Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - History of Hakka people
History of Hakka people
Luchuan Hakka most of the middle of the Ming Dynasty from Fujian Shanghang County westward, there are also the Qing Dynasty from Guangdong Meizhou moved. 500 years of hard work, multiplied into hundreds of thousands of Hakka countryside, and Bobai, Hepu and Guangdong Lianjiang, Huazhou, Hakka connected to more than 2 million Hakka settlement area. The Hakka language spoken in the area called "new people's language", people say "Mark Jie language" "end of the language" (i.e., Hakka language). In Luchuan County Records, there are 17 consonants, 66 rhymes and 6 tones in Xinmin dialect.
Luchuan County is suitable for rice cultivation, paddy soil to retention of the most fertile rice soil, amounting to more than 240,000 acres, accounting for two-thirds of the county's rice area, distributed in the flatter Pangdian fields or villages, dike towns near the drainage and irrigation of the better place. This is followed by submerged rice soil and a small amount of saline rice soil in the limestone areas of Pingle and Shanluo. The most dryland soil is brick red soil, more than 70,000 mu, accounting for 97.2% of the dryland. Hilly areas are mostly brick red loamy red soil, accounting for 93 .5% of non-cultivated land. The earth's milk belongs to the hilly area of South China, and the Yunkai Dashan Mountain Range extends southward in two lines, east and west, with 19 mountains over 500 meters above sea level, constituting a two-hundred-mile rice grain river. The county in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, the average annual temperature of 21. 7 ℃, near subtropical ocean climate, July 27 ℃ a 28 ℃, January 12 ℃ a 14 ℃. Rainfall is abundant, the average annual rainfall of 1942. 7 millimeters, up to 3037 millimeters in 1981. The average annual rainfall is 169.4 days. 4 days, the average annual frost-free period of 359.1 days. 400 years, no destructive earthquakes, small earthquakes 7 times in the Ming Dynasty, 17 times in the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China 7 times. Flooding is the main natural disaster. Relatively speaking, it is a blessed place for Hakka people to live and work in peace and happiness.
In modern history, Luchuan people actively participated in the revolution against the rule of the Qing Dynasty and the Kuomintang, making significant sacrifices and contributions. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolutionary movement, the Qing Dynasty Lu Ying Lai Jiu and Bobai Wendi Huang Wenjin led more than 2,000 Hakka to Jintian Uprising; the end of the 19th century, a large number of Luchuan Hakka defected to the insurgent army led by Li Liting, captured the county, then waved the siege of Yulin State and failed, paid a heavy price. 1945 Gui Southeast Uprising, the Qing Lake of the Sanshui, Tangzhai over the Kuomintang military and police swept, sacrificed many people. Liberation War period, Luchuan people's armed forces from small to large, the establishment of 600 people of the side column a second regiment, with the liberation of the army, the destruction of Bai Chongxi Department of the Third Corps, captured the Corps Commander Zhang Gan, its 7th Army, 48th Army, 126th Army was annihilated.
Luchuan people, Hakka talents from generation to generation. In the Qing Dynasty, there are big officials Pang Shizhou (salt transport ambassador of the two provinces, Guangdong press commissioner, Buzheng Minister, from the second rank), Li Tingzhang (Hunan press commissioner, Buzheng Minister, from the second rank), and still have the scholar Jiang Gui, Ruan Tiaoyuan, Lee Chingyun, Lv Peiyu, Lv Junkun, Fan Jieyin, martial arts scholar Xiao Huishu, and so on. During the Republic of China period, there were famous war generals and political figures such as army commander Lin Hu, provincial chairman Lv Huan Yan, and provincial chairman and commander-in-chief of the group army Liao Lei. In the contemporary times, the leading cadres at the vice-provincial level include Lin Kewu, Luo Peiyuan, Liu Yisheng, Qiu Wenyi and so on.
