Xiguanbi village history

1. xiguan big house Historical xiguan big house is a traditional residence with Lingnan characteristics built by wealthy businessmen in Xiguanjiao (now Liwan District) in western Guangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty. It's called "xiguan big house". Xiguan has become the commercial center of Guangzhou City in the Ming Dynasty, and the 18th National Congress gradually took shape in the Ming Dynasty. Xiguanjiao was formed during Tongzhi and Guangxu periods in Qing Dynasty, covering Wenchang Bridge, Daguan Bridge, Pantang and Changyuan Garden. Xiguan big house is concentrated in Bao Hua Road, Duobao Road, Baoyuan Road and Fengyuan Road. Later, it was extended to other areas in Xiguan, mostly built by famous families and bureaucratic giants.

Xiguan big house is mostly a brick-wood structure, with green masonry feet and granite embedded in the front door. Its plane layout is basically developed in the depth direction according to the traditional main hall form of the Central Plains. Its typical plane is three rooms and two corridors; Symmetrical left and right, with the main hall in the center. From front to back, and from south to north, the central axis is porch, entrance hall (gate hall), sedan chair hall (tea hall), main hall (hall or shrine hall), head hall (elders hall), patio, second hall (dining hall) and second hall (tail hall). Each hall is an entrance. Generally, a big house has two or three entrances, forming many central axes. The study and yard are located on the left and right of the front of the room respectively.

Square and guest room. The guest room has a flat roof, which is used for enjoying the cool in Xiguan Tanabata, enjoying the moon and visiting Yue Bai (Seventh Sister). Behind the slant hall and guest room are bedrooms, kitchens, etc. Flowers and trees are planted in the park, and a rockery fish pond is built, which is quite elegant and quiet.

The entrance of xiguan big house is decorated with three doors, namely, low hanging door (also called foot door), tripping door and hard wooden door. The railing is a movable fence, which is made of 13 or 15 hardwood (usually mahogany or hardwood), so it is called a railing. Foot doors and walkways have ventilation and safety functions, and are specially made building components to adapt to the hot and rainy climate in Lingnan. The gate of xiguan big house is made of high-grade wood such as mahogany or camphor wood, with a thickness of about 8 cm. The door is fastened with a copper ring, and the foot of the door is hidden in a stone mortar. The door is locked with a horizontal bolt behind the door to prevent thieves.

In the foyer (foyer), there are the Heavenly Palace and the God of the Earth, followed by four middle doors, which are usually closed and only opened when guests come to visit in sedan chairs to show their grand welcome. Leave only the left and right doors in and out, so that passers-by can't see the scene inside. The car lobby is where guests and car owners get in and out of the car.

The hall is the main building of the big house, with the largest area and the highest roof. The red buildings (main beams painted red) in the whole hall are spacious and magnificent, with black alder (wood corners painted black) and white tiles (lining tiles painted white). In order to make the hall brighter, the roof is covered with tiles, that is, glass tiles.

Behind the main hall is the head room (or the elders' room), where the elders live, with high windows for lighting.

Behind the first room is the second hall (dining room) and the second room (for married couples). The second room, also known as Weifang, is the last room on the central axis.

There is a small courtyard between the hall and the hall. The courtyard is covered with a shed and the high side window is ventilated. On both sides of the central axis, there are mainly study rooms, slant halls, bedrooms and stairwells, which are generally arranged symmetrically. There is usually a small courtyard on the right side of the hall, where precious flowers and trees are planted and rocks, landscapes, fish oil or lotus ponds are arranged for the owner or tourists to enjoy. There is a Qingyun lane on each side of the big house, which means "to the top". Qingyun Lane, also known as cold lane, fire lane and water lane, etc. , with transportation (wife or servant in and out), ventilation, lighting, drainage, sunbathing, planting flowers, removing feces and garbage and other functions.

The facade of xiguan big house is equipped with low hanging doors, rafters and hard wooden doors. Elegant interior decoration is a masterpiece of arts and crafts. Wood and stone brick carvings, pottery gray sculptures, murals and stone scenes, glass and iron leaks, clear windows, carved patterns, mahogany furniture, wood carvings and sills are all full of Lingnan charm and style.

Xiguan big house is a treasure of traditional architecture in Guangzhou. According to statistics, there are more than 100 buildings, among which there are more than 10 buildings with reserved value. The most famous xiguan big house is "Liang Zi Zhengdi" located at Baoyuan North Street 18, Deng Gong Baodi in Duobao Road and Zhongjia Garden in the middle of Bao Hua Road. Unfortunately, most of these famous gardens and mansions have long since disappeared. At present, the only famous house left is Xiaohua Fangzhai.

