Printmaking is?

Printmaking Printmaking (print) is an important category of visual art. Prints in the broadest sense can include graphics printed before the industrialization of printing that are generally printmaking in nature. The concept of contemporary printmaking mainly refers to works of art conceived and created by artists and produced through the process of plate making and printing, specifically pictures printed after being engraved or etched on wood, stone, linen, copper, zinc, etc. with a knife or chemicals. The art of printmaking has been technically accompanied by the invention and development of printing. Ancient printmaking mainly refers to woodcut, but also a few copper plate engraving and overlay color leakage printing. The unique flavor of knife and wood makes it have an independent artistic value and status in the history of Chinese culture and art.

Printmaking has gone through two stages from copying to creation in history. In the early days of printmaking, the painters, engravers and printers divided the work among themselves, and the engravers only engraved the plates according to the drafts, which was called reproduction printmaking; later on, the painting, engraving and printing were all completed by the printmaker alone, and the printmaker was able to give full play to his artistic creativity, which was called creation printmaking. China has a history of thousands of years of reproducing woodblock prints, while the creation of prints began in the 1930s, advocated by Lu Xun, and later achieved great development. In the West, A. Dürer in the 16th century used copperplate and woodblock prints to reproduce pen drawings, and in the 17th century, Rembrandt developed copperplate prints from the skeletonization method to the corrosion method, and entered the stage of creative printmaking. The woodblock prints entered the creative printmaking stage in the 19th century.

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Origin

The origin of Chinese printmaking is said to be the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Six Dynasties and even the Sui Dynasty. China's earliest existing prints, with the date of the inscription, is the world-famous "Hamtung" this "Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra" volume first picture, according to the inscription, made in 868 AD. Chengdu, Sichuan Province, Tang tomb unearthed "to the virtue" of this prints, it is estimated than the "Hampton" about a hundred years earlier than this. Tang, Five Dynasties period of prints, in China's northwest and Wu Yue and other places have found works. Most of the works are simple and handsome, playing the knife has God. These are the origin of printmaking.

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History

Buddhist prints in the Song and Yuan dynasties, in the Tang and the Five Dynasties on the basis of further development. The engraved chapters were perfected and the body rhythms were robust. At the same time, in the sutra scrolls also began to appear landscape scenery graphics. Other subjects of prints, such as scientific and technological knowledge and literary books, atlases, etc. There are also a large number of engraved works. Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, Lin'an, Shaoxing, Huzhou, Wuzhou, Suzhou, Jian'an in Fujian Province, Meishan in Sichuan Province and Chengdu in the Southern Song Dynasty became the center of engraving with their own characteristics. The same period of the Liao Dynasty overprinting color plate "South Sakyamuni Buddha Statue" is the earliest color overprinting prints found in China, which has an extremely important position in the world cultural history. Due to practical requirements, in the Song Dynasty also appeared copper printing, mainly used for printing banknotes and advertisements. In the Yuan Dynasty, the "Plain Talk" engraving was the predecessor of serial prints in China.

Ming and Qing dynasties is the peak period of China's printmaking, in many literati, booksellers, engravers **** with the efforts of the printmaking appeared in a variety of schools, to create a large number of excellent works, printmaking presents a thriving situation. Not only did religious prints reach its peak in the Ming Dynasty, but appreciative prints also rose greatly in the Ming Dynasty. Paintings, novels, operas, biographies, poems, etc., a moment of masterpieces such as snow, too numerous to mention. Especially the engraved illustrations of literary masterpieces, numerous editions, popular and far-reaching.

This period was also a flourishing period for various artistic schools of printmaking. The Jian'an School, centered in Jianyang, Fujian Province, was mostly made by folk craftsmen, and the engravings were simple. The Jinling School, centered in Nanjing, focused on opera and novels. The works were either rough and bold, or elegant and beautiful, with very different styles. Hangzhou as the center of the Wuling School, the subject matter of open, beautifully engraved. Anhui Huizhou as the center of the Hui School in Chinese cultural history has a long history of influence and pivotal position.

