What are the characteristics of traditional data file processing

One, manual management stage: characteristics

Data manager: people

Data-oriented object: an application

Data *** enjoyment: no *** enjoyment, redundancy is very large

Independence of the data: not independent, completely dependent on the program

Data structured: structureless

Data Control: the application program controls itself

Two, file system stage:Characteristics

Manager of the data: the file system

Data-oriented object: an application program

Degree of **** enjoyment of the data: **** enjoyment is poor, redundancy is great

Independence of the data: independence is poor

Structuring of the data: Structured within the record, overall unstructured

Data control: the application program's own control

Three, the database system stage: characteristics

Data manager: database management system

Data oriented to the object: the entire application system

Data's **** degree of enjoyment: *** enjoyment of a high degree of redundancy

Data independence: a high degree of physical and logical independence

Data structuring: overall structuring, described by a data model

Data control capabilities: data security, integrity, concurrency control and recovery capabilities provided by the database management system