Eight wonders of Genghis Khan?

Genghis Khan unified the mountains and rivers that have been divided since the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties.

And promoted the national integration of China.

Initially laid the territory of China.

It has made great contributions to the establishment of a unified multi-ethnic country and the formation of the Chinese nation.

Genghis Khan, the founding monarch of Mongolia, was a famous military commander. Temujin, surnamed Bolzigit Banner, Mongolian. The Yuan Dynasty caught up with the temple name Taizu. Genghis Khan was born in a noble family in Mongolia. About 1 170, his father was poisoned by the Tatars, and his widow Yue Lun led Temujin and his brothers through a hard life for several years. The difficulties and obstacles in his youth cultivated Temujin's perseverance and courage. After the death of the Mongolian leader Khan, most Mongolians were under the control of Jamukha, and Temujin took refuge in Jamukha and nomadic with him. Temujin won and attracted people's hearts, and finally left Jamukha and established his own Voludo. /kloc-in the 1980s, Temujin was called Khan. Jamukha led zagreb ansan, taichiwu and other 13 troops to attack, and Temujin was divided into 13 wings to fight, but lost due to insufficient troops. Historically, it was called the Battle of the Thirteen Wings. 1 196, Temujin and Tori Khan of Keliebu sent troops to help the gold, and defeated the Tatars in the Variza River (now Jihe River in eastern Mongolia). Temujin was awarded the post of Chawu Hulu (minister) by Jin, and Tori Khan was named king (Tori was called Wang Khan from now on, and the language was Wang Han). Temujin and Wang Han joined forces to attack Gunaiman's department and met Naiman's headquarters on their way back to Li. Seeing that the enemy was powerful, Wang Han left without saying goodbye and left Temujin in front of Naiman. After Temujin found out, he quickly withdrew his troops and returned to his pasture Sarichuan (now west of the upper reaches of the Krulun River in Mongolia), but instead exposed Wang Han to the enemy. Wang Han was defeated. Because many Mongolians were at Wang Khan's place, Temujin was afraid that they would be swallowed up by Naiman, which was not good for him, so he sent the black blind man, Muqali, Boroqul and Chilaowen, known as the four great masters, to rescue Wang Khan and repel Naiman. Temujin was good at using contradictions in tribal wars and gradually got rid of his vassal status to Wang Han. 120 1 ~ 1202, Temujin joined forces with Wang Han and won the war with Jamukha (Tatar, Naiman and other tribal alliances). Jamukha surrendered to Wang Han. 1202, Temujin destroyed the four towers and occupied the Hulunbeier Plateau, and its strength soared. 1203, Wang Han launched a surprise attack on Temujin, and Temujin retreated to the north of the Haraha River. Soon, Temujin took Wang Khan by surprise, captured Wang Khan's tooth account, and Kelie died. In the same year, Wang Jiabu also joined Temujin. 1204, Temujin wiped out the sun-sweating Urudo and became the biggest ruler of the Mongolian Plateau.

1206, Temujin held the hulitai meeting in the south source of the river (now the Enen River in Mongolia), that is, the Great Khan of Mongolia, named Genghis Khan. In the early days of Mongolia, Genghis Khan fenced and fixed Mongolian herders at 95 thousand households. There are 100 households and less than 1,000 households 10 households. Thousands of households are vassals of Genghis Khan, and the herdsmen of each household can't leave their organizations at will, and they all have private affiliation with Yan Na. Genghis Khan gave some of the thousands of households as leaders to his brothers and sons, forming the right-hand king. Muqali and Bolshevi are the two biggest officers. Expand the Xue-fearing guard to 10000, and recruit thousands, hundreds and ten children as Xue-fearing guards, thus controlling the whole country. Shezaru Hu Chi is responsible for administrative and judicial affairs such as household registration and litigation. Genghis Khan's Khan court is a nomadic military feudal state machine developed by the traditional grassland aristocrat Frodo. After the establishment of Mongolia, a large number of primitive tribal populations were divided into different thousand households, and the boundaries of many tribes disappeared, and a Mongolian nation with the same * * * began to form. Genghis Khan played a positive historical role in this respect. Neighboring parts, such as Jilikis, Uighur and Halalu, belonged to Genghis Khan in 1207, 1209 and121year respectively.