The development of printmaking has always been closely related to the book-engraving industry, with the centers of the Song and Yuan dynasties being in Jian'an, Fujian Province, and Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, and then moving to Nanjing and Beijing during the Ming Dynasty. But what really made the development of printmaking enter a new stage was the rise of Huizhou printmaking. Since the 15th century, Huizhou printmaking has been famous for its engraving, with many masters, especially the Huang and Wang families. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Xin'an Huang's family engraved more than 200 books, more than 100 people can figure, becoming a huge team. The representative works are "raising positive illustration", "ancient female biography" and so on. At the time when Huizhou prints were popular in the world with their elegant and exquisite style, the print illustrations of Jinling (Nanjing), Wulin (Hangzhou) and Suzhou also formed their own characteristics.

Prints in the Ming Dynasty were not only used as book illustrations, but also used in the "painting manual" for painters to teach painting, "paper" for the literati, "ink manual" for famous ink makers, and "ink manual" for folk entertainment. As well as folk entertainment with the "liquor license". The earlier of the painting spectrum is "Gu's painting spectrum" published by Hangzhou Shuangguitang in 1603; the representative of the ink spectrum is "Cheng's Ink Garden" published by Ding Yunpeng during the reign of Wanli; the creation of liquor license plate prints is the famous painter Chen Hongshou, who cooperated with the masters of the Huang family in Huizhou, such as "Water Margin Leaf" and "Bogu Leaf", and so on, which became the heirloom masterpieces. The earliest known appearance of ancient overlay prints is the Ming-engraved "Luo Xuan Changgu Paper Record", but the most influential ones are the "Ten Bamboo Zhai Painting Record", which was engraved in 1633, and the "Ten Bamboo Zhai Paper Record", which was engraved in 1644, and their authors are the publisher and calligrapher Hu Zhengyan of the Ming Dynasty.

In addition to the Huizhou school of Qing dynasty prints, Beijing's temple prints are also famous. Representative works include Jiao Bingzhen's Cultivation and Weaving, published by Beijing engraver Zhu Gui in 1696, and Wan Shou Sheng Ceremony Drawing, engraved by Leng Mei in 1717. The first collection of Mustard Seed Garden Painting Biographies, printed in 1679 using the color separation watermark woodcut method, was edited by Jinling painters based on Li Liufang's manuscripts, and the second, third, and fourth collections were later published and widely circulated, becoming a painting textbook that had a great influence on later generations.

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Artistic Characteristics

When appreciating the large number of works left in the course of nearly a thousand years of development of printmaking, there are the following artistic characteristics that are worth noting:

1. Using the original color of the object as much as possible, revealing the taste of the wood (woodcut).

2. Skillfully utilizing the technique of "leaving black", the engraved forms are treated in a special way to obtain the unique artistic effect of printmaking.

3. Utilizing the characteristics of engraved watermarks to produce a strong artistic effect of the large block of positive engraving.

4. Through skillful composition, different styles such as fullness and density and sparseness and simplicity are used to set off the expression of the theme style.

To sum up, ancient Chinese printmaking has its own trajectory of development in the long course of history, forming a unique art.

Mr. Zheng Zhenduo once said, "Pear and date drawings, for the promotion of culture, high credit can not be overstated", which is an appropriate description of the status of the art of printmaking.

Printmaking has the function of visual aesthetic plane modeling and its pure art. Printmaking is characterized by the indirectness of the process of artistic expression, the plurality of artistic results, and the aesthetic characteristics of the art of imprinting. Printmaking a mountain, a water, a saint By Chen Lei

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Classification

Overview

By the use of materials can be divided into: woodblock prints, lithographs, copper prints, zinc prints, ceramics prints, paper prints, screen prints, paper prints, plaster prints and so on.

By color, they can be divided into: black-and-white prints, monochrome prints, overlay prints, etc. Prints in the New China period can be divided into: intaglio, letterpress, lithographic, perforated and comprehensive, computerized, etc.

