What words are there in the traditional culture of names?

The ancients had a famous surname, except the word. The combination of surnames, names and characters constitutes the structural system of ancient names in China. It is said that ancient babies were named by their fathers or grandparents, teachers, relatives and friends three months or a hundred days later. According to the weekly system, 20 male 15 female children of nobles can formally participate in social activities. According to the Book of Rites, Zhou people were "born in March, so they were young; At the age of 20, there is a father, and friends and other classes cannot be named after him, so they add words to the crown. " When a 20-year-old man holds a coronation ceremony, his elders will take words for him, while when a 15-year-old woman gets married, she will take words for him to show that she is an adult and can be a parent. Therefore, there is often a saying in ancient books that "the word is in the boudoir" and "the word has not been written". In this way, in ancient times, men became famous when they came of age, but the division of labor was clear and the use occasions were different. "Yan Family Training Style Exercise" said: "Ancient people have a correct name, and words are used to show virtue." The ancients named it self-proclaimed to show modesty, and the word "destiny" was used to call friends and friends to show courtesy. Names are sacred and inviolable. In addition to the names of oneself and elders, the names of relatives, nobles and saints should be repented. Words come from the milk of fame and are used to express virtue, needless to say. For the younger generation and people with humble status, only call their own names, not their own names, and when calling others' names, don't call others' names. This is probably because "words must be done". This method of expressing the relationship between honor and inferiority by honorific names has been used until later generations. If you don't know what is the name of the ancients and what is the word of the ancients, you will inevitably make an upside-down mistake.

Words are extensions and extensions of names. Shuowen: "Words breed." "White Tiger Yi Tong": "Know its nature by its name, and know its name by its name." It shows that ancient Chinese characters are closely related to names. So, what are the characteristics of ancient Chinese characters?

First of all, the meanings of "word" and "name" are related.

This new word method has the following situations:

1, synonymous with each other. Such as Yan Hui Ci Yuan, Shuo Wen: "Yuan, backwater also. Back, deep water. " Qu Yuan, Ming Ping, character, Erya Dish: "Guangping is called Yuan". Zhuge Liang, the word Kongming, is synonymous with cleverness. Meng Jiao word Dongye, wild and suburban synonymous. Wei Zhuang, the field has, and the paragraph is synonymous with Zhuang. Bai Pu, the word Tai Su, is synonymous with simplicity and elements. Another example is Du Fu's kind words, Meng Jian of Ban Gu, Ping Zi of Zhang Heng, Ming Ci of Tao Yuanming, Gong Jin of Zhou Yu, Meng De of Cao Cao, Sun Chu's, Wen Tianxiang's, Ji Di of Gao Qi and Fang Zhi.

2. Antisense opposition. For example, the son of Chu has black arms and the word Xi, "Xi, man is white", and black is opposite to white. Zeng Fu, word, story: "Fu, Xiaohei also"; "Hey, people are white." For another example, Han Yu's ci is retired, Wang Ji's ci is reactive, Yan Shu's ci is uncle's, Zhu's ci is gloomy, Wang Niansun's ci is nostalgic, and Hong Shen's ci today is shallow.

3. Friendship conjecture. Qin baili sees words, observes them, and thus deduces clarity. Bao Zhao's writing is bright and far away, and he thinks of a bright distance. Zhang Jiuling means longevity, from the age of nine to longevity. Li Yu's word is Li Zhongguang, which was thought of by Li Zhongguang. Qin Guan's ci travels less, while Lu You's ci travels more, from viewing to playing. The word "Shen" is respectful, and it is rigorous from Shen Dao. Zhang Yanzi's uncle is in summer, and he thinks of summer from heat. Tang Yin's word "Bohu" corresponds to the zodiac tiger because of its earthly branch. Another example is Guan Yu's word cloud length, which is inferred from feathers. Zhao Yun's word Zilong and Lu Yun's word Shilong are all related to dragons in the clouds. Su Shi's word Zi Zhan, Shi, the crossbar used as the handrail in front of the carriage, Fu Shi can look forward and correspond. The traces of Su Zhe's words Yu, Zhe and Lun are all related to the meaning of "you".