The flourishing Mongolian aristocrats are eager to have a lot of wealth. Genghis Khan invaded Xixia three times on 1205, 1207 and 1209. Xixia had to, please accept the woman and make peace. 12 1 1 year, led a great army to attack gold in the south. 12 15, Mongolian troops occupied Zhongdu, wiped out the Jin defenders in western Liaoning and captured Beijing (west of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia). 12 18 years, the western Liao Dynasty perished. 12 19, Genghis Khan led 200,000 troops to the west and launched a war of aggression against Huatuo Mozi. He invaded several roads, divided and surrounded strategic towns, and conquered them one by one. He used cruel means such as mass killing, leveling the city and releasing prisoners to shock the enemy and relieve his worries. The initiative on the battlefield is entirely on Mongolia's side. 12 19, Mongolian troops besieged Hottelart city and conquered it the following year. 1220, Genghis Khan captured Buhuala and samar Gan (now Samarkand, Uzbekistan), Shu Chi, Wokuotai and Chagatai led the troops to conquer Yulong Jiechi (now urgench, Turkmenistan), and Tuo Lei's army entered Khorasan area. Zhe Bie and Subutai were ordered by Genghis Khan to pursue Maha, the ruler of Hualamozi who fled to an island in the Caspian Sea and died of illness. Zhe Bie and northern Jiangsu led troops to invade westward as far as Crimea. 122 1 year, Tuo Lei occupied all the territory of Khorasan. Genghis Khan pursued Zalandin to the Indus River without success. 1222, Dalu Flower Pool was placed under the supervision of the occupied area. 1223, samar spent the winter and returned to China the following year. Genghis Khan's expedition to the west carried out a massacre and great destruction rarely seen in history, which brought great disasters to all ethnic groups in Central Asia. 1226, Genghis Khan went to Xixia. Xixia died the following year. 1July, 227 12, Genghis Khan died of illness. On his deathbed, he put forward the strategy of destroying the gold by uniting with the Song Dynasty. Empress Martai gave birth to four children: the eldest son, Shu Chi, was the ancestor of Chincha khanate; The second son, Chagatai, is the ancestor of the Chagatai khanate; Sanzi Wokuotai, the second generation of Mongolian Khan (Yuan Taizong); The fourth son, Tuo Lei, was later a member of the Yuan Dynasty and the royal family of Ilihan. Queen Hulan gave birth to her son Kuolejian, and her descendants entered Hejian King in Yuanfeng.

Genghis Khan unified Mongolian ministries and played a progressive role in history. Attacking gold and destroying summer laid the foundation for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. He has outstanding military ability, strategically attaches importance to joint attack from far to near, and tries to avoid making too many enemies. Using soldiers pays attention to the tactics of carefully exploring the enemy's situation, dividing and encircling, long-range surprise attack, feint to lure the enemy, and destroying the enemy in the movement. History says, "deep and thick, using soldiers like gods." On the other hand, the war is brutal, killing residents on a large scale and destroying the town of Tian She, which is very destructive. /kloc-in the third century, the social crisis in major feudal countries was deep, which provided favorable conditions for Genghis Khan to carry out large-scale military expansion.

Genghis Khan's "Great detour" Strategy

/kloc-In the 3rd century, the descendants of Genghis Khan conquered more than half of Eurasia. This unprecedented war established the historical position of Mongolian military science in the world military history. Genghis Khan was able to capture such a vast area in just 60 or 70 years, and he was sure to attack and win the war. After a long-term study, western historians concluded: "At that time, the weapons of the Mongolian army were better than others and more suitable for practical use; Genghis Khan's military system is relatively perfect and the military discipline is strict; The general is good at strategy, art of war and strategy. " (Great Commander Genghis Khan's Strategy, 234 pages, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 199 1) It can be seen that there are very rich military thoughts in Mongolian military science. In this paper, the great detour strategy in Mongolian military science is discussed as follows.