According to the production techniques:

Convex prints can be divided into: wood face woodcuts, wood mouth woodcuts, woodcuts with watermarks, woodcuts with oilmarks

Intaglio prints can be divided into: gravure, etching, corrosion, mezuzu, and oil-printed woodcuts

Concave prints can be divided into. Carving, corrosion plate, Meiluodin plate

Toppan Prints

(Germany) Dürer "Four Horsemen" Toppan Prints In the plate plane, the knife carves away the blank part of the drawing, leaving the image of the part; the plate left behind (i.e., not engraved) part of the bulge, so it is called the letterpress plate. Letterpress prints are mainly woodcuts, and those engraved with other materials are also called letterpress prints. There are many materials that can be used for letterpress engraving, such as wood, stone, brick, and hemp glue (or plastic). The wood used for woodcutting varies from place to place, and it is generally suitable for those who are moderately soft and hard, and whose texture is meticulous. China's ancient and modern woodcut prints are carved wood longitudinal section, called wood surface woodcut. Western part of the woodcut requirements carved fine, the cross-section of the wood with the texture of solid wood, called wood mouth woodcut. Hemp glue plate was originally a construction material for flooring. The Chinese printmakers rarely used hemp glue prints.

Creating Prints

(China) Tan Quanshu's Menggenqiqiqi engraves letterpress prints with a variety of large groups of engraving knives such as triangular knives, circular knives, flat knives, and beveled knives. Large round mouth knife and flat mouth knife is called chisel, chisel is in the handle of the knife after the force of the tool used to knock. As for the carving of wood mouth woodcut, it is necessary to use a special solid steel bar, resulting in a variety of different shapes of the blade. Mukou woodcutting must be carried out with the help of a magnifying glass. Creation of woodcuts with a knife instead of a pen, not like a copy of woodcuts as according to the drawing of the brush, so to pay attention to the knife, just as calligraphy and painting pay attention to the same brushwork. Carving and painting is the opposite of painting, is in the black ground carved out of white lines (or blocks), printmakers should master this feature to produce with the brush different woodcut features. And with a sharp knife engraved on the hard wood, naturally produces gold and stone flavor, in woodcut is called knife flavor and wood flavor. Woodcutters are good at utilizing and giving full play to the characteristics of woodcutting before they can be called creating woodcut prints. As for the prints must also be printed to be considered complete, and hand-printed prints and a variety of printing techniques, becoming an integral part of the printmaker's artistic creation. Generally speaking, the printing of woodcut is divided into oil printing and water printing. The former with oil-based ink, the latter with water-based pigments; printing water color than printing oil color is difficult. The same is true for overlay woodcut. Yang Zhongyi's prints have a history of more than 300 years of traditional Chinese watermark color overprinting. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhengyan invented the □ plate, which is the beginning of the traditional watermark color overlay method. The modern watermark overprinting method of woodcut is different from the traditional one, no longer using □ plate, but engraving various color plates on several plates of the same size, each plate engraved with an identical overprint mark, and then overprinting the mark plate by plate. This practice allows the printmaker to have a mastery of the overall situation (the whole picture), to arrange the color plates and to create the final effect of overprinting. Therefore, the printmaker needs to take into account all the conditions of overprinting when designing overprints, and can not see only a piece of the plate respectively. Printing must use a better absorbent handmade paper. The first paper wet with water, which should be by the printmaker to rely on their own experience to grasp, too much water and too dry are not good. The degree to which the paper is moist often directly affects the effect of the print. The color can be transparent and opaque, but also due to the thickness of the color and add or subtract its transparency. As for a color can be printed in a version of the intensity of the change, but also two colors can be superimposed to produce a third color, the change is very rich.

Watermark woodcut

(China) Luo Jianzhao, "Wind and Clouds at the Peak of the Mountain", uses other materials as plates to carve letterpress prints, and its basic method is the same as that of woodcutting, except that when carving stones and bricks, the chisel is used as a supplementary tool, and no other materials except woodblocks can be used for watermarking.