Luchuan overseas Chinese and Hong Kong and Macao compatriots are numerous, there are 824 households of overseas Chinese, 7625 people, 1358 households of overseas Chinese, 17,673 people, 279 households of returned overseas Chinese, 653 people. Luchuan overseas Chinese, Chinese distributed in 17 countries and regions, the United States 48 households of 380 people, 380 people in Canada, Britain 12 households of 105 people, Germany 11 households of 121 people, France 19 households of 122 people, Belgium 6 households of 73 people, Japan 14 households of 112 people, Malaysia 291 households of 2,634 people, 121 households of 1,278 people in Singapore, 20 households of 238 people in Thailand, 83 households in Indonesia 776 people, 24 households of 195 people in Australia, 13 households of 80 people in Argentina, 7 households of 77 people in the Philippines, 37 households of 277 people in Myanmar, 54 households of 584 people in Vietnam, 16 households of 147 people in Laos. Overseas Chinese and Chinese people are patriotic and nostalgic for their hometowns and speak of Hakka friendship. Engaged in scientific research, run businesses and engaged in culture, education and health of the overseas Chinese, Chinese, more famous in Indonesia, Li Weichang, Lv Xingyi, in Canada, Lin Bingcheng, Lv Yiqi, Yao Shenghua, Lv Yinan, Lv Yijia, in the U.S., Lv Pimmy, Wu Pengbin, Huang Mengchang, in Indonesia, Li Chunlin, Liu Daoxiang, Liu Jianwen, Liu Zhenbiao, Liang ZiHua, Liang XiangHuai, and so on. Luchuan Hakka people living in Hong Kong and Macao ****594 households 5447 people. Among them go home frequently, concerned about the construction of their hometowns are Chen Zhenqi, Dai Zhong, Liu Jiabin, Huang Ping, Li Junxiu, Tao Shulin, Tao Jinchang, Lv Yilan, Huang Jinghe, Wen Zhaohun and so on. Dai Zhong, Dai Baoqing two father and son is a member of the Nanning Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, support for education in Nanning, Mr. Dai Zhong 87 years old is still engaged in education in Hong Kong Mukwang English College, Mr. Dai Baoqing is happy to serve as executive director of the Guangxi Hakka Overseas Friendship Association, Deputy Secretary General to strengthen the overseas association. Mr. Chen Zhenqi and Mr. Dai Zhong once gave a Nissan Toyota to the Overseas Chinese Association of Luchuan County, and Mr. He Tinghui once invested HK$2 million to set up the Luhui Garment Factory and Silk Flower Factory. Mr. Li Weichang, Mr. Liu Jiabin, Mr. Chen Zhenqi and Mr. Chen Huarie invested 900,000 RMB to build a titanium dioxide factory. Mr. Luo Chang will be the government to return the housing funds 48,620 yuan donated to the Mapo Middle School school. 1987 - 1989, Taiwan compatriots returned to Luchuan sightseeing to visit relatives 269 times, to do the settlement procedures for 6 people, donations to do public welfare 50,000 yuan. Mr. Lu Chunqi, an old professor, said, "I am a poor professor, can come back to see even good."
Luchuan Hakka respect for the elderly, Ushi Shajing Village, Lin Aifen, serving his mother-in-law Lin Zhiqing from 64 to 98 years old, more than 30 years as one day, sick that is sent to the hospital, live with a year, feeding medicine, feeding, end of the urinary and fecal matter, so that half-paralyzed granny's disease gradually improved, able to walk. Four generations of the family live together in harmony. The longevity of Xiao Gong (father of Wencheng) and Lin Gong (ancestor of Baozhong) both died at the age of 103, the Hakka people are open-minded and hard-working, so they can live a long life.
The Luchuan Hakka people emphasize the importance of friendship and harmony, and take gentleness and humility, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith as their traditional virtues. Now, most do not believe in gods and ghosts, but only respect for ancestors, pray for peace. Used to the Spring Festival to pay homage to the New Year, the first day do not kill animals, there is the habit of vegetarianism, pay homage to each other, wishing each other "congratulations on wealth", "body strong construction", "all the best", lion dance, singing Caicha, lion dance, singing tea picking, ball games, tug-of-war, etc. The second day of the month to visit relatives, welcome guests, Lantern Festival to eat dumplings, Qingming to sweep the graves of loved ones, Chongyang to worship the old ancestors, ancestral worship; Dragon Boat Festival package dumplings; July 14 for ancestors, the village has a "social public". There are few temples. Marriage rituals have been reformed from the new, free and independent marriage, respect for choice and comparison. Marriage for money, demanding heavy gifts are still many. Hakka girls chastity concept is strong, very few women selling sex. Hakka people emphasize the sun house, talking about sunlight and ventilation that is "prosperous gas", the seat of the north to the south, along the earth's magnetic field, which is to seek a good ecological environment. Now the Luchuan Hakka houses more reinforced concrete structure; or riding-style masonry structure, the poor families are still earth and wood structure. Many countryside small house residence comfortable, lively, home appliances have been common into the ordinary family. Walking almost every family rely on bicycles, buses, trucks, buses, motorcycles have been widely used, thousands of cars, hundreds of riders, vehicles rolling, Luchuan Hakka into the 21st century.