First, the great detour strategy originated from Mongolian hunting, and its outstanding feature is to subdue the other side with strategy before using strength. It comes down in one continuous line with Sun Tzu's "paradox" thought.

The great detour strategy in Mongolian military science is one of the operational strategies formed by Genghis Khan and his descendants in the long-term campaign. On the premise of comprehensive reconnaissance of the enemy's situation and terrain, Mongolian troops often rely on cavalry's enduring endurance and quick maneuverability to cross unimaginable deserts, dangerous beaches, snow valleys and wasteland, unexpectedly and boldly insert and divide the enemy's depth, cooperate with the attacking troops below, surround the enemy on all sides, and force the other side to disintegrate quickly.

The circuitous strategy of Mongolian army originated from Mongolian hunting. They skillfully applied hunting skills to the war, and many strong castles became wild animals in their siege. Therefore, the prominent feature of the Mongolian army's great circuitous strategy is that it does not achieve the goal of war by defeating the enemy, but uses the hunter's cunning and profound eyes to stare at the enemy's rear and surround the enemy from left to right, leaving no retreat for the other side. Even if there is a chance to live, it is entirely tactical. This big detour strategy is very different from other ancient armies' attack methods. It does not directly challenge the enemy lines, but it is more practical and the means are more subtle. He also tried to subdue the other side with "scheming" before using his strength, which is in the same strain as Sun Tzu's "paradox" thought.

Sun Wu summed up the laws of war and put forward the idea of "cunning way". Since then, the guiding ideology of war with "benevolence and righteousness" as the core before the Spring and Autumn Period has disappeared in the Warring States Period. However, with the establishment of the feudal empire, the ruling class regarded the folk art of war as a scourge in order to safeguard its own interests. With the rise of Confucianism to the orthodoxy of the ruling class, the "paradox" thought of military strategists has gradually stopped, let alone inherited and developed. Genghis Khan comprehensively inherited and developed Sun Tzu's "paradox" thought in the practice of war. Of course, this does not mean that Genghis Khan is familiar with the art of war, but that Genghis Khan also realized this truth in his long-term struggle with animals, tribes and foreign enemies. Because regular things will not lose their function because of the passage of time. From the action of Genghis Khan's strategic reconnaissance team, we can see how skillfully Sun Tzu's "paradox" thought was used by them. Before Genghis Khan's expedition to Europe, he sent Butai and Zhe Bie to carry out reconnaissance missions. They passed through Georgia, defeated Georgia's elite team, and then crossed the Black Cliff of the Caucasus to the Turk Basin. There is already a very powerful army waiting for them here. The Mongolian army was really tired, and the outcome of a fierce battle was undecided for one day. The next day, they came to Man Ku's camp with gold, precious cloth and good horses and said to them, "We are the same race. Why should we join forces with foreigners to attack your brother? The benefits they give you can be obtained from us. " The Kumans left their allies with gifts from the Mongolian army. Su Butai took the opportunity to chase and defeat them and got back all the gifts he had just given them. When it comes to benevolence and morality, quick success and instant benefit is a taboo, but he follows the law of war. Their reconnaissance contributed to Genghis Khan's plan to explore Europe in 18. It can be seen that Genghis Khan's grand detour strategy is not only a military action, but also an idea that comes down in one continuous line with the Art of War. In the development of China's military thought, Genghis Khan's grand detour strategy is of epoch-making significance.

Second, the implementation of the great detour strategy embodies the unity of opposites of speed and distance, and the light cavalry of the Mongolian army created the "blitzkrieg" in the agricultural era.

The concrete implementation of the grand detour strategy needs speed first. Without speed, there can be no suddenness of the war, and there can be no encirclement of the enemy. Secondly, it needs a long-range attack. Without long-range attacks, it is difficult to deter the enemy. It can be said that Genghis Khan's army has these two conditions, which is also the secret that he can conquer the world.

