How did China's dynasty perish?

Reasons for the demise of major dynasties in China.

I. Relevant statistics:

Died of usurpation: Western Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, ***3.

Died of rebellion: Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Sui, ***5.

As a direct result of peasant uprising, two people died: Yuan, Ming and * * *.

Indirect death due to peasant uprising: Eastern Han Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, ***3.

Those who died directly in foreign countries and foreign aggression: two in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty.

Indirectly killed by aggression: two in the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Overthrown by the revolution: Qing Dynasty, 1.

Second, the correlation analysis:

1. The biggest danger of the dynasty since the summer is rebellion. The five dynasties * * * directly died in rebellion.

2. Secondly, the peasant uprising. Only two people died directly in the uprising, and three people died indirectly in the uprising. In other words, there were not many successful peasant uprisings in the history of China, but they could shake the foundation of the dynasty. When there was rebellion within the ruling clique after the peasant uprising, the demise of this dynasty was inevitable. This is that rebellion is the most dangerous dynasty. It should be pointed out that historians agree that it is debatable that Qin died in the peasant uprising. Chen Sheng and the uprising were the fuse, while the Chu aristocrat Xiang, Qin grass-roots officials Liu Bang and Xiao He were the main political forces to overthrow the Qin Empire. The same was true at the end of Sui Dynasty.

Only Song Dynasty died directly from aggression. First, the second emperor was captured by Jindu, and finally he died in Yuan. Although Jin died in the Five Rebellions in the Central Plains, the main reason was civil strife, that is, the rebellion of the Eight Kings.

4. From the historical trend, since the Western Jin Dynasty, the external pressure for the survival of the Chinese nation has gradually increased. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, foreign forces did not establish a unified central government. However, after the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty ruled China for 89 years, and after the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty ruled China for 265 years. After 1840, the challenges faced by the Chinese nation (including Mongolia and Manchuria) became worldwide.

5. Homogeneity of dynasty politics. Judging from the basic or leading factors of the demise of the dynasty, it is nothing more than tyranny, ignorance and bad politics. When Wang Chaogang was founded, except for a few, most of them had a period of development and prosperity, and then they entered a period of decline, that is, the stage of tyranny, ignorance and bad government, and finally they perished. The ruling group of the developing dynasty was politically sober, but it was carried away in its heyday, and it was even more ridiculous and stupid in its decline. The so-called Lord of ZTE is just a flash in the pan. This is the same as the demise of the dynasty. What makes us sad is that the prosperous Song Dynasty was really destroyed by backward nomadic people. It seems that falling behind may not be beaten, but sometimes you can beat others. The key is the system.

6. Evaluation of dynasties. Because there are too few historical materials in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, I dare not comment on them, but only evaluate the major dynasties after Qin dynasty from my personal standpoint.

The most prominent is the Han Dynasty, where the appellation of the Han nationality originated. That dynasty made remarkable achievements in integrating political, military and foreign affairs. Through the solemn, elegant, standardized and aura of Han Li, we can know what kind of era the Han Dynasty was.

Wei and Jin Dynasties are the most popular places to speak. In addition, the most fashionable thing in those days was that men lost weight, and men even cared about their looks to the point of disgusting people today. It is the most beautiful time for men.

The most powerful is the Tang Dynasty, so I won't go into details, because there are too many praises. I just want to emphasize that Tang poetry has influenced China's language.

The most relaxed in politics was the Song Dynasty. Although the Song Dynasty was poor and weak, it was the dynasty with the least literary inquisition in China since Qin and Han Dynasties. This is why the Song Dynasty left us a lot of cultural heritage. You know, mathematicians in Ming and Qing dynasties can't understand the mathematical papers in Song Dynasty. Unfortunately, the Mongolian cavalry's iron hoof crushed this academic environment.

