Classification and development trend of urban community public facilities?

What is the classification and development trend of urban community public facilities? Zhong Da Consulting will answer your questions below.

In the process of urbanization in China, with the development of socialist market economy, the scale of large and medium-sized cities is getting bigger and bigger, and urban communities are gradually becoming different from traditional urban communities. Its important sign is that there are more and more public facilities in urban communities, and the relationship between public facilities and citizens is getting closer and closer, which is more and more related to the economic level of communities. The public government pays more and more attention to the public facilities in urban communities. This paper attempts to analyze the classification and development trend of urban community public facilities from the perspective of urban sociology and urban economics, aiming at correctly formulating the development strategy of urban communities, so as to plan and build public facilities more reasonably.

In the process of urbanization in China, with the development of socialist market economy, the scale of large and medium-sized cities is getting bigger and bigger, and urban communities are gradually becoming different from traditional urban communities. Its important sign is that there are more and more public facilities in urban communities, and the relationship between public facilities and citizens is getting closer and closer, which is more and more related to the economic level of communities. The public government pays more and more attention to the public facilities in urban communities. This paper attempts to analyze the classification and development trend of urban community public facilities from the perspective of urban sociology and urban economics, aiming at correctly formulating the development strategy of urban communities, so as to plan and build public facilities more reasonably and make urban community management achieve the goal of people-oriented. First, the institutional background of urban community public facilities construction.

Urban community is a type of modern urban community, but it is different from the general urban community. The definition of urban community in this paper is: urban community refers to a community type with complex population density, social division of labor and its institutional organization, which is a higher level of human life evolution. Urban communities exist in economically developed cities or international metropolises. As a part of urban communities, they have many characteristics of their own: ① geographically, they are divided into large areas and small areas, such as Huangpu District and Jing 'an District in Shanghai, and small areas, such as Xujiahui Street, are generally located in the central city, rather than new communities or suburbs; ② In terms of population, the population density is high, the community population is large, the population mobility is strong, and the loyalty of community members is not very high; (3) Although the community has obvious boundaries (administrative divisions), community members are not clear about the boundaries, and many community members don't even know how wide the community they live in; ④ Community members are not interested in political affairs, and their participation is weak, but they are very interested in what is happening in the country and the world; ⑤ The interpersonal relationship between community members is not close enough, and the private living space and public living space are strictly divided and distinguished, so the requirements for public living space are getting higher and higher. The so-called public space is the stage where public life unfolds, and there are four needs: comfort needs; Relax demand; Passive participation needs; Actively participate in demand. These four needs are concentrated in one point, which means that people living in urban communities almost all have a desire to watch other people's behaviors and activities and a motivation to exchange information with others, and satisfying this desire and motivation constitutes the psychological basis and interest basis for why people need public facilities in urban communities. The bigger the public space, the bigger the stage of public life and the higher the quality of people's life. It is in this sense that the public facilities of urban communities are directly related to the vital interests of urban community members. Without a certain number of public facilities, it is not a modern urban community under the conditions of market economy.

The problem of public facilities in urban communities has long been neglected. In the period of planned economy, private space and public space almost merged into one. 1949, the halls and teahouses that existed in the old society almost disappeared, the public space in the community was shrinking and decreasing, and the construction of public facilities in the community was always at a low level. Of course, this pattern is also suitable for a closed society, because in a closed society, everything is done according to rules and old procedures, people have fewer opportunities to communicate and participate, and the requirements for public space are low. From 1979, China began to reform and open up, and the society gradually entered an open society from a closed one. People demand more opportunities for communication, communication and participation, and hope that the public space will be bigger and more, further changing the pattern that public life and private life were not divided in the past. In order to meet this requirement, in the process of reform, the government gradually clarified its responsibilities and increased its investment in public products. After entering the new century, the construction of modern public government has become the main content and goal of the administrative reform system of urban government. In this context, urban community government has also undergone five major changes: from management-oriented government to service-oriented government; From interest government to neutral government, from omnipotent government to limited government; The transformation from mysterious government to transparent government; Change from a power government to a responsible government. Under the new government administrative system, as a public management institution, one of the main tasks of urban community government is to integrate community public resources, invest or provide community public products including public facilities with public finance money, and add public facilities to meet the needs of community members for public facilities, so that urban community government can truly become. If this is not done well, the elected community leaders may be ousted. This is the institutional background of urban community public facilities.