/kloc-in the third century, the armies in Europe and Asia were mainly infantry and heavy cavalry, while the Mongolian army was all light cavalry. Light cavalry has the characteristics of strong assault and flexibility, and is suitable for long-range attacks. Heavy cavalry has good protective performance and poor maneuverability, which is suitable for front-line confrontation. Therefore, Mongolian light cavalry, like mechanized troops in World War II, often forced the enemy to disarm with absolute military superiority. This made the battlefield built in Genghis Khan's era completely a hurricane battlefield. If we compare it with the German "Blitzkrieg" in World War II, we will find that there is something similar to the German "Blitzkrieg" in the war commanded by Genghis Khan. It took the Germans a month to capture Poland in World War II. Blitzkrieg took two months in Denmark and Norway; It took only a month to attack France and occupy Paris, the capital of France. This was the "blitzkrieg" in the industrial age, while the "blitzkrieg" in the agricultural age was unique at that time. When the Mongolian Western Expedition Army fought in Europe, it assembled: "From the north bank of the Yangtze River to the border of Baurgard, it took two to three months to complete the troop assembly. In this way, the average daily marching speed of the troops reached 90 to 95 kilometers. Its surprise attack: it took only two months and five days to capture northern Russia, with an average speed of 85 to 90 kilometers per day; It took only two months 10 day to capture south Russia, and the daily attack speed reached 55 to 60 kilometers; It took only three months to capture Hungary and Poland, and the daily attack speed reached 58 to 62 kilometers. " (History of Ancient Mongolian War, 240 pages, Beijing, Nationalities Publishing House, 1992) It can be seen that Genghis Khan's light cavalry has the same characteristics as today's mechanized troops, that is, fast speed, strong suddenness and strong attack power, which often makes the other side unprepared. Genghis Khan broke the rigid offensive and defensive tactics of13rd century by using the good mobility of light cavalry, thus completely controlling the initiative on the battlefield. At that time, the invincible Mongolian army has aroused the fear of Europeans, and even distant cities, such as Lubeck (a city on the south bank of the Baltic Sea) and Nuremberg (now Bavaria, Germany), have stepped up their defense preparations. Even Britain at that time was on tenterhooks and once banned ships from fishing at sea. At that time, Europeans' fear of Genghis Khan's descendants was an instinctive reaction to some extent, because it was not clear why the Mongols were unstoppable. Some people even attributed the retreat of Mongolian troops due to the death of Wokuotai to the wisdom of their pope and emperor. Later, Napoleon of France had a unique view on this. He believes that the Mongolian army's westward expedition is not a blind movement in Asia, but a strict military organization and careful command. They are invincible because they are smarter than their opponents. Napoleon's analysis hit the nail on the head When the Mongolian army is advancing like flying sand and stones, it is an effective big detour strategy behind it. And this strategy, when Mongolian soldiers grazing and hunting, has been produced and matured.

Third, the big detour strategy can create a vast space for the war, make the offensive and defensive structure of the battlefield mutate, thus disrupting the enemy's deployment and creating favorable fighters for themselves.

The great detour strategy of Mongolian army can take detour as a straight line, avoid reality and attack the virtual, expand the war space, save troops and weapons, and accelerate the war process. When the Mongolian army destroyed the gold, Wokuotai adopted the general plan of attacking the gold in a roundabout way left by Genghis Khan at his deathbed. He let lead the main force of the marked army, bypassed Tongguan, the important town of 8 Jin Army, left Hanzhong from Baoji, forced through the jurisdiction of the Southern Song Dynasty, went down the river, went north through Tang (now Tangxian County, Henan Province) and Deng (now Dengxian County, Henan Province), adopted a big detour strategy, and suddenly appeared behind 8 Jin Army. The rulers were very alert. They quickly sent more than 654.38 million people to defend the Yellow River and Tongguan. The two armies joined forces in Dengzhou, with only 30,000 people in Tuo Lei. He used harassment tactics to avoid confrontation with the Jin Army, which made the Jin Army from afar very tired. At this point, the positive forces of the Mongolian army had crossed the Yellow River and headed for the capital of song dynasty, and 8 Jin Army retreated hastily. When they retreated to Sansheng and Zhou Jun (now Yuxian County, Henan Province), they were surrounded by two Mongolian regiments, that is, they joined forces, and then they relented and adowa the pursuit of the 8 Jin Army. Since then, the Mongols have been advancing to this border city. The death of gold is close at hand.