The most incredible thing is the political opening of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty recognized the Yuan Dynasty as the new moon of China, appointed Xu Guangqi, a Catholic, as the chief administrative officer, and bought cannons from Portugal to defend the border. Attach importance to national education. Wait a minute. What would the history of China be like if the emperors of the Ming Dynasty did not abuse torture? Although history cannot be assumed. Therefore, there are many commendable places in the Ming Dynasty.

The most stupid people are the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and their clique. His folly is as follows: He took advantage of Li Zicheng to rebel and destroy Ming Dynasty, and gained the world conveniently, but he became a parasite. Raised the Eight Banners with the blood and sweat of the people of the whole country; If you don't make progress, there were western wind bands in Kangxi's palace, muskets used by the Qing army when they entered the customs, and there was no progress at all during the Opium War. I don't know how to absorb the essence of China culture to strengthen myself, but I try my best to extract its bones and muscles; At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the mansion was about to collapse, but it did not conform to the world trend of constitutional monarchy. Instead, it clung to the imperial zombies, hurting the Chinese nation, including Manchu, and causing a large number of Manchu compatriots to support their families after the Revolution of 1911. Don't you see the proportion of constitutional countries among the monarchs of developed countries in the world today? Basically, the route is political corruption (general history books will think that it originated from the exclusive rights of consorts or eunuchs, but it is not necessarily related to this femme fatale). People's sufferings naturally turn into official rebellion, and the external form is peasant uprising, and then warlords scuffle, and after a certain degree of scuffle, they break the capital and seize power.

The Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty were exceptions, especially the Song Dynasty, which was the loser of the all-out war of aggression. The Ming Dynasty was the absolute victory of the peasant uprising, and there was no strict warlord scuffle. Eight years later, for the same reason as the Song Dynasty, the successor (successor) was an aggressive foreigner.

PS: Although the Qing Dynasty was also a foreigner, I think this is not a war of aggression, but a war of warlords. As the mainstream regime in China from the Ming Dynasty to the day of its demise, it still refused to recognize the independence of the Qing government. Therefore, according to the ancient definition, it is a rebellious warlord rather than an aggressor.

Political corruption is the root cause. China's dynasties believed in the rule of man. The advantage of the rule of man is that when he meets a good emperor, he will live in peace and prosperity. The disadvantage is that when he meets a bad emperor, he will be enemies of the world (except tyrants and bad emperors, and cowards such as mediocre good people are also counted). Sometimes the emperor is mediocre and the world is not chaotic because the mediocre emperor meets a good minister. Zi Han said: "Yao is Shun, Shun is Yu, Yu is Tang, Tang is Confucius of Wen, Wu and Confucius." The first person is hard to draw a conclusion, but we can know that the idea of valuing the people has always existed in the process from clan society to slave society and then to feudal society. It can be seen from the records in Historical Records that in the punishment of the Five Emperors, "the princes invaded the people and tyrants, and Shennong was able to levy." To illustrate that "at the time of Xuanyuan, Shennong was in decline." This shows that the clan society attaches great importance to people's living conditions, and so do the princes of Tang Zheng. Tang said: "There is a saying: people look at the shape of water, and the people know whether to cure it." It shows that the slave society also regards the condition of "people" as the standard to measure the quality of rule. "Song of the Five Sons of Shangshu Xia Shu" also wrote one sentence: "The emperor's ancestors have orders, and the people are amiable. The people only care about the country and the country is peaceful. "

The rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty drew lessons from the rise and fall of Xia and Shang Dynasties, especially Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and summed up a set of theories of "respecting morality and being cautious about punishment" and "protecting the people". Zhou people thought that the demise of Xia Shang Dynasty was due to "disrespect for morality, but early death" (Shangshu), and it was precisely because the great virtue of "protecting the people" was "lost in god". Duke Zhou attributed the demise of Xia Dynasty to Xia people's "failure to open up the beauty of the people", "leniency to the people" and "seeking only the right of heaven and democracy to show that life was ruined and punishment was greatly reduced in summer". The reason for Yin's demise is attributed to Yin's heirs, "It will be a great loss if God fails to protect people regardless of heaven". King Wu attacked Yin and wrote the Thai Oath, saying, "Heaven regards himself and others, and heaven listens to himself and others. The people gave it to someone, and now I have to go. " Duke Zhou talked about "cautious punishment" and said, "People told Yu Dan that he was an obedient king." Since Wentz Sun Wen is now, it should not be mistaken for the caution of ordinary prisons, but it is precisely because of this. "Zhou people expect" to be king for ten thousand years, and future generations will always protect the people. "At this time, people-oriented thinking has begun to take shape.

Xia Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty

The founder of Xia Dynasty was Yu. Dayu made great contributions to water control and won the support of the people, so Shun named him the leader of the tribal alliance. After Yu ascended the throne, he was tolerant of the princes and pacified the quartet. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history-Xia Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, Yu still practiced the abdication system of recommendation by men and abdication by leaders. At the beginning, people elected Hao Tao as the heir to the throne; Hao Tao died early, and they elected Boyi as their successor. However, at that time, Yu's son Qi already had great influence. After Yu's death, Qi became emperor. So the "hereditary system of the throne" replaced the abdication system, which lasted for more than 4,000 years in the history of China.

The Xia Dynasty established its own army and prison, which was the first time in the history of our country that a state power came into being. However, in the early summer, the politics was unstable, and the "Taikang lost his country" incident occurred. Taikang, the son of Qi, ignored the state affairs after he acceded to the throne, was defeated by the governors and fled to Luo 'an. It was not until Shao Kang ascended the throne and defeated the rebellious princes that the Xia Dynasty began to flourish. This prosperous history is called "Shao Kang Zhongxing". Early summer ends and enters the middle period.

Emperor Kong Jia, the Xia Dynasty began to decline. Jie was the last monarch of Xia Dynasty and a famous tyrant in history. He was arrogant and extravagant, plundered a large number of people's wealth, built a palace for himself, aroused people's resistance, and cursed at the sun: "When will your and Sun Die get up?" I really want to die with you! "Jie oppresses other vassal States by force, and the vassal States are unbearable and have defected. At this time, a vassal merchant rose, and its leader was Tang. Tang pursues benevolent policies and treats people with tolerance, and people admire him very much. Hearing about this, he once imprisoned Tang in the summer resort, but was confused by wealth and released him. Tang Dynasty used Yi Yin and other sages to develop its own power. About BC 1600, Shang Tang began to attack the Xia Dynasty, and Jie's army was defeated, and the Xia Dynasty perished. The Xia Dynasty was founded about 470 years ago, and passed through 17 generations of emperors and passed down 14 generations.

The Tang Dynasty established the Shang Dynasty, changed its calendar and changed its clothing color. With the help of Yi Yin, the national strength of Shang Dynasty quickly became strong.

After the Shang Dynasty entered the middle period, the imperial clan was in chaos, and governors from all directions did not come to appear before the court. About 1300 BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, so Shang Dynasty was also called Yin. After Pan Geng moved to the capital, the people were at peace and the forces of Shang Dynasty revived. This is because Pan Geng can follow Cheng Tang's thought of ruling by virtue. Subsequently, Wu Ding appointed Fu Shuo, enlightened the government, promoted moral education, and revived the Shang Dynasty.

At the end of Shang Dynasty, there was great social chaos. The last monarch of Shang Dynasty was Zhou, who was another famous tyrant after Jie in history. He doted on da ji, built a magnificent deer platform, plundered people's wealth and abused torture. There have been five expeditions to the East. This not only did not strengthen his rule, but caused the princes to resist and the domestic rebellion was like boiling water.