4. classify things. Such as Song Gongzi's jokes, which are read as? , for the grindstone, belongs to the stone class. Lee? The word Apollo? For the brilliance of jade, it belongs to jade. Fan Taiheng lives on a mountain, and both Mount Tai and Mount Heng belong to the category of mountains. Cai Wanzi is that Wan is a GUI without edges and corners. Gui is a kind of jade with a round top and a round bottom held by ancient emperors and governors at the ceremony, so Wan belongs to jade. "Bowl" and "Ding" are three-legged binaural utensils used in ancient cooking, belonging to the category of utensils. Mencius' name is "He" and "Yu". Small call, laurel belongs to jade.

5. Idioms run through. For example, Wei Zhezi knows people, which is "knowing people makes philosophy." Money is said to be "full of losses and modest benefits." Ren Shang word Ji Kong, this "a long way to go". Du's words must be simple, and this "trial must be simple." Yan Shu, like uncle, means "all roads lead to the same goal" The famous words of thanks are flexible, and "flexibility" is the antonym of "rigidity and softness".

Second, the correlation between "Zi" and "Ming"

The characteristic of this method is to make the characters and names related to the font structure of Chinese characters as much as possible. There are four ways:

1, the decomposition of word names. For example, Xie Ao's word Gao Yu, Zhang Yi's word Sanyi, Xu Fang's word Ark, Song Mei's word Wen Yu, You Dong's word colleague, Yao Chun's word Chun Mu and Wang Ye's word Rihua.

2. Write the name of the province. Yes, Qin Gui Word Club, Gu Meimei Word Club, and Wang Shi? Zi Yu Zhen, Wu Zi Wen, Yin Keng Zi Jian, Confucius Zi Yu, Zi Yu, Li? T, He Rulin, Rain Man, Huang Miao,

3. Add the name of the word. For example, An Shi by Xie An, Mu Zhi by Du Mu, Gong by Li Bai, Taibai by Song Lian, Yuxuan by Li Yu, Famous Sentences by Jin Shengtan and Meng Pu by Li Yu.

4. The word and the name are exactly the same. Such as Geng Zhongrong, Tian, Cui Zai, Meng Haoran, Yang Li, Wang Senru, Monk Confucianism, Yang Zhenwu, etc.

Third, the word is clearly marked.

1, add "Bo (Meng), Zhong, Shu and Ji" before the word or add "Fu" after the word.

In the Zhou Dynasty, the words "Bo (Meng), Zhong, Shu and Ji" were often added before the words of aristocratic men to indicate their rank. The eldest son was called "Bo" (the eldest son was also called Meng), the second son was called "Zhong" and the uncle below was called "Ji". Sometimes "father" or "blessing" is added after a word to indicate a good name. In this way, the full name of the man's word is * * *, in the form of "Bo's father". For example: Father Bird, Zhong, Zhong Ni and Father Shu Xing. It is more common to omit the word "father". For example: Boqin, Xiang Shu, etc. Sometimes the ranking can be omitted, such as the father of birds, the father of cattle, the father of feathers and so on.

After Qin and Han dynasties, this method gradually changed into two forms: adding ranking before the word and adding "father" after the word. Examples are as follows:

Bo+word. Such as: Lao Zi's surname is Li Minger, Bo Yang, Cai Yong Zibo, Sun Ce Zi, Zi, Zhang Xuzi, Li? Word, Liu Ji,, Tang Yin, Bohu, Li Kaixian,, Liang Chenyu, Bolong, Shen? Bo Ying, Yuan Zongdao Bo Xiu, Zhongxing, Liu Xizai Bo Jian, Li, Bo An, Wang Boshen, Ji Bo.

Meng+word. Ban Jian, Cao, Zhang Zai, Meng Pu, Yang Zai, Wang Baomeng Duan. Ordinary parents add "Meng" to their sons and "Bo" to their eldest sons.

Chinese+character. Confucius' names are Ni, Wang Zhong Zhongren, Sun Mou, RoyceWong, He Xun Zhong Rong, Gao Shi Zhong Wu, Qian Wen, Chu, Zhang Yuan Wo and Yuan Hongdao Zhong Lang.

Uncle+word. Ji Kang's Uncle Night, Yan's Uncle Yuan, Zhang Yan's Uncle Summer, Yang Rui's Uncle Jiao, Li Bi's Uncle Zhang, Wang Xiuzi's Uncle Zhi, Wang? Uncle Zi? , Wang Meng word uncle Ming, Wang Yi word uncle Ming.

Season+word. He Jizhen, Wang Zhihuan Jiling, Gao Di, Kong Jizhong, Shan, Wang.