However, the Mongolian army went south to destroy the Song Dynasty, but the war lasted for 45 years. This may be one of the most difficult opponents they have ever met. Because there are many rivers, canals and towns in the Jianghuai area where the Southern Song Dynasty is located, except for the defense lines of Shukou, Xiangyang and Huaihe River, the western section is a continuous mountain canyon, the eastern section is located in the lower reaches of Huaihe River, and there are many waterways, with the Yangtze River graben behind it, which is not conducive to cavalry operations. However, the Mongolian army can assess the situation, avoid reality and make a virtual difference, and give full play to its specialty. They chose Shu as the focus of their strategic attack because it was rich, and nearly one-third of the income in the Southern Song Dynasty came from Sichuan. In addition, the geographical conditions in Sichuan are particularly important. If the Mongols seize Sichuan, they can cross the Three Gorges, flow eastward and reach Jiangdong. In order to give full play to the special features of Mongolian cavalry, Wokuotai followed the circuitous encirclement strategy of wide front and great depth when destroying gold, and launched an attack on the wide front from Jianghuai in the east to Sichuan and Shaanxi in the west, trying to cross the Yangtze River and enter Jiangnan. However, due to the scattered forces, although there were breakthroughs in various war zones, due to the unfavorable climate and the death of China's military commander, they had to retreat halfway. After Meng ascended the throne, he learned the lessons of Wokuotai's failure and began to set up officials to build cities in the occupied areas, preparing for a protracted war, avoiding the defects of spring going away and not consolidating the results. In terms of strategic guidance, it is still the primary goal to capture Bashu, and at the same time, Kublai Khan is sent to lead the army through Yunnan, with the aim of attacking it in the southwest, and then going north to meet the main force and going east to Lin' an. Unfortunately, when Monge Khan carried out his big detour strategy, because he loved war, he would attack whenever he met a strong enemy, which made his main force dull in Sichuan Fishing City until he was killed by a stone, thus affecting the realization of the whole strategic goal.

Today, when we study the strategic thinking of the Mongolian army to destroy the Song Dynasty, we are all deeply impressed by the vast battlefield they opened up. The great detour strategy of Mongolian army made Jin helpless, and also made Song Ting's defense along the river lose its barrier. Although the first two circuitous attacks by Mongolian troops on the Song Dynasty failed to achieve the expected purpose of the war, Kublai Khan's army actually made a detour to Dali, Yunnan at that time. After nearly a year's fighting, Wulianghatai pacified "Dali's five cities, eight prefectures and four counties, Wu Bo, Baiman and other 37 departments" (Biography of Wulianghatai in Yuan Dynasty), and merged with the Sichuan Mongolian Army, making it ripe for the Mongolian and Song Dynasties to fight a decisive battle in the frontal battlefield. If it weren't for the frustration of the Mongols at Diaoyutai, the Taiwan troops in Wuliangha could have left Song Jun's back in Jinghu, Guangxi, and then headed for Lin 'an. In this way, the Southern Song Dynasty may perish several years earlier. It can be seen that the Mongols' great detour strategy can not only create favorable fighters that are beneficial to themselves but unfavorable to the enemy, but also take advantage of it to change the balance of forces between the enemy and ourselves, fundamentally disrupt the enemy's deployment and force the enemy to submit.

Fourth, the grand detour strategy is the product of the combination of general courage and military strength. To some extent, it is not only an overall planning problem, but also a practical problem. Genghis Khan's unique military system and thought of running the army created a high-quality army, which enabled his strategic thought to be implemented.

By studying the concrete application of the great detour strategy in Mongolian military science, we can find that the great detour strategy is not only a general plan problem, but also a practical problem. The great detour needs a very talented commander-in-chief, and the strategic task of carrying out the great detour needs

We need a well-trained army, otherwise the big detour strategy can only be an armchair strategist.