Gaozhou woodblock prints, a long history. Gaozhou woodblock prints are simple and delicate, the material is mostly used "branches of pine boards", monochrome and sets of colors. Gaozhou woodblock prints Ming Dynasty, there are folk artists engraved and printed on red paper and ink printing of the New Year's Eve, the early Republic of China, some authors began to publish their works in the press, and after liberation, gradually promote the popularity of the work. The subject matter is mostly carp leap dragon gate, fortune, luck and longevity stars, Tian Ji send son, the god of the door and the runic symbols and so on.

Ming Dynasty, there are folk woodblock prints

Gaozhou prints can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty, there are folk woodblock artists carving red paper and ink prints of the New Year's Eve. Modern mass prints began to rise in the Anti-Japanese War period, the earliest prints were created by Huang Wenshan, Gaozhou scenic spots as the theme of the "stone boat Danzao", published in the early 1942 "Gaozhou Republican Daily". Huang Wenshan was the editor of the newspaper, and the anti-war prints he successively published in the newspaper influenced and guided a group of art-loving progressive young people in Gaozhou, such as Cui Guanying, Mo Lun and Liang Deyu, to study and create prints.

In the early fifties, the creation of mass prints in Gaozhou developed rapidly, and a group of art educators such as Cui Guanzhang, Zhang Zongjun, and Lu Xilin successively created a batch of prints reflecting the construction of the socialist revolution and overflowing with the rich flavor of life and spirit of the times. Under their influence, the mass printmaking activities were enlivened. Not only young intellectuals, but also workers and peasants joined the ranks of printmaking. It can be seen that there is a certain historical accumulation of farmers' printmaking in Gaozhou.

The original material for printmaking was mostly pine wood, but after the 20th century, artists reformed the material by adopting three-plywood and five-plywood as carving boards.

The late fifties and early sixties of the last century was the heyday of Gaozhou farmers' printmaking, and its unique artistic style and creative features had shocked the national art world, and those simple and childish woodblock prints used by the farmers to express their true feelings, depict the scenes of the harvest, and sing praises of the motherland and the new life were exhibited at home and abroad and published in collections, which gained a great reputation, and made Gaozhou, the old city with a profound humanistic and historical heritage, once known as the "ancient city", and the "ancient city" of Gaozhou, the "ancient city" of Gaozhou. The ancient city of Gaozhou, which is rich in humanities and history, was once known as the "Hometown of Prints and Drawings".

Representative works include "Red Mountain", "Bamboo Country", "Adding Flowers" and "On the Road of Mechanical Farming", etc. These works have aesthetic function and artistic and folkloric function. It has aesthetic function and research value of art and folklore. Representative authors include Lu Xilin and Zhang Zongjun.

Intaglio Prints

Intaglio is the opposite of letterpress, in that it is a concave line engraved on the plane of the plate, and when the ink is rolled on, the image of a white line on a black ground is printed. The polished metal plate does not absorb ink. For copperplate prints, the ink can be gently wiped off with a cloth, but if there are traces of engraving on the plate, the ink will remain there. Modern intaglio prints of the plate material, mainly copper and zinc, but also sometimes with iron or steel, its engraving methods are:

1) line engraving method, one of the oldest intaglio engraving method, with a solid sharp knife, in the copper plate surface engraving line. The engraved lines are bright and sharp. The plate can be carved very delicate. In the past, banknotes were engraved and printed by this method, and there are still a few stamps engraved by this method.

Intaglio prints: (Germany) Kohler Huizhi "mother's love"

② dry engraving method, the needle directly engraved copper plate, engraved line and line engraving method is different. The tip of the needle only carve through the plate, leaving the lines next to the copper splinter, so in the plate on the ink, copper shavings also contained within the ink, printed along the line with a fuzzy light ink, soft and beautiful visual effect.

