Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - Customs of Yi people
Customs of Yi people
The main food in Yi people's life is corn in most areas, followed by buckwheat, rice, potatoes, wheat and oats. Meat mainly includes beef, pork, mutton and chicken. They like to be cut into big pieces (fist size) for cooking, which the Han people call "tuorou". Liangshan and most Yi people do not eat dog meat and do not eat horse meat, frogs and snakes. Yi people like to eat hot and sour, and they are addicted to alcohol, so they have the etiquette of entertaining guests with wine. Wine is essential for solving various disputes, making friends, weddings, funerals and other occasions.
Yi people can sing and dance well. Yi people have various traditional tunes, such as climbing mountains, entering doors, welcoming guests, eating wine, getting married and mourning. Some tunes have fixed words, some don't, and they are all improvisations. Folk songs are divided into male and female voices, and local folk songs have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include Hulusheng, Mabu, Bawu, Kouxian, Yueqin, flute, Sanxian, chime, bronze drum and Daping drum. Yi dance also has its own characteristics, which can be divided into two types: group dance and solo dance, and most of them are group dances, such as "dancing songs", "dancing music", "dancing on the moon", "singing and dancing" and "pot dance". Cheerful movements and strong sense of rhythm are usually accompanied by flute, Qin Yue and Sanxian.
Yi people's October solar calendar comparable to Mayan civilization: the calendar is a symbol of human civilization. One of the essences of the world-famous Mayan culture is the calendar. In the past, most parts of China used the Lunar New Year. However, among the Yi people in China, there is also a little-known ancient calendar-the October solar calendar of the Yi people. It is speculated that this calendar originated from Fuxi in ancient times, with a history of about tens of thousands of years. It traces the history of China's civilization back to Egypt, India and Babylon.
Who can tell me something about the customs of Liangshan Yi people? (1) Ethnic Name: Most Yi people call themselves "Sunuo", "Nasu" and "Niesu" (or later "Po", which means "people" in Yi language) because Yi people are widely distributed. There are many different self-proclaimed names in history. According to incomplete statistics, until the eve of liberation, there were Naluopo, Mishapo, Prapo, Puwapo, Axipo, Shunipo, Li Po, Gepo, Luopo and Luowupo. Su Nuo, Nie Su are all Yi languages, and Nuo, Na and Nie are all caused by phonetic differences in different dialects, all of which mean "black" (also meaning "tiger"). In the concept of Yi people, black contains deep, wide, tall, big, strong, rich, noble and subjective meanings. "Su" means group, people and family, while "Su Nuo" (or "Su Na" and "Nie Su") means "subjective nation" and "black nation". Starting from 1950, the Yi people chose Ding Yi's "Yi" as their surname, replacing the word "Yi" in the old historical documents. (2) Ethnic origin: Yi people originated from the ethnic origin of the ancient Qiang people. Due to the lack of historical records of China, there have been various opinions in academic circles for a long time: in the south, that is, ancient Vietnamese and Malays; In the east, the Chu people said; To the west, * * * is still the border between Tibet and Myanmar; Yunnan aborigines said; Hehuang ancient Qiang people in the north; In addition, there are Pu people, Lu people and Yunnan aborigines. 6000-7000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people living in Hehuang area in northwest China began to develop in all directions and swam to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who swam southwest settled along the Jinsha River in Du Qiong in Anning River Basin and Dianchi Lake in Pudu River Basin. In history, the residents of Dianchi Lake were called "Yue Qiang", "Qing Qiang", "Barbarian", "County Yi" and "Left", and they have been integrated with the local people, Liao, * * * and so on, becoming the ancestors of Yi people. On the basis of the integration of ancient Qiang people and southwest indigenous tribes, the integration of Kunming people and ordinary people is a new development in the formation of Yi people. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the integration of Kunming people and (general) developed into the integration of modern people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan were called Zuo Ren in China's history books, and sometimes they were tied with Pu. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there have been two kinds of barbarians among the ancestors of Yi people. Wuman is developed from Kunming tribe, while Baiman is mainly composed of Lao, Pu and other ethnic groups, and is integrated with other ethnic groups. During the long-term formation and development of Yi ancestors, their activities once spread all over the central areas of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and a part of Guangxi, and their core areas should be the vast areas adjacent to the three provinces. Yi people all over the country have the same legend from Zhong Mouyou. According to the Complete Genealogy of Shuian, it has been passed down to 85 generations in the early years of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, which can be traced back to the early Warring States period, and the six sons born have developed into the "six ancestors" tribe. The origin and formation of yi nationality. The ancestors of the Yi people are closely related to the ancient stone men and Qiang people distributed in the west of China. In the Western Han Dynasty, an ancestor of the Yi nationality was named "Kunming". "Sou" in the Eastern Han Dynasty was also the name of the ancestors of the Yi people at that time. Wuman people in Tang and Song Dynasties (called "Luoluo" after Yuan Dynasty) are the direct ancestors of Yi people. Due to different historical conditions caused by various reasons, the formation of the Yi people has always been dual. A branch represented by the Yi people in Yunnan was formed on the basis of the emergence of the state. The establishment of Nanzhao State in the Tang Dynasty marked the real formation of this Yi people. The other is represented by the Yi people in the north of Liangshan, Sichuan. They never established a country, but first United into a tribe and then developed from a tribe into a nation. Historical evolution of geographical distribution of yi nationality. The Yi people are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces, namely, the Daliangshan area south of the Dadu River in Sichuan and on both sides of the Anning River, a tributary of the Yalong River, the area between Jinsha River, Yuanjiang, Ailao Mountain and Wuliangshan in Yunnan, and Huaping, Ninglang and Yongsheng in western Yunnan, which are called "Little Liangshan" in Yunnan and Anshun and Bijie in Guizhou. The natural environment in these areas where the Yi people are distributed is relatively poor, most of them are very complex mountains, some of them belong to extremely cold mountainous areas, and there are few flat dams and river valleys. The formation of this distribution pattern has experienced a long historical evolution. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the activity centers of Yi ancestors were in Dianchi Lake, Yunnan and Du Qiong, Sichuan (now southeast of Xichang). & gt
Yi people's custom of climbing the flower floor-the marriage and love of Yi men and women: climbing the flower floor is a unique custom of Chu people. When a girl reaches the age of 16, her parents will build another hut for her to spend the night alone, while young men over 20 can climb the hut of their beloved girl and have sex at night. They whistle together, listen and tell each other their love. Even if there are several young couples at the same time, everyone is at home. Once love is mature, both men and women can get married with the consent of their parents, and parents generally do not interfere with their children's choices.
The wedding of Yi people in Xiaoliangshan, Yunnan is quite distinctive. When getting married, the man should prepare a horse and bring gifts such as wine, cloth, meat and noodles to meet the bride. Girls in daughter village can do everything they can to splash water on the wedding guests and catch them to have fun. All the people who send the bride are men, and the bride can't enter the door until the sun goes down. Before entering the door, a wooden bowl filled with mutton, a handle and wine was held by one person and wrapped around the bride's head to show that she was rich after marriage. Then the bride was carried into the house by her cousin.
Dancing with vegetables-Yi people's song and dance meal: Dancing with vegetables means serving. It is the unique serving form and the highest etiquette for banquets of Yi people in Wuliangshan and Ailaoshan in Yunnan, and it is a long-standing traditional food culture that combines dance, music and acrobatics perfectly.
When entertaining guests, the square table is generally placed along two lines, with guests sitting around on three sides, leaving a vegetable jumping channel in the middle. Three gongs kicked off the dish jumping: gongs, lusheng, sanxian, stuffy flute, leaves and other folk music played together; Amid the shouts of girls and boys, I saw a Yi man with his hands arched, his steps high and low, and his expression anxious and slow. Another man put a dish (***24 bowls) on his head and arm and followed the entrance. They joined the simple folk music concerto, made funny expressions on their faces, and danced back and forth with relaxed, beautiful and smooth steps. Two partners dancing with towels are acting very strangely, just like butterflies playing with flowers, rushing forward and rushing back, hugging left and right, escorting them.