Genghis Khan is universally acknowledged as a great strategist. He can make correct judgments and decisive decisions on complex enemy situations. Before the Mongolian army's expedition to the west, Genghis Khan faced challenges from three aspects: one was the nine-year war with the State of Jin, the other was the rebellion in Xixia, and the third was the slaying of envoys and the slaughter of the caravans. Genghis Khan weighed the advantages and disadvantages, and adopted the strategy of stabilizing Xixia, stabilizing Jin Dynasty, and making all-out efforts to explore the western region with the flower thorn submodule. The model soldiers of the Western Expedition are divided into three ways. When the army advanced, Zhe Bie was sent all the way around the enemy lines, making a detour in the strategically sensitive direction of Kashgar, cutting off the contact between Hua La Zi Mo and Ah Fu and Khorasan, and covering the strategic development of the main force. Shu Chi, the eldest son, and Zhe Bie, the general, led an army of 30,000 people through the valley between Pamirs and Tianshan Mountains, which was a real death zone. At that time, "they were traveling in more than ten feet of snow, and they climbed the intersection of two peaks covered by more than 4 thousand meters of snow: Giselle Aldo and Tielie Gudabagan." In the snowstorm, horse legs were wrapped in cowhide, and people wore double-layer fur coats, marching in the ice and snow between more than 7 thousand meters of mountains. In order to warm their bodies, they cut the horse's blood vessels with a knife, drink the warm blood from the horse and seal the blood vessels. (The military strategy of the great commander Genghis Khan, page 150) This historical material reflects the miracle created by the Mongolian army in the military history of mankind, which dwarfs Hannibal and Napoleon's action of crossing the Alps. When the Mongolian army suddenly appeared in Fergana Valley, the elite troops led by Muhammad were waiting for them. The exhausted Mongolian army fought the enemy with amazing mobile operations under very unfavorable circumstances. The fierce fighting lasted until late at night, and everyone rang his golden bell and retreated. Genghis Khan, after receiving their battle report, ordered Shu Chi to return, and Zhe Bie led 5000 people to continue to detour to the upper reaches of the Amu Darya River in the south. After Genghis Khan and other follow-up troops were launched, they led 50,000 Mongolian cavalry and marched circuitously from the north, crossing the Syr Darya River in a deserted place and passing through the Kejirkum Desert. "This 500-kilometer-wide Kejirkum Desert is considered by the world to be a natural obstacle that animals can never pass. 650 years later, Russian cavalry lost all their horses in the war against Ye Hua. Now Genghis Khan suddenly appears in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River and can be executed behind Muhammad. " (The same book, page 157) At this time, Mohammed was attacked on all sides: Genghis Khan in the west, Chahetai and Wokuotai in the north, Shu Chi in the east and Zhe Bie in the south. This is the most typical example of Genghis Khan's great circuitous strategy, which has created two miracles in the history of world war, and this miracle can only be realized by the Mongolian army under the command of Genghis Khan at that time.

This shows that the endurance and hardship of Genghis Khan's army are amazing. If the army of the Song Dynasty wanted to carry out Genghis Khan's grand detour strategy, it might have been swallowed up by the snow-capped mountains and deserts before the war started. The reason why Genghis Khan's army is brave and invincible has a lot to do with its unique military system and special thoughts on running the army.

First of all, integration of defense and civilian technologies's military system made Mongolian soldiers develop an iron will from childhood. According to historical records, "Mongols have been holding bows and arrows since they were three years old." (Same book, page 263) They eat grass, ride and shoot, hunt and hunt, and sensitive horse tactics were born very early. Clan fights and looting between countries have blurred the boundaries between soldiers and people. Now people are discussing why nomadic people in China can often enter the Central Plains and open the gateway to the Central Plains with high walls. I'm afraid that's the reason. Because the mobility of nomadic people itself is the deduction of offensive style, and the typical agricultural life in the Central Plains stifles people's offensive consciousness to some extent. A nation without offensive consciousness can imagine the consequences if it wants to fight against the powerful nomadic people.