First, urban community public facilities are mainly divided into regional public facilities and neighborhood public facilities.

In the process of modern urban community governance, the planning and implementation of urban community public facilities has become an important link. The so-called public facilities, as the name implies, are public goods or services provided by the public government for the public to enjoy or use. According to economics, public facilities are public goods provided by the government. Sociologically speaking, public facilities are facilities that meet people's public needs (such as convenience, safety and participation) and public space choices, such as public administrative facilities, public information facilities, public health facilities, public sports facilities, public cultural facilities and public sports facilities. Urban public facilities are different from rural public facilities. Specifically, urban public facilities refer to urban sewage treatment systems, urban roads, urban bridges, ports, emergency maintenance of municipal facilities, urban squares, urban street lamps, road signs, urban civil air defense facilities, urban greening, urban scenic spots, urban parks and so on. According to whether urban public facilities are charged, there are charges and no charges. From the spatial layout, there are three types of public facilities: city-wide public facilities, regional public facilities and neighborhood public facilities. The urban community public facilities referred to in this paper are composed of the latter two types. Specifically:

(1) Regional public facilities refer to public facilities that have a vast space and are enjoyed by members of the whole community in a large area. The main facilities include large regional libraries, information network centers, regional historical relics museums, international exhibition centers, specialized hospitals, regional stadiums, regional art centers, regional cultural centers, and tourism consulting service centers.

(2) Neighborhood public facilities refer to the public facilities in the community, with narrow space and close to some community members. The main facilities include outdoor open squares, neighborhood parks or street parks, small sports facilities, community activity centers, children's playgrounds, local traditional performance stages, middle schools, primary schools, kindergartens, nurseries, important bus stop signs, public toilets, fire stations, substations and garbage stations.

Public facilities in urban communities are an important part of public facilities in the whole city and an important public product provided by the government. The empirical analysis of economics shows that the public service provided by community government relying on community public facilities is only a part of the public service of the whole society, which is different from the personal service or private service of citizens with social orientation (such as psychological consultation, career consultation, domestic service, physical and mental health care, etc.). Whether it is regional public facilities or neighborhood public facilities, their main service targets are groups with public needs or preferences, such as the elderly, children, women and floating population in the community. According to the classified items, in the composition of urban community public facilities, communities run public facilities, such as community universities, community hospitals, community libraries, community museums, community parks, community theaters, community green spaces and so on. Will continue to increase with the development of social economy and the overall progress of society. Relying on the public resources of urban communities, the public services provided by communities will become more and more popular, and members of society will benefit more and more. Living in an urban community with complete public facilities, people's living conditions and quality of life, participation in public life and the cultivation of harmonious interpersonal relationships will be fully guaranteed. It is in this sense that without public facilities in urban communities as a means and carrier, the development of urban communities to meet the needs of community public space will be empty talk. Expanding the number and improving the quality of public facilities in urban communities will play an increasingly important role in future community development.

Two, the urban community public facilities should gradually realize free use in the long run.

Generally speaking, most public facilities in urban communities are funded or invested by community governments, and many facilities are funded by social groups, celebrities and enterprises. Different from the urban public facilities that are charged or paid for, people have no possession and exclusivity, no value and no market in the consumption process, and private entrepreneurs are not allowed to buy and sell freely. Should public facilities in urban communities be used for free or for a fee? On this issue, there is a heated discussion on the internet, and there are different opinions so far. The author thinks that it is not appropriate to generalize, but to analyze it in detail. The public facilities in urban communities can neither be completely charged nor completely opened for free, so we should analyze them from two aspects: long-term trend and immediate reality.

Urban community public facilities have a history of one hundred years in the world, and western developed countries have accumulated a lot of management experience. Judging from the long-term trend, the public facilities in urban communities are definitely free to use or open at zero distance, which is the result of social and economic development and the product of social progress and maturity. Specifically, free use of public facilities in urban communities can bring four major benefits:

First, it can obtain the greatest social benefits of the city. The good reputation and humanistic care of the city brought by free use is conducive to establishing a modern and highly civilized city image, which is far greater than the economic benefits obtained by charging, and fully demonstrates the value concept of modern urban community government to community members and everyone in the community;

Second, it is easy to quickly gather popularity and ease the pressure of urban hollowing out. The free use of public facilities in urban communities will greatly reduce the living expenses of permanent members of the community, and attract more high-level outsiders to live in, thus maintaining the high price of land resources and housing prices in community plots, increasing community taxes and enhancing the public finance ability of community governments. This is the free public service provided by the modern public government.