A pair of dishwashers want to serve four tables. Their partners arrange 32 bowls of vegetables in a gossip array, each bowl of vegetables is like a chess piece. Have their own positioning, everything according to the ancient rules under the table one by one, not disorderly.
Patriarchal family system prevails in Yi people all over the country, and young children often live with their parents. Women's status is low. The inheritance is divided equally among scholars, and unique businesses are generally owned by close relatives. Father and son names prevailed in the history of Yi people, and this custom continued in Liangshan Yi people until the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC). Monogamy is the basic marriage system of Yi people. Marrying a daughter-in-law requires a higher bride price, and the more table marriage becomes more popular, the husband dies and transfers ownership. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, some Yi areas in Yunnan still maintained the public housing system, and Liangshan Yi people maintained a strict hierarchical internal marriage. In history, most Yi people practiced cremation. Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the residents of Liangshan and Yunnan along the Jinsha River still had this burial custom. Other areas have gradually changed to burial since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Clothing:
Yi people's rich and colorful costumes are the concrete embodiment of Yi people's traditional culture and aesthetic consciousness. In the long historical development process, the Yi people living in different areas have created and formed their own different clothing customs, which play an important role in the composition of Yi material folk customs. According to the regional and branch manifestations of Yi costumes, Yi costumes can be divided into six types: Liangshan, Wumeng Mountain, Honghe, Southeast Yunnan, West Yunnan and Chuxiong, and each type can be divided into several styles. Here are some of them. (1) Liangshan type is mainly prevalent in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan and its surrounding counties, as well as Jinsha River Basin of Yunnan Province. The specific natural geographical environment and social form in a specific historical stage formed by the isolation of natural ravines and gullies in Liangshan are simple and unique, which completely maintains the cultural characteristics of traditional costumes. Liangshan men's and women's shirts are right-handed clothes with large rows of buttons. Men and women, old and young, wear shoes, blankets, leggings and felt socks. A man's hairstyle is a traditional "Tianzun", that is, a lock of long hair is stored on the top of his head, mostly wrapped in a long black or dark blue scarf, often wrapped in a pointed cone and obliquely inserted in his forehead, which is called a "hero's knot", and his left ear is adorned with beads and silver earrings. Pants are worn, which are divided into large, medium and small trouser legs due to different languages and regions. The most distinctive accessory is Tatu, which is worn obliquely on the body, woven with fine beef tendon and inlaid on the surface ... >>
The custom of Liangshan Yi people is monogamy. Our nation has many unique customs and habits. In the past, men in black hired cattle, horses, gold and silk when they were engaged to get married. Bai Yi hired wine, cloth and money; Cognac uses wine, hemp and fried noodles. After liberation, the dowry was simple. Generally, after young men and women get engaged, the man asks someone to go to the woman's parents to act as matchmaker and bring a bottle of wine. As long as the woman's parents pick up the wine, they agree. Then the man goes to the woman's house for formal engagement, usually with twenty or thirty zhangs of cloth, twenty or thirty dollars, and all the cloth money is given to the woman. After three months, the man will buy three pieces of green cloth or blue cloth, a piece of meat and a bottle of wine to the woman's house. These things are for her parents. They are called "small gifts". The man asked Bimo to choose a date and discuss it with the woman's parents. At this time, you can buy some wedding supplies for the woman according to your family situation, which is the so-called "eight-character". The bride's parents prepare a dowry for their children, usually making a cupboard, two dressing tables, two boxes and three small tables. The big table must be equipped with eight stools, and the second table and the small table only have four stools. You also need to prepare two sets of bedding, washbasin, vat and towel. When the man asks for relatives, he should make a set of clothes for the woman, including Baotou, shoes, needle and thread, etc. , by his bride back to the woman's house. These things will not be taken out until the woman's parents invite the singer to drink "wedding songs" in the evening. If the singer makes a mistake, the married person will take out the wrong thing and turn it around three times in front of the