3 corrosion method, in copper, zinc, steel and other materials that can be corroded by the acid on the layout coated with preservatives, preservatives are the main components of asphalt, rosin and beeswax. Then use a needle to carve an image on it, the needle to the place, the preservative was scraped off, exposing the layout, and finally immersed it in a nitric acid solution, the exposed part will be corroded. Due to the length of corrosion and the concentration of nitric acid solution is different, corrosion out of the line has the depth of the thickness of the difference. Corrosion prints are generally corroded many times in layers, so the color tone is very rich and the level is very clear, and it is the most commonly used plate making method for intaglio prints. Contemporary printmaking works ④ Meiluodin, the manufacture of Meiluodin plate must use the rocking chisel. This is a rounded steel chisel with sharp, dense teeth, which is held in the hand and shaken, stabbing the plate all over and covering it with spots. The rolled ink is printed in a velvety black color. Then on top of a scraper to scrape the stabbed (i.e., full of copper splinters) layout, light scraping dark gray, heavy scraping light gray, do not scrape all black, repeatedly scrape the light is white.

5 relief method, so that part of the layout of deep corrosion, and corrosion of the area to be larger, but not on the top of the ink roll directly to the gravure machine embossing, the paper surface shows relief colorless pattern. This method is generally only suitable for local use.

6 fly dust method, fly dust corrosion used to cause various shades of gray surface. First to build a good dust box, box equipped with a hand-operated fan, and then the polished copper plate in the box. The box is stored in a large amount of rosin powder, when the box is closed and the fan is cranked, rosin powder will be flying in the box, and slowly and evenly fall on the page. To the author that the appropriate time, will be sprinkled with rosin powder copper plate out, placed on the electric stove baking. After heat, rosin powder dissolved, aggregated into countless small points, cooling and condensed into a film. This rosin film with a copper plate immersed in nitric acid solution corrosion, printed is a piece of gray color composed of spots. Shades of gray, depending on the thickness of rosin powder and film thickness and corrosion time. The author will be in accordance with its artistic conception to deal with the dust method and obtain the desired effect.

7 soft ground method, the use of asphalt, rosin, beeswax made of preservative fixed in the layout to form a layer of hard film, in the preservative within the appropriate amount of mutton fat, the film can be softened. In the layout rolled on the soft ground, covered with a piece of paper, with a pencil on the back of the paper drawing, drawing, uncovering the paper, there is a pen road where the soft ground suction, the plate will reveal the copper surface, the nature of the line is exactly the same as the pencil drawing. Can also be used in kind, such as textiles, netting, leaves, paper balls, lines, etc. embossed in the soft ground above, after corrosion will be able to transfer the image of the physical object to the paper.

⑧ photographic method, the first photographic solution dissolved into the preservative, coated in the layout, and then take the black and white film positive, tightly attached to the layout, and then let it in the strong light under the exposure, and then rinsed in a special solution. At this time, the ground was covered by the film black part of the gradual dissolution, revealing the plate, while the light-sensitive part of the plate was strengthened and traced in the prints, and then you can carry out the normal corrosion. Nitric acid solution can only corrode the place where the plate is exposed, into shades of black, leaving the place where the ground corrosion is not, is white, photographs will be revealed.

9 color method, in several pieces of the same size as the copper plate above, with dust corrosion method into several color plates. Printmakers selected by the plan to print that color plate first, after printing that color plate. Put the plate on the machine imprinting, first a thick paper pad in the copper plate underneath, and stick the paper on the machine, after printing, carefully remove the copper plate, the pad of paper remains on the machine without moving. At this time in the pad paper can be clearly seen above the first impression of the traces left behind, and then carefully color the second plate, embedded in the traces. At this time, the first printed on the edge of the paper is still pressed under the upper cylinder of the printing press, only to uncover the part of the cylinder away from it. Then will be printed on the first version of the paper carefully put down, overlay on the second plate, shaking the cylinder, will be able to accurately overprint on the second version. The rest of the plates are the same.

