How many international systems did the world have historically?

Historically, the world has had five international systems: the Westphalian system, the Bretton Woods system, the Vienna system, the Yalta system, and the Versailles-Washington system.

1, the Westphalian system

Westphalian system (westphalian system) is a series of peace treaties signed to symbolize the end of the Thirty Years' War, the signing of the two sides were ruling Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Habsburg royal family and France, Sweden, and the Holy Roman Empire within the Brandenburg, Saxony, Bavaria and other vassal states.

And the Peace of Westphalia, signed on October 24, 1648, formalized this series of peace treaties in Westphalia and symbolized the end of the Thirty Years' War. Historians generally regard the Peace of Prague of 1635 and the Peace of the Pyrenees of 1659 as part of the Westphalian peace treaty series.

2. Bretton Woods System

The Bretton Woods monetary system (Bretton Woods system) refers to the international monetary system centered on the U.S. dollar after World War II.

July 1944, the representatives of the major Western countries in the United Nations International Monetary and Financial Conference established the system, because the meeting was held in the United States in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, so it is called "Bretton Woods system".

The General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT), as a supplement to the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, together with the agreements adopted at the Bretton Woods Conference, is collectively known as the "Bretton Woods system", i.e., the multilateral economic system with foreign exchange liberalization, capital liberalization and trade liberalization as the main elements, constituting the core of the capitalist bloc.

The establishment of the Bretton Woods system promoted the recovery and development of the capitalist world economy after the war. The system was brought to an end by the Nixon administration in 1971 because of the frequent outbreaks of the dollar crisis and the U.S. economic crisis, as well as the insoluble contradictory nature of the system itself.

3. Vienna system

The Vienna system was a new system of equalization established on the European continent through the Vienna Conference by the victorious countries led by Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia after the collapse of Napoleon's empire in the early 19th century.

Napoleon used war to export revolution to Europe, and the feudal monarchs of Europe were so afraid that they united against France. Although it was already in the age of steam and industrial capitalism had become the trend of development. But because the combined power of the feudal forces on the European continent greatly exceeded the power of capitalism, Napoleon was defeated.

Based on the sanctions against France, the victorious European feudal monarchs convened the Congress of Vienna, which defined the feudal order of rule and the state system in Europe. We call this the Vienna System.

After the establishment of the Vienna system, Britain regained control of Europe and reached a balance of power in Europe, and the center stage of the world's international relations remained in Europe. This state of European dominance lasted until the First World War.

4. Yalta System

The Yalta System (English: Yalta System), the name given to the international political landscape during the period of 1945-1991, was named after the Yalta Conference held by the heads of government of the U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R., Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin, which took place in Yalta, USSR, in the early part of 1945 (now part of the Crimea, Russia).

The Yalta System was characterized by a global Cold War for hegemony centered on the two poles of the United States and the Soviet Union, but did not exclude localized wars (such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Afghan War, etc.) in which the two superpowers directly or indirectly participated.1989's dramatic changes in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the disintegration of the bipolar pattern and symbolized the final disintegration of the Yalta System. the final collapse of the Yalta system.

5. Versailles-Washington System

After World War I, through the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference, the imperialist powers established the Versailles-Washington System, which established the order of imperialist domination in Europe, West Asia, Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, It established the order of imperialist domination in Europe, West Asia, Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, and was the system by which the imperialist countries redivided the world and enslaved the colonies and semi-colonies after the First World War.

The Washington Conference was an erroneous continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which re-consolidated imperialism's position in the world, brought deep disaster to China, and returned China to a situation of domination by a few imperialist countries.

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