Diet, the Hakka traditionally to rice as the main food, red Ru, taro, yellow corn, corn, beans, pumpkin as a side food. Most people eat water rice, with bamboo woven rice fish will fish up rice, into in the bowl or barrel, porridge left for lunch, the rest feed pigs. Meat dishes, over the centuries to buckle meat, white chicken, sweet and sour fish, ginger live duck, braised goose, roast pig's feet ...... for delicious dishes. Steam soft slippery fat tender sweet buckle meat, no need to chew, bone under the throat into the belly, mouth and nose after the fragrance of a mouth of oil, is a famous dish in Luchuan; chicken tender and smooth, the aroma of body special, plus the garden Xi garlic juice, green onions and white good soy sauce, more delicious and joyful. Wuhu white goose is also a Hakka flavor; eating water spinach, wash the vegetables without cutting, hand twisted, put into a pot of boiling water, pick up the cool, rubbing off the water, mixed with oil and salt, chili soy sauce is better, called "swamp water spinach," green, tender and crispy. There are also yellow olive fish, rubbing vegetables, olive angle, etc., are Hakka people since childhood on the favorite family flavor, no matter he grew up to go to any corner of the world, still can not forget the hometown of delicious Luchuan old eight scenes, only "hot springs bathing day" still exists, the ancient seven scenes have been annihilated and disappeared. New tourist attractions are Xielu Villa, that is, Lv Chunguan "Shuren Study House", built in 1920, pavilions and pavilions hidden in the flower and fruit gardens, winding paths, beautiful scenery, is now a "resort", a few "Golden House", known as the "Golden House". ", famous. Mountain Luo Tianlong's Longyan Scenic Area, the size of the cavern 12 places. There are three sides of rocky mountains surrounded by Longzhu Lake, an area of more than 20 hectares, sparkling, swimming fish can be number. Ming dynasty Xu Xiake had traveled this note: "stone mountain Sen Sen, from the north and south, such as columns of flags in formation, don't become a realm carry on!" Dakeng Zhai four sides of the rocky mountains such as the city walls built, only a gap to form the East Gate, more than 10 hectares in circumference, live dozens of families, clear water and beautiful scenery, fruit trees in the shade, the chickens barking, and a "Peach Blossom Garden". Now Luchuan new eight scenic spots are: hot springs bathing day, Longyan scenery, Xielu Mountain Village, Xianshan Shepherds, Shi Roach RuiXue, LuCheng night market, PanLongBiBo, camellia mountain spring. Luchuan Hakka songs, lively and interesting, elegant and popular **** appreciation, singing love singing love, satirize the world and warn the people, complaining of suffering and difficult, said benevolence and righteousness, is not lost in the Hakka traditional excellent culture. Complaints of suffering song said: "difficult ah difficult, sad hemp basket water on the mountains; hemp basket to take a few more water, belly hungry for a few more meals?" "The rice in the vein falls into the wok and the water in three tanks, and the belly is hungry when there is no dryness in washing the dishes." A lot of Hakka songs are love songs, such as the cowboy song: "Bee catching up with bee on the top of the mountain, car leaves catching up with car barrels under the water; blind brother catching up with grasshopper, eighteen girls catching up with their husbands." "Nimzi plays flower to flower, a sister is born with a breast fork." "A brother without a wife has to carry water, a sister without a husband has to fetch firewood; a Penny falls into a pond without a gimlet, everyone is tied to a loose head row."
The Luchuan Hakka people, who have a history and culture of more than 500 years, would like to be the friends and relatives of the 4.5 million Hakka brothers and sisters in Guangxi, and in the new era of developing the economy, ****ing the same affluence, and running into the 21st century, we will sing and march forward to self-improvement and self-improvement.
References:
Responders: 121.31. 127.* 2010-4-11 13:44
Prosecution The Hakka is a Han sub-group with distinctive characteristics, and is one of the Han people with a wide range of distribution and far-reaching influence in the world. Starting from the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han Chinese inhabitants of the Central Plains migrated southward in large numbers, arriving at the junction of Guangdong, Gan and Fujian, where they intermingled with the local indigenous inhabitants and exchanged marriages, and ultimately formed the relatively stable Hakka folk lineage after a thousand years of evolution. Since then, the Hakka people have migrated to various provinces in South China and even all over the world, using Meizhou as their base. The four Hakka states are Meizhou, Ganzhou, Tingzhou and Huizhou. Ninghua Shibi in Fujian Province is the center of the Hakka legend, and Shibi is known as the "Ancestral Land of the Hakka".
There are many historical records of the southern migration of the Han people in the north, but the Hakka ancestors from the Central Plains, a large number of southward migration began when, the academic community has a variety of opinions, some people believe that began in the Qin, and some people believe that began in the Han or the Three Kingdoms, or the Eastern Jin Dynasty, or the Tang Dynasty, or the Five Dynasties, or the Southern Song Dynasty, and so on, and thus the formation of Hakka great migration, there is a "second say", The Hakka migration is said to have been formed in "two times", "three times", "five times", "six times", "nine times", and so on, and there is no consensus. It is generally believed that there are five large-scale outbreaks of migration of the Han Chinese in the Central Plains, the migration pattern and route in general from north to south, from east to west, from the plains to the hills, mountains, along the rivers to the core areas, from the domestic to the foreign countries, scattered all over the world. Not every migration is a Hakka migration, but there is a strict distinction, it is generally recognized that the migration before the Five Dynasties is the migration of the ancestors of Fujian and Guangdong (including Chao Min, Guang Yue and Hakka), and the southward migration from the Five Dynasties to the period of the Southern Song Dynasty is the migration of the Hakka people in the true sense.