Third, it helps to improve people's quality. In the process of receiving free services from public facilities, people can best feel the warmth of a modern civilized city, strengthen a modern public awareness and cultivate good consumption habits, which is conducive to building a healthy spiritual home in urban communities and shaping a perfect urban spirit, thus enhancing the competitiveness and brand value of communities;

Fourth, it is conducive to quelling social conflicts or confrontations caused by the gap between the rich and the poor in cities. In the sense of social product distribution, the more free public facilities there are, the fairer the distribution of social wealth will be, and people with low economic income will share the fruits brought about by the rapid growth of urban economy from free use, thus giving up or alleviating the hatred for wealth and promoting the harmony of society and class.

From a global perspective, the practice of free use of public facilities is indeed the general trend. Of course, to fully realize this practice depends on the preconditions of great economic development, great progress in urban management and great improvement of people's quality. Without these conditions, or not fully equipped, the trend of free use of public facilities in urban communities will not come soon.

Under the condition of market economy, the market industry of private services is more and more developed, and it is often intertwined with the public service industry. The free use of public facilities in metropolitan areas will go through a transitional process, in which some fees will be charged first, and the proper commercialization and paid use of some public facilities is essential. In the final analysis, this is determined by the reality of the primary stage of socialism in China. At present, although the financial capacity of urban community government has been greatly improved compared with the past, it is not qualified to fully bear the burden of free use of public facilities. Due to the limited financial resources of community governments, even if urban communities invest in building a large number of public facilities, they often cannot complete them well. Its follow-up management and service are often insufficient, the service quality of many free public facilities is greatly reduced, and the efficiency and ability of follow-up treatment are quite low. Instead of this, it is better to charge for the service, which makes people feel at ease. Practice has proved that appropriate fees will greatly improve the efficiency and service level of public facilities. Many public facilities that were once free have been upgraded to a higher level in service and management after offering the magic weapon of charging again.

In addition, due to the low level of productivity, the traditional China people's public awareness, civic norms and code concepts are far from the behavioral requirements of free service of public facilities, so it is difficult to find a management method for free use of public facilities at once. Under such circumstances, the free use of public facilities should not be suspended, on the contrary, the paid use of public facilities in urban communities may be more. Take Beijing as an example. Since 2002, all public toilets with the second-class standard or above in Beijing have been opened free of charge. Although the relevant departments of the municipal government have issued corresponding management measures, these management measures are not operational enough, so there are many headaches after free use. Because there are too many people going to the toilet, the water pressure in the toilet is not enough and it can't be repaired for a long time. In order to save water and electricity, some public toilets are closed after dark, even before dark, causing citizens. Shanghai's June 10 large park is another example. Of course, the free use of public facilities in urban communities will continue.

The problem of public facilities in urban communities is an unavoidable problem in the development of urban communities, and it has been paid more and more attention by urban community governments and even modern public governments. In the past, sociology and economics didn't do much academic research on this unremarkable problem, and the related results were not common, but the news media gave a large space from the perspective of real estate reports. In fact, the public facilities in urban communities are the objects of different interests, and there will be different considerations and calculations from different positions. Community government leaders often want to do some image projects on public facilities in order to achieve political achievements and establish community brands, and even to win the recognition and loyalty of community members, they often want to play the card of community public facilities planning; Community members, especially those with low economic income, want more public facilities in their own interests; Commercial operators and real estate investors regard winning the bid for public facilities as an opportunity to make money and profit, and strongly advocate more public facilities projects; From the national macro-policy, the construction of large-scale public facilities can be said to be the most typical collective consumption, which can not only provide jobs in a large area, but also strongly stimulate demand, attract foreign investment and exert its influence on tourism, culture and other related industries, thus improving the comprehensive competitiveness of the whole community and the whole city. It is based on the above interests that increasing the investment in urban community public facilities has become the understanding of all parties. In the new era of building a well-off society in an all-round way, the planning and construction of urban community public facilities will become the key to the development of metropolis, and may be a new growth point of China's urban economy. In this regard, urban sociology and urban economics must give enough attention and theoretical analysis.

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