2. A brief history of Xiguan Xiguan

Xiguan is the old city of Guangzhou, named after it was located outside the west gate of the city during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was the commercial center of Guangzhou.

The characteristic of Xiguan is xiguan big house. Xiguan big house is the residence of Jia, an old Guangzhou businessman. Xiguan big house is mostly a brick-wood structure, with green masonry feet and granite embedded in the front door. Its plane layout is basically developed in the depth direction according to the traditional main hall form of the Central Plains. Its typical plane is three rooms and two corridors; Symmetrical left and right, with the main hall in the center. From front to back, and from south to north, the central axis is porch, entrance hall (gate hall), sedan chair hall (tea hall), main hall (hall or shrine hall), head hall (elders hall), patio, second hall (dining hall) and second hall (tail hall). Each hall is an entrance. Generally, a big house has two or three entrances, forming many central axes. On the left side of the front of both sides are the study and yard, and on the right side are the slant hall and guest room. The guest room has a flat roof, which is used for enjoying the cool in Xiguan Tanabata, enjoying the moon and visiting Yue Bai (Seventh Sister). Behind the slant hall and guest room are bedrooms, kitchens, etc. Flowers and trees are planted in the park, and a rockery fish pond is built, which is quite elegant and quiet.

3. All the information about Zhangbi Village, including its history and underground maze, is an administrative village in Longfeng Town, Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, also known as Zhangbi Fort. It is located in the steep area of Jiexiu Basin, with plains on three sides and an altitude of1040m. The castle makes full use of the geographical advantages of retreating from the mountain and being difficult to attack and easy to defend. It built an ancient tunnel with a length of 3000 meters and three layers of attack and defense, and built a base on the ground and a city to shelter soldiers. Castle wall1.300m, area1.2000 m2. On both sides of a "Longji Street" built with red stones in the castle, five templo Mayor buildings were built in a patchwork manner.

Zhangbi Castle is an ancient pocket-sized "castle" which integrates military, residential, production and religious activities in China. It is a collection of ancient cultural sites of Xia and Shang Dynasties, tunnels of Sui and Tang Dynasties, tombs of Jin Dynasty, stage of Yuan Dynasty and houses of Ming and Qing Dynasties. In particular, the tunnels in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Liuwuzhou Temple and the glass monument are rare in China, and Zhangbi is even more unique. Zhangbi Village is a thousand-year-old village with multi-ethnic cultures and hundreds of surnames. It can be called a heavy history book.

Zhangbi Village: It was awarded the title of "Famous Chinese Historical and Cultural Village" and "Top Ten Charming Towns in China" because of its well-preserved ancient village form, landscape pattern, temple architecture and residents' courtyard. As stated in his acceptance speech: "This is a rare pocket town in the history of world architecture, with an area of 0. 1 km2. There are all kinds of ancient castles, palaces and temples, and military religion, folk history and various cultures are integrated into one. There are more than 10,000 meters of tunnels underground, and there are more than 1,000 years of castles on the ground, which can be entered and retreated. A square inch town is well planned, with fish-shaped alleys, dragon-shaped ports and peacock colored glasses everywhere. Zhangbi, the ancient temple is different from the Buddha, and the Ming Fort is strange. " /view/37277。

It's all here.

4. xiguan big house, a traditional residence with Lingnan characteristics in Xiguan (now Liwan District), Guangzhou, is commonly known as "Laodawu".

This kind of building is mostly in Xiguan area, and it is also the most famous, hence the name. Xiguan was a prosperous commercial center in Guangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty, where wealthy businessmen built houses on a large scale.

These houses are tall and bright, with a combination of hall and garden, and beautifully decorated. The basic layout is three rooms and two corridors, symmetrical left and right, with the main hall in the middle.

From front to back, the central axis is porch, hall (hall), sedan chair hall (tea hall), main hall (hall or shrine hall), head hall (elders hall), second hall (dining hall) and second hall (tail hall). Each hall is an entrance.

The hall is separated from the hall by a patio, which is covered with a shed and ventilated by a high side window (water window) or skylight. On both sides of the main room, there are mainly study, slant hall, bedroom and stairwell.

Finally, for the kitchen. On the right side of the entrance hall, there are generally courtyard sketches, planting flowers and trees, and arranging rock fish ponds for leisure viewing.

