What are the differences among modern Chinese, classical Chinese and historical vocabulary? What are the main types of loanwords absorbed by Chinese?

The things or phenomena represented by historical words have disappeared in the real life of the nation, and they are only used in specific situations involving historical events, phenomena, people or other nationalities, or in order to achieve certain rhetorical effects. Historical vocabulary can be roughly divided into four categories:

(1) Tool name. Such as: Ding, Wei, Fei, Que, Ji, Cave, Temple and Altar;

(2) the system of laws and regulations. Such as: gate valve, imperial examination, doing, doing, Jinshi, juren;

③ The name of the palace. Such as: prime minister, Qiu, Sima, imperial envoy, governor, magistrate;

(4) Name and location. For example, Xuanyuan, Jingwei, Gonggong, Chang 'an, Dadu and Tokyo.

Historical vocabulary has four functions:

(1) is used for academic monographs, especially historical monographs.

(2) Used in historical novels, plays, movies, TV series, etc. For example, Yao's masterpiece Li Zicheng; Li Ling's Xing Cao, which reflects the Nian Army uprising, uses a lot of historical vocabulary. For example, movies such as Lin Zexu, The Storm of the Sino-Japanese War, Companion, and TV dramas such as Li Shimin, Tang Minghuang, Yang Guifei, Nurhachi, Yongzheng Dynasty and Kangxi Dynasty all use a lot of historical vocabulary.

(3) Used in specific diplomatic occasions to reflect the situation of foreigners. Although quite a few historical words have disappeared in the real life of our nation, they still exist in the real life of other nations. Such as "The British Crown Prince Charles and Princess Diana officially broke up", "The Romantic History of Princess Anne", "His Royal Highness beatrix wilhelmina armgard" and "His Royal Highness the Nepalese Crown Prince".

(4) In order to achieve certain rhetorical purposes. For example: "The little emperor of China is a generation full of hope and a very dangerous generation." "The emperor's daughter-don't worry about getting married."

Classical Chinese words refer to those words used in ancient Chinese. The things, phenomena and relationships they represent or refer to still exist in real life, but most of them have been replaced by easy-to-understand modern Chinese vocabulary. Generally, these words are rarely used in spoken language, but mostly used in specific written language. There are roughly two categories:

(1) Content words in classical Chinese: Miao (offspring), milk (reproduction), laughter (dimple), prison (jail), standing on the wall (lofty), defiled (filthy), profane (slender), listening (listening), and.

(2) Function words in classical Chinese: Wu (Bie), Ju (Du), Shang (Huan), Zhi (De), Zi (Cai), He (He), Zhen (hen), Ye (Ye), Yi (Le), Hu (Mo/Ni) and Gang.

There are several types of loanwords:

1. Transliteration of Loanwords

According to the pronunciation of foreign words, they are generally called transliteration words, also called pure transliteration words.

Regardless of the meaning of the Chinese characters used, just seek sound approximation: tank (English) guitar (English) poker (English) sofa (English) model (France) Soviet Union (Russia)

When choosing Chinese characters with similar pronunciations, consciously use some morphemes whose meanings are more in line with the original words: humor (English) engine (English) vitamin (English) utopia (new Latin)

2. transliteration of loanwords with sound and meaning divides a loanword into two parts, half transliteration and half free translation.

Chauvinism, Marxism, romanticism, ice cream, apple pie, X-ray, New Zealand.

"Shawn" is the transliteration of chauvin, and "ism" is the free translation of ism.

3. transliteration plus free translation of loanwords After transliteration of the whole word, a Chinese morpheme is added to express the meaning class.

Motorcycle beer ballet jeep sardine card carbine flannel

bar

First transliterate English motor with "motorcycle" and then add Chinese "car".

4. Letter loanwords directly use foreign letters (abbreviations) or words combined with Chinese characters.

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3s research on AA CT scanning BP machine: the AB angle of the Klan in the 3C revolution.

PH value of B-ultrasound Kara 0SOS children's village T-shirt