A. Two Jin and North and South Dynasties
Mainly affected by the Eight Kings' Rebellion and the Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of Han Chinese from the north migrated southward. Its migration far from today's Shanxi Changzhi, near by today's Henan Lingbao and other places, along the Ying, Ru, Huai water basin, southward action to Hubei, southern Henan and Anhui Gan along the northern bank of the Yangtze River.
B. Tang Dynasty
Mainly by the Anshi Rebellion, Huang Chao Uprising and the clans and towns cut off the impact of the war, those who migrated south from the far more by today's Henan Guangshan, Goodyear, Anhui Shouxian, Fuyang, etc. across the river into Gan, and more migrated to the southern Fujian; close to those from the northern Gan or Ganzhong to Gan or western Fujian, or the north of Guangdong, Guangdong East border.
C. Southern Song and Yuan Dynasties
The Hakka people were affected by the southward movement of the Jin people, the Mongol invasion of the Central Plains, and the peasant uprisings at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The end of the Song Dynasty, the Hakka people to participate in the Wen Tianxiang led by the failure of the anti-Yuan, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, the formation of the unprecedented migration, into the mountains, but fear not deep, into the forest, but fear not dense, the formation of the "mountains will be guests, no guests do not live in the mountains," the characteristics of the Hakka people with the characteristics of a typical mountain inhabitants. The war in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty touched the migration of the Hakka people. Most of the Hakka people moved out of Fujian Province, while the incoming Hakka people were concentrated in various parts of the Methodist region (present-day Meizhou, which was once set up as Jiaying Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty). The main reason is that the Methodist Church is located in the east of the Lingnan north on the best corridor, there are more low-lying hilly areas for reclamation, coupled with the process of resistance to the Yuan once into ruins, that is, in response to the "Wen Lu called from the army to work for the King, the overthrow of the Yashan, the state of the people died of eighty-nine, the wells are all empty". Therefore, the Hakka people moved from other towns to regroup. As a result of a large number of Hakka people in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty moved into the vicinity of the Methodist Church, thus making Meizhou the Hakka hinterland, the center of Hakka settlement, with the status of "Hakka capital".
D. Late Ming and early Qing Dynasties
The reason for the migration was, on the one hand, the expansion of the internal population and, on the other hand, the influence of the Manchurian aristocrats who came to dominate the Central Plains. As there were many mountains and few fields, the contradiction between population and cultivated land became more and more intense, and people kept moving outward, such as from Chengxiang, Changle to Haifeng, Guishan, Xin'an and other coastal areas during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and from Tingzhou to Fuzhou, etc. In the early Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, people from Jiaying and Changle moved to Fuzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, during the Kangxi period, people moved from Jiaying and Shaozhou to Guangzhou as the core of Zengcheng, Huaxian, Xin'an, Dongguan, Heshan and other places. "Restoration of the boundary" moved to today's Baoan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Zhongshan, Taishan and other places, the "Hu Guang fill Sichuan" moved to Sichuan, Guangxi and other places. After the failure of the late Ming and early Qing dynasty Hakka raised troops to the King, in order to avoid being implicated, more incognito, or fleeing around, many people with Zheng Chenggong moved to Taiwan.
This issue of the migration route is: mainly by the Fujian and Guangdong Lingshan region, moving to the central and coastal areas of Guangdong, and Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan and other places, and a small part of the back to Gannan, Jiangxi and Ganzhong Gannan north of the western Luoxiao Mountains on both sides, so that the Hakka in Jiangxi, there is a difference between the new Hakka and the old Hakka.
E. Tongzhi Years
The migration of some Hakka people was caused by the incident of the West Road in Guangdong and the influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
After the incident of the West Road in Guangdong, most of the local Hakka people moved southward into the states of Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian under the financial support of the government, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and those who were far away from them crossed the sea to the Yaxian County of Hainan Island and Ding'an and other places.
The Hakka people as the main body of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom after the failure of the Qing Dynasty rulers to all the surnames of Hong and other men, women and children to participate in the uprising to be massacred, so a lot of Hakka people or to change their names, or fleeing the country. A large number of Hakka people fled to Hong Kong, Macao, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and like indentured Chinese laborers, they were forced to work in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, North and South America to engage in hard labor. During this period, the Hakka were mainly relocated from the central and eastern parts of Guangdong to the western and southern parts of the world, as well as Hainan and Southeast Asia.
The migration of the Hakka was not organized and led, but was an unorganized and very scattered migration.
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