Nine kings of Zhou and Hubei and Xibo Ji Chang, the leader of Zhou Dynasty, were appointed as three princes. The first two men were executed because they were dissatisfied with Zhou Wang's intentions. Uncle Beagan advised him to correct his mistake, and he was cut out and executed. Zhou Wenwang Xibo secretly sighed when he heard these things. So he imprisoned Sibo in prison. Later, the ministers of the Zhou Dynasty sacrificed their wealth and beauty, released Xi Bo and gave him a bow, an arrow and an axe, so that he could conquer other governors.

After Xibo was returned to Zhou State, it had a growing influence on Jiang Shang, Duke Zhou and others. After Xibo's death, his son Ji Fa succeeded to the throne and became the king of Wu. Around 1046 BC, Zhou attacked the Shang dynasty and fought the Shang army in Muye. Zhou Jun won a great victory and took the opportunity to attack the merchants. The Shang Dynasty perished. The capital of the Zhou Dynasty was Haojiang.

After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, in order to strengthen the management of the vast areas of the country, the enfeoffment system was implemented. Zhou Wang claimed to be the son of heaven and ceded his sphere of influence to the vassals. The vassal gave part of his power to Dr. Qing on his own territory, and Dr. Qing gave his sphere of influence to the scholars. Then civilians and slaves. Scholars are the lowest people in the ruling class, but they hold the power to control civilians and slaves. This marks the peak of slavery society in China's history.

Although governors can manage their own territory and have the power to enfeoffment other classes, they must be loyal to the son of heaven. It is necessary to pay tribute to Zhou regularly and lead the army to protect him in case of war. After two enfeoffments in the Zhou Dynasty, there were more than 800 governors with national influence. In this way, the king of Zhou firmly grasped the right to govern the whole country.

Twelve kings handed down from the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the reign of the 10th King Zhou Liwang, people were closely protected to prevent people from slandering. The people can't stand it. In 84 1 year BC, the Chinese rioted and drove away Li Wang. When a minister came to power, it was called "* * * and" in history, which was the beginning of a clear chronology in the history of China.

The last king of the Western Zhou Dynasty doted on him, and after he abolished Shen, he aroused the dissatisfaction of Shen Hou. Because you don't like to laugh, you Wang lied about his military situation, but when the princes came, they didn't find the enemy. He looked at the tired and panting vassal and laughed. Wang You was so happy that he lit the bonfire many times and later lost his credit. In 77 1 year BC, Shen Hou set out to attack the Haojiang River, but the vassals did not come to the rescue. The Western Zhou Dynasty also perished. Since then, the status of Zhou Tianzi has plummeted, and various governors have competed for hegemony in order to expand their power. History has entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

In the Xia Dynasty, China was able to make bronzes. After entering the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the bronze industry flourished. The most famous bronze handicraft is "Simuwu Fang Ding", which is the largest bronze unearthed so far. In addition, there are bronze handicrafts such as "Four Sheep Square Zun", which are also very famous. People call Xia, Shang and Wednesday the Bronze Age.

China's literary history began in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was invented in the Shang Dynasty. It is an original writing carved on the bones of tortoise shells, which was unearthed in Yin Ruins. It recorded the activities of Shang kings and reflected the political and economic situation of Shang Dynasty. In the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty, a kind of writing carved on bronze was found. Because the ancients called bronze gold, this kind of writing is called "bronze inscription", also known as Zhong Dingwen. It is also an important material for studying the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, pictographs were the main word-formation methods, but there were also pictographs, knowing words and other word-formation methods.

There was chaos in Confucius' family, and the rule of Xia Dynasty declined gradually.

Until the last king of Xia, Jie, he was a famous tyrant in history. Although valerian has wisdom and courage, he is cruel, bloodthirsty, addicted to alcohol and lewd, wasting people's money and harming the people. The Shang tribes in the east used cavalry to cut down the evil and destroy the summer.

Valerian in the summer solstice was once inhabited by kings of 14 and 17 generations, and existed for nearly 500 years.