Word+father (Fu). Wang Anshi's character festival, Wang Hui's word Shen Fu, Wang Anguo's word Pingping, Wang Anshi's word Chunfu, Chen Liang's word Futong, Gui Youguang's word Xi Fu, Mao Kun's word Shunfu, Liu Dazi's word Cai Fu, Wang Chang's word Defu, Wang Xun's word Jingfu, Wang Yan's word Yi Fu and Leo Lee's word Chuanfu.

After the Han Dynasty, some new characters appeared. Such as yuan, long, big, second, young, childish, little, small and so on. , usually used before words. Such as: Tao Yuanming's distinctive personality, Wang Changling's rare personality, Jie Yuan's inferior personality, Li He's long and auspicious personality, Yang Yi's new year's personality, Qin Guan's short personality, Zhu's dark personality, Xin Qiji's young and stable personality, Dai Shulun's young and fair personality, Chen Hong's bright personality, Wang Shizhen's beautiful personality, Hu Yinglin's short personality and Yuan Zhongdao's personality.

2. add a beautiful word before the word.

These beautiful words mainly show respect, appellation, identity, image, virtue, behavior, admiration and so on for the elderly.

Commonly used beautiful words are public, monarch, noble, beautiful, beautiful, elegant, literary, mysterious, romantic, moral and so on. For example, Guo Pu's word Jingchun, Gan Bao's word Lingsheng, Bao Zhao's word Mingyuan, Jiang Yan's word Wentong, Xie Tiao's word Xuanhui, Xue Daoheng's word Xuanqing, Liu Bei's word Xuande, Ling Mengchu's word Fan, Liu Xie's word, Liu Changqing's word, Wenchang's word, Luo Yin's word Zhao Jian's word Yan value, and Lin Ji's word Jun. The word Derun, Hengli, Deqing, Yang Quan, Ren, Dezu.

3. Add auxiliary words before (or after) the words.

Commonly used auxiliary words are ke, ke, zhi, ru, ruo, si, ye, you, you and so on. For example, Mao Qiling's ci is great, Zheng Dangmin's ci is Tao, Yuan Zhen's ci is subtle, his ci is from it, and he asks for yuan, Li Dongyang's ci is an object, Xu Hongzu's ci is a vibration, Fang's ci is a plant, Han Yu's ci is a retreat, Nie's ci is magnanimous, Liang Qichao's ci is outstanding, Hong Shen's ci is shallow, Feng Mengyou's ci is still a dragon, and his ci is a dragon. Li is in charge of political work.

4. Add "Zi" before (or after) the word.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the most common way for men to take Chinese characters is to add "Zi" in front, because "Zi" is a good name for men. Such as Duanmu Ci Gong, Ran You, Yan Yuan, Zhong You, Sima Geng, Gong Zichan, Hu Gong, Wu Yuan Zi Xu, etc.

After the Han dynasty, men still followed this habit in naming. Such as Zheng, Sima Qian, Zi Yun, Cao Pi, Cao Jian, Yin Keng Zijian, Yu Shan, Zi An, Zhang Jiuling Zishou, Du Mei, Zhang Hezhi Zitong, Liu Zongyuan Zihou, Jiang Fangzheng, Zhang Xianzi, Qi Zi Jing of Song Dynasty, Ceng Gong Ziyin and Su Shi. That's true, but Yuan Mei is talented. Put "Zi" before the above words. It is rare to add "Zi" after a word, such as Ping Zi by Zhang Heng, Zongzi by Zhang Dai, Zi Long Wozi by Sun Tzu, Zi Xuan by Wang Zuo and Wuzi by Wang Ji.

Fourth, the number of words in Zi is fixed, with two words as the norm.

The ancients named common characters and seldom used them when taking them. So a word is rarely a single word. For example, Qu Yuan's name is Pingyuan, his word Zhong, Mei Cheng's word Shu and Yan Zhitui's word Jie. The ancients often used two words to choose words, probably because they were afraid that using a single word would easily lead to heavy words, and two words could easily express their ethical attitude and ideal pursuit. As the saying goes, "what you say must be done." The ancient Chinese characters listed above are all two words, and there is almost no double word phenomenon.

The above are the characteristics of ancient Chinese characters. Mastering these characteristics will help us to identify the names and characters of the ancients in time and accurately. By discussing the relationship between the names and characters of the ancients, we can deepen our understanding of the appellations of the ancients and avoid the phenomenon that Liu Bei calls himself "Xuande" and Cao Cao calls himself "Meng De", which will help us to understand the self-cultivation of the ancients, respect others and understand and inherit the traditional culture of China.