Behind the yard is the study. There is a Qingyun lane on both sides of the big house, also known as "cold lane", "fire lane" and "water lane", which has many functions such as ventilation, fire prevention, drainage, lighting, drying, transportation and planting flowers and trees.

The facade decoration is the same as the bamboo tube house. There are short doors outside, walkways in the middle and gates inside, all made of high-grade hardwood.

Exquisite interior decoration, furniture, lamps, banners, couplets, books, antiques, calligraphy and painting, vase flowers, potted plants, caged birds, mirror tables and various works of art are all available. Precious mahogany furniture, exquisite wood carvings, Manchu windows and sill windows with local characteristics reveal a strong Lingnan charm in the unique layout.

5. History of Chendun Village in Xiapu According to Xiapu County Records, "Xiapu County is located in the Qing Dynasty, with Xiapu River in the southwest and flowing into the sea in the east.

There is also Xiapu Mountain, where there are four islands of green, black, yuan and yellow in the sea, and the morning glow is reflected, and the river is like a sunset. This is the name of the mountain and county. "In 282 AD (the third year of Jin Taikang), it began as Marvin County (the county seat is located in Guxian Village, Jiangsha Town), which belongs to Jin 'an County.

In 589 AD (the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty), it was merged into the original Fengxian County. In 623 AD (the sixth year of Tang Wude), it was located in Changxi County (the county was governed by Ling Wei Temple and later moved to Lianjiang), belonging to Quanzhou (the state governs Fuzhou today).

1286 (twenty-three years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty) was promoted to Funing Prefecture. 1369 (the second year of Ming Hongwu), the state changed to the county, belonging to Fuzhou government; 1473 (the ninth year of Chenghua), Fuzhou was restored.

In A.D. 1734 (the 12th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty), it was changed to Funing House and added to Xiapu in Guo Fu County. In the early years of the Republic of China, it belonged to Minhai Road.

1949 June 17 Liberation, which belongs to Fu 'an District, Ningde District, Ningde City. In 2000, Xiapu County administered seven towns, four townships and three ethnic townships: Song Cheng, Sansha, Yacheng, Xin 'an, Jiangsha, Huxia, Changchun, xingxing, Baiyang, Beibi, Island, Yantian, Shuimen and Chongru.

On July 14, 2003, Fujian Provincial People's Government gave an official reply (document [2003] No.209) to cancel Song Cheng Town and set up two streets of Song Cheng and Songgang: (1) Song Cheng Sub-district Office governs five neighborhood committees of Wanxian, Zhongcheng, Xiguan and Longxian, Wanxian and Zhongxian. Song Cheng Sub-district Office is located in the former residence of Song Cheng Town Government.

(2) Songgang Sub-district Office has jurisdiction over Dongguan Neighborhood Committee and Dongguan, Gulingxia, Chian, Licheng, Songnong, Songyu, Beiqi, Qingqi, Houqi, Taxia, Zhu Xia, Xiacun, Badouba, Jiahu, Zhang Jiadong, Binjiang, Qiaotou, Shatou, Xiao Sha, Dasha, Changsha and Xiao Sha. Songgang Sub-district Office is located in Hougang Village.

By the end of 2003, Xiapu County had jurisdiction over 2 streets, 6 towns, 3 townships and 3 ethnic townships: Song Cheng Street, Songgang Street, Sansha Town, Yacheng Town, Xin 'an Town, Jiangsha Town, Huxia Town, Changchun Town, Baiyang Township, Beibi Township, Island Township, Yantian Shezu Township, Shuimen Shezu Township and Chongru Shezu Township.

6. What is the rise of Xiguan history? When did Xiguan begin to rise? I can't find a clear statement after checking the history books, but the most brilliant and arrogant Xiguan should be the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. At that time, all the economic factors in Guangzhou were concentrated in the west of Guangzhou, where there were import and export trade terminals, various warehouses and warehouses, as well as commercial institutions and foreign firms from various countries, and the famous comprador base XIII was here. China's earliest customs office and Guangdong's largest post office were also established. What is even more admirable is the "sand surface" at the southern end of Xiguan, which is a British concession.

Before a large number of westerners came to Guangzhou, Xiguan was only the urban-rural junction of the ancient city of Guangzhou. At that time, Litchi Bay and Pantang in the western suburbs were water towns in Zeguo, and villagers planted lotus roots and Xiangling in ponds in Zeguo. There are some migrant workers who serve the ancient city. They go to the city to sell vegetables, clean the streets, and empty the feces. Just like today's "migrant workers", they are doing all kinds of rough work in the city.