Shang Dynasty

After Wu Ding's death, the peace and prosperity he initiated did not last long. After Zujia, especially during the period of Di and Di, domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the southeastern Hou rebelled. Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, was very brave. He sent troops to Lion and attacked Jiumiao Temple in the south alone, extending the sphere of influence of Shang Dynasty to the East China Sea and the Yangtze River basin. However, his years of campaign greatly consumed the national strength, further intensified the domestic contradictions, and the domestic forces were empty, which made his control over the northwest decline and gave Zhou An an opportunity. When he was here, Zhou began to attack the merchants, and the Shang king took slaves as his army and rushed to fight the Zhou people. As a result, Wang Jun, a businessman, had no will to fight. "Former disciple defected", Konoha World War I, "rivers of blood", domestic businessmen ran out of ink, and Di Xin fled to Lutai and set himself on fire. Shang dynasty is over.

Western Zhou Dynasty

The development of history is always unbalanced. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Central Plains region has entered the prosperous period of the Bronze Age, while some surrounding areas are still relatively backward. Therefore, driven by wealth and interests, the wars between Zhou people and other ethnic groups have been almost constant. Jianghan basin is the base of barbarians. Zhao Haoqi led the army to conquer the barbarians, but met with strong resistance from the barbarians. The army of the Zhou Dynasty was almost completely annihilated, and Zhao Haoqi also died in Hanshui River. This was a serious failure in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and it lost its ability to control the southern countries. Mu Wang and Xuan Wang also made expeditions to the south, but neither achieved significant results. Yi people in the east often invade the surrounding areas, and wars continue. Ugly Hou Yufang couldn't bear the slavery of the Zhou Dynasty, and "led the south and the east, and recruited the south and the east", which shocked the ruling and opposition parties and hit Chengzhou all the way. Zhou Wang sent the Sixth West Division and the Eighth East Division to battle, but he was still unable to resist. Relying on the reinforcements of the princes with the same surname, they won. Gourong in the northwest was the most important foreign invasion in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the reign of King Mu, the dog army became stronger and stronger, which hindered the communication between Zhou Dynasty and northwest countries. Mu Wang recruited the western dog army and "captured its five kings", and moved a group of dog army tribes to Taiyuan, opening the way for Zhou and northwest countries. Since then, the dog has repeatedly invaded the surrounding area. Wang You, the son of Wang Xuan, dotes on Bao and wants to kill Prince Yijiu, and makes Fu Bo, the son of Bao, the heir to the throne. Yijiu's mother is the daughter of Shen Hou. Shen Hou colluded with Dog Rong to attack Zhou Wang, and killed You Wang at the foot of Mount Li. Dog Rong took the opportunity to plunder a lot of treasures. The Western Zhou Dynasty is over. With the help of governors, Yi Jiu ascended the throne, took Wang Ping as the land, and moved to Luoyi the following year. Since then, history has entered the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)

In the first year of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang (249 years before), King Xiang of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty wanted to take advantage of the opportunity of the two kings, Qin Lian and Xiao Wen, to jointly attack Qin. King Xiang of Qinzhuang took Lv Buwei as the general, took up a hundred thousand troops, returned to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and captured seven cities including Gongcheng. The Zhou dynasty was completely destroyed at this point.

Qin dynasty

In 246 BC, Qin Shihuang took charge of the State of Qin, and a unified Qin Dynasty was established in 22 1 BC.

To be precise, Qin Shihuang was in power for 36 years, including supporting the Qin regime for 25 years and supporting it 1 1 year.

Qin Shihuang completed the great cause of unifying China in 10.

The Qin dynasty (22 BC1-206 BC) existed for 15 years.