Lithographs

Mainly lithographs. Lithography was introduced to China in the middle of the 19th century, and at that time it was only used as a substitute for woodcutting for printing books. The production method of lithography is relatively simple. The lithograph used is a kind of pure and fine limestone, with countless capillaries, so there is water absorption. Using the reason that oil and water repel each other, use the oil crayon to draw on the lithographic plate surface, after the drawing is fixed, use a rag to wet the plate, draw on the crayon place to repel water and can absorb ink, roll on the ink, so that there is a drawing full of ink color, it can be printed on the paper to draw. The finished lithograph can be polished and reused. There are two ways to grind the plate: one is to use the stone with water grinding, so that the plate is smooth as a mirror, called the mirror version. A kind of diamond grinding, so that the layout of rough, such as drawing paper, known as rough version. Because of the author's requirements are different, you can choose different thicknesses of diamond grinding out different thicknesses of the layout of the application. Generally speaking, No. 320 general-purpose emery is the finest, and No. 80 is the coarsest. There are three kinds of plate making method: landscape printmaking ① ink stick painting method, ink stick is suitable for painting on the coarse surface lithographic plate, can also be used in glass, metal, ceramic drawing on the paper of the special aluminum pen to replace the ink stick. It can be used to draw on glass, metal and ceramics instead of ink sticks. It is the same as drawing on paper.

② brush painting method, the ink stick will be changed into ink dissolved in water, with a brush dipped in the mirror version of the painting, but also exactly the same as in the paper painting.

③ rewriting method, prepare a special rewriting paper, ink stick or brush dipped in medicine ink painting on it, and then counterpaste on the lithographic surface, water to dissolve the mucous membrane on the rewriting paper, so that the painting will stick to the lithographic plate. Lithographs of various systems practices, after the painting should be corroded by dilute nitric acid and glue sealing, so that the ink is fixed on the plate. When printing, first wipe the wet plate, and then rolled on the ink, and then covered with paper, through the lithographic printing machine. Overprinting lithographs are marked on the plate and overprinted one by one.

Single lithograph

Also belongs to lithograph. Production method is simple. In the glass (or stone) plate with diluted oil or watercolor painting, not dry when the paper is covered with the palm of your hand in the back of the paper to be embossed. Only one can be printed, so it is called one-panel prints.

Hole plate prints

In the paper plate or tin will be a number carved through, pressed on the surface of the box, and then in the back of the color brush, the number can be printed on. This is the hole plate. Now the common transcription printing press is also hole plate. Prints on the hole plate is mainly screen prints. The material of silk screen prints is mainly nylon mesh yarn. Initially, silk was used, so it was called silk screen. There are three kinds of production method:

①Cutting and engraving method, the first paper or plastic as a carrier, and then coated with glue, repeatedly coated with 4 to 5 layers, after drying, hard according to the drawing of the layer of adhesive film, after completion, tightly in the screen on the surface of the bearing, with an iron pad cloth in the screen on the scraping surface of the ironing a little bit, so that the adhesive film is softened and adhered to the screen, uncovered as a good carrier for the paper or plastic, a hole plate will remain on the screen. Cutting method can not be carved too fine, but the flavor of paper cutting and woodcutting, often used by printmakers.

2 tracing method, with gum arabic liquid in the screen will be scraped on the surface of the painting, to be dry, coated with gum, and then wash the screen with warm water. Gum arabic is dissolved, where the screen will be transparent. Can also use stone printing ink stick instead of gum arabic liquid painting, coated with gum, with gasoline to wash the screen.

3 photographic method, the photographic liquid coated in the screen, in the darkroom after drying, the drawing of the drawing immediately below the screen, moved to the exposure stage exposure,

After rinsing that is.

Silk Screen Prints

(center) Zhao Ruichun, "Dressing Woman," Dressing Woman, silk screen prints are printed by placing a perforated screen screen (the downward-facing side of the screen) close to the paper, then pouring liquid pigment on the scraping side (the upward-facing side of the screen), and then using a squeegee to scrape the pigment over the surface, so that it passes through the perforations and prints on the paper below. The scraper is a square flat rubber with a wooden handle. There are two types of pigments for screen prints, oil-based and water-based, depending on what material is printed on. Screen technology is widely used in the light industry sector, textiles, glassware, leather, ceramics, plastics and other supplies on the pattern, many of which are screen printed. Used for printing screen prints of pigments, in order to facilitate the oil available turpentine can be diluted oil paint. Water-based gouache, acrylic paint can be used. The nylon net can be washed with caustic soda to clean the adhesive film on it and then use it again. The nylon mesh used by printmakers should be 29 mesh per square centimeter. Too fine, the mesh is easy to be clogged; too thick, the image is not refined. Modern printmakers in order to explore a variety of forms of expression, sometimes in a print, according to the needs of the content, at the same time mixed with a variety of types of printmaking methods, this print is called comprehensive prints. For example, the main black plate is printed with woodcut or copperplate, and the colorful watermark is used in the color set part, while the other part is printed with photographic screen printing, and so on. Modern creation of prints in the form of colorful, can not use the original classification as a box to limit its development.