Xiguan stands out in Guangzhou's urban development entirely because of the economic invasion and geographical location of the West. South of Xiguan is the widest White Swan Pond in the Pearl River, which has been an important place for waterway transportation since Guangzhou was built. The coastal defense in Qing Dynasty was looser than that in Ming Dynasty, and most of the business trips of western powers entered the south of China through the White Swan Pool. There was no foreign trade policy in the imperial era, and Emperor Qianlong had already returned.

Xiguan

I told the British that I have a vast territory and abundant resources, and I have everything. I don't need to exchange the goods I need with Britain at all. This has blocked my contacts with westerners from the national policy. However, whether it was the maritime ban in the Ming Dynasty or the closed door in the Qing Dynasty, the coastal people could not help but get in touch with the outside world. When the Ming Dynasty lent Macao to the Portuguese, the business between Guangdong and foreigners never stopped. Foreign businessmen use non-governmental channels to conduct all kinds of illegal transactions, and Xiguan is an important port. Senior officials in the Qing dynasty were unwilling to do business with foreigners, but at the same time they liked western gadgets very much. As a result, thousands of miles of mirrors, clocks and watches, women's cosmetics, Mao Se pistols used by senior officials to protect themselves, etc. were sent to Beijing continuously, and exotic western treasures became the best products for southern officials to honor court officials. Later, due to the current situation, the Qing government agreed to do business with foreigners, but it was not allowed to do it in the city. So foreigners built commercial pavilions and docks in White Swan Chi Pan, which our ancestors called "Yiting". Those businessmen who used to boldly do business with foreigners also set up businesses around Yiting for the convenience of dealing with foreigners, which led to the later thirteen lines. Qianlong was arrogant and rude to the British, which was later proved to be justified. How can Britain, thousands of miles away, exchange needed goods with China? Facts have proved that what the British sold to China was not a good thing, and opium was the most harmful commodity. Driven by high profits, some businessmen in Guangzhou risked their lives to do this kind of business with foreigners. Officials have to turn a blind eye to this situation, and some even collude with officials and businessmen. But at that time, Guangzhou, as the only trading port, also attracted export commodities and business talents from all over the country, promoted the economic development of Guangzhou and created the prosperity of Xiguan.

descend

The rise and fall of Xiguan took less than a hundred years. After the Opium War, the imperial court ceded Hong Kong and allowed five ports to trade. Xiguan is no longer the only port in China. However, due to their proximity to Hong Kong and Macao, Chinese businessmen took the lead in moving from Xiguan to the international arena, and some wealthy businessmen even went to Hong Kong and Macao colonies to cooperate with foreigners. Although today's Hong Kong is highly prosperous and modern, some of its famous foreign companies originated in Xiguan.

During the Republic of China, Xiguan was still the main position of Guangzhou's industry and commerce. Although there was an anti-Qing uprising in Huanghuagang, the real situation was that Guangzhou was quite peaceful when the Qing government was overthrown. A few scholars declared independence before the Advisory Council, because the Governor of Guangdong and his military government were supported by the business community. But after the Republic of China, the military government changed frequently like a lantern, and the people of Guangzhou waited on the changing new government, just like their remarried mother waited on different fathers. The merchants in Xiguan couldn't stand the beating of the lantern-running government any longer, so they contacted the British in Shamian colony. Instead of remarrying their mother, they might as well find a reliable michel platini in the concession. With the support of the British, Xiguan businessmen learned from Hong Kong to set up armed groups, which were known as business groups in history. sweet

Xiguan

After Hong Kong became a colony, businessmen from all over the world, with the support of the British Hong Kong government, set up merchant armed forces to counter bandits and suppress local people who were dissatisfied with colonial rule. These armed businessmen were later appointed as "justices of the peace". With armed groups, the chamber of commerce in Guangzhou does not sell the accounts of the military government everywhere. Sometimes, business groups are stronger than the military government, and the government's food is unsustainable. When Sun Yat-sen became a very big president in Guangzhou, chambers of commerce and business groups turned against Sun Yat-sen, incited the masses to oppose the government and even launched a rebellion. According to historical records, the rebel commercial group set up a solid wall on Taiping Road, dividing Guangzhou into two sides from south to north, and even invited an Englishman to Weah to meet Sun Yat-sen. But Sun Yat-sen was the forerunner of the democratic revolution, and his revolutionary ideal was supported by most Cantonese people. He joined forces with all parties and quickly put down the rebellion of the business group. The failure of the business group not only led to the disintegration of the business group, but also made the original chamber of commerce have no place to stand. Businessmen who made waves had to run away, or went to Hong Kong or fled overseas, and Xiguan's economy plummeted. By the seventeenth year of the Republic of China, Chen was in charge of Guangdong, and the economy had been revived for several years, but it could not return to its former position. After eight years of Anti-Japanese War, Guangzhou's economy was on the verge of collapse.