Secondly, Genghis Khan's thought of running the army has achieved a high degree of unity of nationality and science, which is the fundamental reason why he created a high-quality Mongolian army. The so-called nationality means that Genghis Khan's army management is completely based on the objective reality of his own nation. For example, hunting and training is a brand-new military-civilian compatible training method. The so-called scientific nature means that Genghis Khan runs the army completely from actual combat. It used Xixia as an opponent to test its own army, "trying to train the Mongols in the war against Xixia in order to facilitate the future war against China." In addition, Genghis Khan also attached importance to the training of officers. "Any officer who stays at home instead of receiving my education will be destroyed like a stone submerged in water." (The same book, page 95) The officers returned to the camp as instructors after training in Khan's court. After a whole set of systematic training, the Mongolian army finally became what Genghis Khan hoped: "In daily life, it is like a two-year-old calf, but in battle, it is like the fight of an eagle. In banquets and entertainment, leisure is like a pony, but in battle, it is like the sea pouncing on the enemy. Like an old wolf during the day, like a crow vigil at night. " (History of Mongolian Empire, 162, Shanghai, Commercial Press, 1989) It is Genghis Khan, an outstanding military strategist, his invincible army and the great detour strategy in Mongolian military science that can shine brilliantly in the history of world wars.

A great circuitous strategy can't be separated from a steady supply of materials. The reason why the Mongolian army can repeatedly make outstanding achievements in circuitous circuitous ways lies in its "sheep and horses follow the levy and damage the enemy because of food."

The implementation of the great detour strategy is generally far from the rear, and Genghis Khan and his descendants' western expedition basically started from the base area. The ancients said: "The soldiers and horses have not moved, and the grain and grass go first." However, the Mongolian army has a unique and distinctive logistics support system, thus ensuring the expedition of the Mongolian army.

Nomads "migrate by water plants, and cities are often in farming." (Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu) In a sense, the unity of characters is completely driven by living conditions. The Mongols marched to fight, and wherever they opposed the livestock, people followed them, but wherever the troops went, the sheep and horses were also expelled, which fundamentally solved the problem of military supplies for the troops.

Due to the limited number of sheep and horses carried during the expedition, in order to fully eat these livestock, Genghis Khan also specially stipulated the method of slaughter: "Use two bladders of cattle and sheep to blow up the air and put the bone tube into the tube hole of the bladder. The bone canal is engraved with thread lines. Puncture a hole between the fourth and fifth ribs of the beast, then insert the bone tube into the wound, compress the bladder and inject air into the lungs. When you do this, the beast dies immediately. Death seems to be electric shock. The advantage of this killing method is that the meat quantity increases by 70%, the nourishing power is strong, the meat quality is soft and delicious, and it is easy to preserve for a long time. " (General Genghis Khan's Military Strategy, page 274, Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House, 199 1) The purpose of doing this is to absorb the nutrition of animal blood and intestines as much as possible and make full use of the sheep and horses carried. Thus, the Mongolian army has a set of effective self-survival methods. To say what its invincible secret is, extremely frugal eating habits are one of its winning secrets. Because of its extraordinary survival potential, it has extraordinary combat effectiveness when competing with the enemy and the motivation to keep the war machine running continuously.

The Mongolian army "feeds on sheep and shoots rabbits, deer and wild tapirs for food." Therefore, hundreds of thousands of teachers don't keep fireworks. "This historical data (13 Record of the Tatars) shows that Genghis Khan's army still has strong field survival ability even when its own food is exhausted. When Genghis Khan was on the Western Expedition, his king Muhammad learned from the secret agent: "The Mongolian army took everything used in the battle with him, and it was satisfied with dried meat and yogurt. They don't care about the quality of food. They can eat all kinds of animal meat, even pork and dog meat. Their horses don't need wheat and straw. Their horses can dig snow for grass with their hooves, and even dig soil for weeds and grass leaves to eat. No mountains and rivers can stop their progress. They can cross any valley passage, and they can lead horses' manes across any river. "(Tactics of Great Commander Genghis Khan, page 156) Muhammad was shocked by the powerful Mongolian army. Since then, he has no intention of fighting again, and he has retreated wholeheartedly, just trying to escape.