In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang made a southern tour and died on his way back to Shandong and Hebei. Prime Minister Zhao Gao and Li Sijie murdered Prince Fu Su, and his brother Hu Hai succeeded him, that is, Qin Ershi II was fatuous and tyrannical. In the second year (209 BC), in July of the first year, a peasant uprising led by the garrison Chen Sheng finally broke out, and anti-Qin forces from all over the country came to participate. After that, Zhao Gao killed Li Si, the prime minister, and then killed II.

After Qin's death, history entered the stage of Chu-Han War, headed by Xiang Yu and Hanwang. In the first 202 years, Xiang Yu was defeated and Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor.

Han Dynasty

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)

Years of war have brought great damage. So in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Huang Lao ruled by doing nothing? The implementation of the policy of solidarity with the people has reduced the burden on the people. During the period of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the economy gradually recovered, which is called the rule of Wenjing in history. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, politics, economy and military were already very powerful. Politically, the kingship was strengthened and most vassals were abolished. Adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and make Confucianism the mainstream in China? And after 2000, after the founding of the Republic of China, it lost its official position, but it is still the most mainstream value among the people. Economically, cast iron and salt iron will be brought under central management. Strengthen agricultural production? Dig a white canal. Militarily, in order to resist the Huns, generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing appeared and defeated Khan. Diplomatically, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, opening up the Silk Road. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the political situation was turbulent. Wang Mang seized power in eight years, established a new dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty perished.

Eastern Han Dynasty

In 23 years, Wang Mang's regime finally perished under the Red Eyebrow Uprising and the Greenwood Uprising. Among them, Liu Xuan, an outlaw, established the emperor of the Han clan, restored the title of the Han clan, and found another way. Later, the Red Eyebrow Army overthrew Liu Xuan's rule. In 25 years, Liu Xiu, who claimed to be the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in the south of Yanxian County (now southeast of Gaoyi, Hebei Province). Is it Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty? Following the Han title, this year is the first year of Jianwu. Luoyang, with its capital, is known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. In 37 years, we finally eliminated separatist forces in various places and achieved national reunification? . Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty abolished the disadvantages of Wang Mang, and the society spread steadily, which is known as the resurgence of Emperor Guangwu in history. However, the enfeoffment of land also caused the fierce land merger. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs dominated the political affairs, and the deposed emperor was ruled by eunuchs. The eunuchs struggled frequently with their consorts, resulting in political instability. 184, the yellow turban insurrectionary broke out. In 220, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was abolished, the Eastern Han Dynasty ended, and the Han Dynasty was also declared extinct.

the Tang Dynasty

It's actually quite simple. The demise of the Tang Dynasty was due to the collapse of the rule, and there were too many local festivals, such as the Anshi Rebellion and Shi Siming. It was because of our festivals that each took the mountain as the king, which led to the collapse of the rule of the Tang Dynasty. At this point, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms appeared, which gave Zhao Kuangyi the opportunity to wait for the mercy seat and establish the Great Song Dynasty. .

Song dynasty

1, internal corruption

2. The army's combat effectiveness is poor;

3. There are many Han Chinese in the Mongolian army, with strong combat capability;

4. The neighboring Jin, Xixia, Dali and Tubo perished one after another, and Mongolia completed the encirclement of Song Dynasty.

The Northern Song Dynasty witnessed the demise of the Jin regime, which was ruled by Shouxu in 1 127.

The Southern Song Dynasty was the demise of the Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan in Borzijit Banner.