Composite Prints

Deng Yaoming's "Golden Pond Series" The production method of composite prints is divided into two kinds, one is to combine all kinds of natural or artificial materials on a layout, and there should be concave and convex on the pattern, and there is modeling when there is convexity and concavity. Then the plate is coated with a layer of lacquer film, after coating the lacquer film can be used for printing, as long as the ink on it and use a soft cloth to wipe away the ink at the raised places, while the depressed places are left with ink, then the paper soaked in water is put on the plate and printed with an etching press, the printed work is a composite prints. The English name is: "Collagraph".

The other way is the copper plate. Wooden plate. Lithography. Another way is to combine the different techniques of copper, wood, lithography and silkscreen in one work, which is also called "Collagraph".

Digital printmaking

Or digital printmaking, computer printmaking, computer prints. It is an emerging and controversial genre of printmaking. However, many international print exhibitions have accepted digital prints. And the combination of digital technology and traditional prints has brought new vitality to the art of printmaking.

Methods of production

Pictures printed after being engraved or etched with knives or chemicals on wood, lithographic, linen, copper, zinc and other plates. In the West, the term prints have a broad and narrow meaning: broadly refers to the shelf oil painting and frescoes and other large paintings outside of all paintings, such as watercolor, watercolor, chalk, drawings, sketches, illustrations, publicity paintings, comics, etc.; narrowly refers to the engraving and printing of the pictures. The term "printmaking" in China is mostly used in the narrow sense.

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Evolution

Printmaking has gone through two stages of development, from reproduction to creation. In the early days, prints were made for printing and publishing, and the work was divided among the painter, engraver and printer; the engraver engraved the plate only according to the painter's drawing, which was called reproduction prints. Later, printmaking won an independent status in art, and the painter, engraver and printer were all appointed by the printmaker, who was able to give full play to his artistic creativity, and this kind of printmaking was called creative printmaking.

Chinese reproduction of woodblock prints about 1,000 years of history, the earliest may have occurred in the Sui and Tang dynasties. Now we see the late Tang Xiantong nine years (868) "Diamond Sutra" woodcut scroll head painting, indicating that in the middle of the 9th century, China's woodcut reproduction prints have reached a fairly skillful level. Creating prints as an independent artistic creation has also existed in the West for a long time. In Europe, A. Dürer in the 16th century reproduced pen drawings with copperplate and woodcut prints. By Rembrandt in the 17th century, copper engraving had developed from skeletonization to corrosion, entering the stage of creative printmaking. Wood engravings, on the other hand, were created by Bivik in the 19th century, who created the method of white line-based negative engraving, and got rid of the constraints of reproduction and entered the realm of creative printmaking. Since Lu Xun advocated the creation of prints in the 1930s, Chinese printmaking has made great progress in just over 50 years. Types and Techniques There are four types of prints: letterpress, intaglio, lithography and perforation. In terms of materials, letterpress prints include woodcut, linen carving, stone carving, brick carving, paper carving, plaster carving, etc. In intaglio prints, there are metal (metal) carvings. In intaglio prints, there are metal (mainly copper and zinc) prints, celluloid prints, paper prints and so on. In lithography, there are lithographs, monotypes and so on. In the hole plate prints in the silk screen prints, paper hole prints, etc.. Due to the different materials used, engraving tools and methods are also different, so the characteristics of various types of prints; more due to the various printmakers to play its creativity and engraving, printing (mainly handprinting) skills, the form of printmaking art is more colorful.