The Mongolian army is indeed an army with strong viability. Their minimum expectations of nature are several times lower than those of ordinary people. When they "invade other countries, they must take advantage of this ... because of the food." (The Story of the Black Tatar, p. 85) The Mongolian army became stronger. One of the concrete measures of the Mongolian army is to rob livestock for later use. The second method is a combination of hard and soft, forcing the castle with strong walls and clear venues to supply food. After occupying the south of Varamozi, Zhe Bie told the residents: If you want to avoid being killed, surrender and provide food quickly, and don't rely on the defenders of the castle. According to Mongolian law, the property and family members of the surrenders belong to the winners. Genghis Khan's diet is moderate. When he occupied Bukhara, he rode his horse to the Muslim mosque in the city, boarded the altar and said to the Muslim monks, "There is no meat and grass in the wild, and people are hungry when horses are hungry. The soldiers are all suffering. Open your grain depot. " (General Genghis Khan 159) At this time, the warehouse keeper with the key will run out. Third, every time a place is captured, a combat base will be established to support the war. There is a development process from the beginning of plunder to the establishment of bases. "When Mongolian nobles began to enter the Central Plains, plundering wealth was one of the main purposes of their war. From gold and silver, livestock to population, they were all looted. " (General History of Mongols,1page 43) This is a great damage to the local economy. Later, they accepted feudal rule and managed the occupied areas. In A.D. 1253, Kublai Khan once reclaimed land in Fengxiang, exchanging salt for grain for military supplies.

In a word, the Mongolian army has solved the supply problem of the army in its own unique way, and this solution does not make the soldiers bear too much burden or have a long queue after the battle sequence like the general army, but it is solved in the most portable way in the eating habits developed by their nation for thousands of years. This lightness is reflected in the fact that the sheep or horses they eat do not need special equipment to transport, thus greatly reducing the burden on the Mongolian army, having more strength and ability, and boldly weaving circuitous ways into the enemy's depth, which often makes his enemies unbelievable, which is why the Mongolian army captured the castle so easily. Because the defenders of these castles were frightened by the enemy who broke into the castle, they didn't have time to make a solid defense. Even if they were prepared, the Mongolian army happened to appear in the area where they had not yet defended. They thought it impossible for the enemy to sneak attack. Therefore, liddell hart, an Englishman, commented: "In the Middle Ages, the best example of strategy was not in the West, but from the East. 13 century is an era of fruitful strategic development in the west. " (17) The grand detour strategy in Mongolian military science is the most wonderful part of these strategies. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that Genghis Khan and his grandson in the Warring States Period were two extraordinary peaks in China's military history.

Genghis Khan is the most successful "sower" in human history, and his descendants are all over the world.

According to the British Sunday Times 13, Sykes, a genetic scientist at Oxford University, said in his new book that Genghis Khan was the most successful man in human history. Mongolian Khan fought in the battlefield for 40 years, which not only has a territorial border across Europe and Asia, but also made many women pregnant with his descendants. It is estimated that at least160,000 people are male descendants with his super male chromosome.

Sykes, a professor of human genetics, published a new book "Adam's Curse" on the study of male chromosomes (or Y chromosomes), claiming that Genghis Khan may be the most successful "sower" in history, and even the descendants of Genghis Khan may be found in the British Isles due to the continuous migration of human beings.

The father will pass the male chromosome directly to his son. Genghis Khan's territory crossed Mongolia to Afghanistan in the13rd century, and extended to Russia and Iran. Researchers at Oxford University took DNA samples from Asia 16 and found that 8% of the residents had the same male chromosome. Scientists think they may be descendants of Genghis Khan, because one third of Hazara people also have this chromosome. Hazara people living on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan have always claimed that they are descendants of Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan's army is invincible in Eurasia. Every time the Mongolian army captures a city, it will carry out a massacre. Genghis Khan allowed soldiers to plunder property and asked his subordinates to pay him beautiful women to vent his desires or be his concubine.