and modern people use the same Chinese character, and there is no obstacle to communication. Today, people can still read Qin bamboo slips, Han silks, Tang steles and Song stickers, which is a unique miracle among all civilizations in the world.

Couplets, riddles (riddles), two-part allegorical sayings, idioms, echoes, wine lists, limericks, etc. ...

traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huangdi Neijing, Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Classics, Pulse Classics, Compendium of Materia Medica, Qianjinfang, Shennong Materia Medica Classics, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of Golden Chamber.

Religious philosophy

Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Zhouyi, Yin and Yang, five elements, branches and leaves, compass, gossip, divination, geomantic omen, facial expressions, etc.

Folk craft

Chaozhou embroidery, paper-cutting, kite, Chinese embroidery, etc. ), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dough figurines, patterns (gluttonous patterns, wishful patterns, thunder patterns, palindromes, Ba patterns, auspicious clouds), Cheng, Qianceng, eaves, vultures.

Chinese Martial Arts

Tai Ji Chuan, Wing Chun, Shaolin and Wudang.

Regional culture

Folk customs: Middle-earth culture, Chaoshan culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, black land, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, land of abundance, northwest China, Guilin landscape, the ends of the earth, Central Plains culture, Baling culture.

Etiquette, marriage (matchmaker, bride price, bridal chamber), funeral (mourning, paper money, the first seven), sacrifice (ancestors of heaven and earth); Door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, glutinous rice balls, jiaozi.

Guan Yi clothing

Han people's clothing began in the Yellow Emperor and was prepared in Yao and Shun. Different dynasties have different shapes. In China, there are also Chinese tunic suit, Tang suit, cheongsam, ethnic costumes, various traditional and modern accessories, shoes and hats, etc., all of which were born under the influence of other ethnic cultures.

Four elegant operas

flower

Animals and plants

Dragon, phoenix, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda ...; Ten famous orchids, plum blossom, peony, lotus, chrysanthemum, rose, osmanthus, azalea, daffodil and camellia.

Nine sons of Longsheng: prison cow, bud, mocking wind, cloth dragon, lion, lion, kiss, gluttony, pepper map, centipede.

Antique utensils

Jade (Yu Pei, jade carving ...) gold and silver wares, porcelain, mahogany furniture, cloisonne, China lacquerware, painted pottery, purple sand wares, batiks, ancient weapons (armor, broadsword, sword, eighteen weapons, etc. ), bronzes, antiques (copper coins, etc. ), Ding, Jin Yuanbao, Ruyi, Candlestick, Red Lantern (Palace Lantern, Ruyi).

Diet cooking

Seven things to do when going out: rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea; Tea ceremony; Wine culture, Chinese food, eight cuisines (Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Huizhou), jiaozi, glutinous rice balls, zongzi, rice cakes, moon cakes and chopsticks; Shark's fin, bear's paw, sea cucumber and abalone ...

Legendary myth

Pangu opens the sky, the goddess fills the sky, Houyi shoots the sun, the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, Kuafu becomes daytime, Jingwei fills the sea, Fairy Match, Liang Zhu, Meng Jiangnu cries for the Great Wall, Cowherd and Weaver Girl, Legend of White Snake. ......

Demons and ghosts

Immortals, monsters, Jade Emperor, Yan Luowang, black and white impermanence, Meng Po, Naihe Bridge. ...

Traditional music

It refers to the music created by the people of China with their own inherent methods and forms, including both ancient works produced in history and handed down to this day, as well as contemporary works. It can be seen that traditional music includes "national music" but not "new music", but they are all "China music".

Traditional music is an extremely important part of China national music. The difference between traditional music and new music lies not in the order of music creation, but in its expression form and style characteristics. For example, Erhu solo "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon" and "Fishing Boat Singing Night" are modern music works, but their playing forms are inherent in the Chinese nation, so they are also traditional music. On the contrary, the school song and piano solo "Shepherd Boy Piccolo" are not traditional music because they borrow the musical morphological characteristics of western music.

The division of traditional music was first seen in the Introduction to National Music compiled by China Conservatory of Music, which can be divided into five categories: songs, song and dance music, rap music, opera and instrumental music. However, most colleges and universities incorporate song and dance music into folk songs in their teaching, so it becomes four categories: folk songs, national instrumental music, folk art (that is, "rap") music and opera music.

Actually, "national music", "traditional music" and "folk music" are three different concepts: "national music" includes traditional music and new music; And "folk music" is just a category of traditional music. Moreover, China's national music is very rich, including court music, religious music and literati music in addition to folk music.