Current planning

Guangzhou Liwan District Government revealed in its reply to the relevant proposal of the Guangzhou Municipal Committee of the Chinese Revolutionary Committee that the Planning for the Protection of Xiguan Traditional Block and Style in Liwan District has been approved by the planning department, and the planning has defined the scope of Xiguan for the first time: Zhongshan No.8 Road and Zhongshan No.7 Road in the north, merged into Chenjiaci, east to Renmin Middle Road and Renmin South Road, and southwest to Zhujiang Wai, forming an area of 536 hectares. Experts believe that the scope basically covers the old city of Xiguan, including the main traditional cultural heritage of Xiguan.

7. Regarding the history and culture of Xiguan, who knows that Xiguan and Yixing teapot have deep historical origins? In the Northern Song Dynasty, Xiguan had produced pottery pots, and Yixing teapot had been exported to foreign countries. Liwan is the birthplace of Guangzhou Maritime Silk Road, and Shisanhang is the only foreign trade port in China in Qing Dynasty. Tea and tea culture have played an extremely important role in foreign economic and cultural exchanges, and promoted the spread and prosperity of purple sand culture in Xiguan. In the Qing Dynasty, Shipan Shicheng, a salt transportation company in Guangdong and Guangxi, built Haishan Fairy Hall in Lizhi Bay, where celebrities gathered to taste teapots. At that time, Pan Jia had painted a sample in Yixing, customized a teapot and dedicated it to eunuch guests.

The continuous inheritance and development of purple sand culture and tea culture in Xiguan is mainly reflected in the fact that Xiguan people like to make tea with purple sand pots. Making tea in a pot is a unique picture of Guangzhou people's life and Xiguan people's folk customs. Xiguan people have a special liking for the collection and appreciation of Yixing teapot, and the atmosphere has been prevailing since ancient times, so there is a saying that "teapot originated in Yixing and was hidden in Xiguan". Sheng Yuan Craft Street and Antique City in Xiguan are one of the largest distribution centers of Yixing teapot in China. On weekends and holidays, people who come to buy, sell and collect teapot cross the river like crucian carp.

It is precisely because of the unique and profound origin of Xiguan culture and Zisha culture, as well as the colorful artistic expressions of Zisha Pot, that the original intention of developing Xiguan-style Zisha Pot (18-style) cultural brand in Liwan District is to publicize Xiguan culture with Zisha Pot as the carrier and show the achievements in the construction of Liwan modern commercial and cultural tourist area. Since the beginning of 200 1, it has also attracted the attention of leaders at all levels and sought after by collectors. Xiguan-style teapot (18-style teapot) has the advantages of many teapot makers and Manson's 18-style teapot in Qing Dynasty, which has high ornamental and collection value. The 18 styles of Xiguan customs, each of which is carefully created and innovated on the traditional pot type, have achieved the beautiful scenery of style penetration, both form and spirit, unity of form and meaning, and internal and external repair: Liwan Ruyi pot is stable and atmospheric, Liwan Shengli pot is small and exquisite, Shi Lihong floating pot is simple and broad-minded, and splendid ball pot is dazzling. Xiguan Jasper pot shows the plump beauty of ladies in the Tang Dynasty, and Liwan Baoding is now in the Han Dynasty.

Each design deeply integrates the essence of Xiguan folk culture: both the land from Dharma, the ancestor of Zen Buddhism, and the Guangdong Customs Building, which witnessed the prosperity of Guangzhou's foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty; There is not only the beautiful scenery in the former Lai Chi Bay, but also the nostalgic feelings of xiguan big house visiting Manchuria Window. There are not only famous scenic spots with strong Lingnan cultural characteristics, but also festive and auspicious customs and feelings in the New Year ... It can be said that the Eighteen Styles, as a complete series of works of purple sand pots, are rare treasures in the purple sand collection.