the Yuan Dynasty

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers of Mongolia and the Yuan Dynasty constantly levied various taxes on the people, and the people were oppressed and plundered more seriously. As early as the second year of Taiding (1325), an uprising led by Zhao Chou-si and Guo Bodhisattva took place in Henan. The Red Scarf Army Uprising led by Liu Futong took place in the eleventh year from Shun Di to Zheng Zhi (135 1), while the ruling class of the Yuan Dynasty was still fighting for power and profit, which accelerated the process of the Yuan Dynasty's demise. From the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356) to the 19th year of Zheng Zheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of the rebel army, constantly expanded his influence and unified half of the south of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Zheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang began the Northern Expedition. With the help of Xu Da, Chang Yuchun and other generals, in August 1368, most of the Yuan Dynasty was captured and fled to the north, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty ended and China was restored to the country. In the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing) and established the Ming Dynasty. Since then, Chen of Mobei still uses the name of Dayuan, which is called Beiyuan in history. 1388, Tianguang Emperor was attacked and killed by the descendants of Ali Buge (1402, after Gui Lichi ascended the throne), and went to the national title. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the royal lineage was passed down from generation to generation in Mongolia until 1696 when Mongolia was conquered by the Qing Dynasty.

Ming dynasty

The late Ming Dynasty was an era of internal troubles and foreign invasion. There was a eunuch rebellion before, and most of the good ministers were killed, and the rest were bloodless. Emperor Chongzhen is an emperor who is willing but unable to do so. He lingered between Zhao 'an Li Zicheng and not Zhao 'an, between war and peace with Manchu, and finally missed the opportunity.

Originally, he had the opportunity to destroy Li Zicheng, and the enemy was full, but he killed the right-hand man in front of him many times, which led to the fall of Beijing. From then on, Nanming was divided from each other and divided by Manchu, which was even more tragic.

Ching Dynasty

/kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, Britain began to sell opium to China in large quantities, which led to the outbreak of the Sino-British Opium War in 1840. After the defeat of the Opium War, Emperor Xianfeng, who succeeded to the throne, faced the situation that the western powers began to invade, forcing the Qing government to conclude a series of unequal treaties with him. The first unequal treaty was the Sino-British treaty of nanking. After the failure of the Second Opium War, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty were signed. According to these treaties, the Qing government was forced to cede land for compensation and open trading ports, and the prestige of the Qing court plummeted. At the same time, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and its sovereignty was seriously damaged. As the burden of the people increased year by year, a series of resistance movements were triggered, and the large-scale Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement once posed a serious challenge to the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

By the1880s, the equipment of the Qing army was obviously improved compared with that before the Westernization Movement. In a series of battles during the Sino-French War from 1884 to 1885, the Qing army and the French army won and lost each other. After the war, the Qing Dynasty set up a naval yamen and built a modern naval fleet-Beiyang Navy.

Although the Westernization Movement has made great achievements, the urgency of a few people can't change the old thinking of most bureaucrats because most people don't understand the international situation at that time. In the end, the reform movement in Qing Dynasty failed to achieve the same result as the Meiji Restoration in Japan, which led to the failure of 1894 in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and 1895 signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan. Subsequently, the Reform Movement of 1898 led by Emperor Guangxu, Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei was put under house arrest because of the opposition of Empress Dowager Cixi and conservatives. The reform failed because it lasted only 103 days, so it was called the Reform Movement of 1898.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, under the influence of treaty of shimonoseki, foreign powers forcibly acquired "leased land" in China and divided "spheres of influence" (for example, Russia's sphere of influence is north of the Great Wall and Xinjiang, Britain's is the whole Yangtze River basin, and France's is Yunnan and Guangdong and Guangxi, etc.). ), has the potential to carve up China. Therefore, the domestic xenophobia was high, which led to the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion. 190 1 year, it was for this reason that the Xin Chou Treaty was signed. In order to win the hearts of the people, Empress Dowager Cixi began to carry out the "New Deal" and carried out a series of reforms, including the establishment of a new army and the abolition of the imperial examination. Soon, there was a dispute between constitutionalism and revolution in China. At first, the constitutionalists gained the upper hand, and the Qing court also promised to implement a constitutional monarchy. However, the "Responsible Cabinet" formed in May of191was called the "Royal Cabinet" because most of its members belonged to the royal family, which caused dissatisfaction among the constitutionalists. In June+10 of the same year, Wuchang Uprising broke out, and the provinces subsequently declared independence, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty began to collapse.