Mr. Du divided China traditional music into: folk music, literati music, religious music and court music; Among them, folk music includes folk songs, national instrumental music, national songs and dances, opera music and rap music; Literati music includes guqin music, poetry chanting and literati self-tuning; Religious music includes Taoist music, Buddhist music, Islamic music, Shamanism and other religious music; Palace music includes sacrificial music, ritual music, welcoming music and banquet music.

"China Traditional Drama"

"Four Major Tunes" of China Traditional Opera

Four-tone cavity, brilliant, has an influence on traditional Chinese opera;

Kunshan dialect has undergone artistic improvement and creation.

Yiyang dialect, with strong sense of rhythm, white rolling and high pitch;

Bangzi, with a loud and bitter voice, is skillfully used.

Pi Huangqiang, two in one, called Huang Er, and Xipi;

Xipigang was suppressed by Huang Er and later developed into Peking Opera.

Typical vocal cavities are Kunshan cavity, Yiyang cavity, Bangzi cavity and Pi Huangqiang cavity.

China's Top Ten Classic Songs: Liushan, Meihua Sannong, Moonlight on the Spring River, Autumn Moon in the Han Palace, Chun Xue, Fisherman's Question and Answer, Hu Jia's Eighteen Beats, Guangling San, Pingsha Wild Goose and House of Flying Ambush.

Chinese couplet

Couplets, also known as couplets or couplets, are antithetical sentences written on paper, cloth or engraved on bamboo, wood and columns. They are concise, profound, neat and even, and are a unique artistic form of Chinese language. According to legend, couplets originated from Meng Changjun, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. It is a cultural treasure of the Chinese nation.

Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Fu Tao in ancient times. With regard to the earliest couplets in China, Mr. Tan Chan-xue wrote in the fourth issue of Knowledge of Literature and History 199 1 that the earliest couplets in China appeared in the Tang Dynasty.

The time span is from the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In China's ancient poems, some neat antitheses appeared very early. Several ancient ballads that have been handed down to this day have already seen their origins. Such as "digging wells to drink water, ploughing fields to eat", "doing at sunrise and resting at sunset" and so on. In the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, antithetical sentences became more common. There have been some neat sentences in the hexagrams of the Book of Changes, such as: "Those who can see can be lame." ("Lu" hexagram "63"), "Go to heaven first, then go to the ground." (Ming Yi's "Shangliu" hexagram) The neat sentences in Yi Zhuan are more common, such as: "Look up at astronomy and look down at geography." ("Declining Cohesion"), "Correspondence with one voice, seeking with the same spirit, wet water and dry fire, cloud following dragon, wind following tiger ... are all according to their own categories."

Duality, the antithesis in metrical poems. This style of poetry, also known as modern poetry, was formally formed in the Tang Dynasty, but its origin began in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Cao Wei period, he wrote ten volumes of the Sound and five volumes of the Rhyme, which separated the clear and turbid sound from the palace, the merchants, the horns, the zither and Yu. In addition, Sun Yan also wrote Er Ya Yi Yin, using the method of anti-tangent phonetic notation. He is the founder of arc tangent.

China's traditional culture should include: ancient prose, poems, songs, fu, Chinese music, Chinese opera, folk art, Chinese painting, calligraphy, couplets, riddles, shot put, wine sets, two-part allegorical sayings, Taoist culture, Zen culture, food culture, filial piety culture, charity culture and Chinese medicine culture. Traditional festivals (all according to the lunar calendar) include: Spring Festival on the first day of the first month (Lunar New Year), Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May, Valentine's Day on the seventh day of July, Mid-Autumn Festival on the fifteenth day of August, Lunar New Year's Eve and various folk customs. China's ancient natural sciences, including traditional calendars, and the traditional cultures of various regions and ethnic minorities living in the big family of the Chinese nation are also part of China's traditional culture.

famous mountains and great rivers

Five Mountains in China: Huashan, Hengshan, Hengshan, Songshan and Taishan.

Ancient Taoist sacred places for cultivating immortals: Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, Emei Mountain in Sichuan, Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui and Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang.

There are four famous mountains in Taoism: Qingcheng Mountain, Longhu Mountain, Wudang Mountain and Yun Qi.

Four famous Buddhist mountains: Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, Emei Mountain in Sichuan, Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui and Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang.

Five mountains return without looking at the mountains, and Huangshan returns without looking at the mountains!

Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Liaohe River and Haihe River ...