singer, and put it in his bag with a smile. It will not be returned to the bride or groom, and the married person will have it himself. If the singer sings exactly what he wants. The married man couldn't get out, so the singer hit the married man three times with a dustpan, which caused the guests to burst into laughter. Married people and female singers continue to sing. Female singers must beat married people and let them put the back reed in the middle of the room. Then, the female singer takes out her pants when she sings pants, and takes out her farm jacket when she sings clothes. When a Yi girl gets married, the girl's sisters and brothers and young men and women of the same age can splash water on the guests attending the wedding. In the larger Yi stockade, ten days before the girl got married, the young men and women in the stockade. Just cut some wooden stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to control them into tripping ropes. When the wedding guests arrive, they use dozens of buckets of water prepared by the roadside. Dial to the wedding guests. The guests at the wedding can't escape, they are all soaked in the water. Only by running hard and running into the bride's house can we not be splashed. So, prepare a smart wedding person. If he finds that there is a back door in the girl's house or another road leading to the bride's house in the village, he will take advantage of the water splashing person's inattention, walk into the woman's house, light three sticks of incense on the table of the woman's house, burn three pieces of money paper and knock three heads to avoid being splashed by water. However, it is not easy for most married people to do this and they will be splashed with water. It's freezing, teeth are cold, young men and women often laugh, and the woman's parents find clothes to change for the guests attending the wedding. Generally, water is poured, and some places have already poured cow dung water, such as Liangshan. There is a record of "splashing cow dung water" in Volume 12 of Xichang County Records. It is said that the water must be spilled on her husband's house, so that she won't go far away to fetch water, and it's getting late. She has food and clothes. According to historical records, in the past, there was a custom of robbing marriage in Liangshan, Sichuan and parts of Yunnan. "Snatching marriage", according to the Yi people's statement: "This is handed down from the older generation. The man's robbing is a kind of respect for the woman's family, indicating that it is not impossible to get married and send it away. " Although the marriage between men and women is arranged by parents, they are married through a matchmaker. However, when they get married, the man's family sends the matchmaker and the groom's brother to the woman's house to pick up relatives on the first day, and also invites two relatives to spread blankets and carry horn wine with them. To take relatives to the woman's village farmers, two people carrying horn wine first take relatives to the woman's house, and the woman's house has the right to beat them with sticks at their door. At night, the woman's young people can discredit their loved ones. On the third day, the bride's uncle, brother and other relatives sent the bride to the man's house, and they should try to get bowls, spoons or other things from the man's house. When you leave the man's village, you should run around the square outside the village and break the bowl you brought, which is called "talking" locally, and then leave the venue. There is a custom in southern Yunnan. On the basis of mutual love between men and women, the man and the other half take the woman to the man's house in the form of fake robbery, and then make up the marriage proposal ceremony. Young men and women generally take advantage of collective singing and dancing to get to know each other and fall in love during the Spring Festival. If the two are privately married for life, it is convenient for the man to invite a few friends and take the woman to the man's house in the form of fake robbery at the place agreed with the woman in advance at night. Once a woman is taken to a man's room, it means that she is married. The next day, the bride will be at the man's house in ............................................................................................................................................................... & gt
What are the hospitality customs of Yi people?
Folk people have the habit of "beating sheep" and "beating cattle" to welcome guests. If there are visitors, they must be killed first and then treated. According to the identity and closeness of the visitors, they are treated as cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens respectively. Before killing animals, bring live animals to guests, ask them to have a look, and then kill them to show respect. Wine is a welcome gift for guests. In Liangshan, as long as guests come into the house, the host must entertain them with wine first, and then cook various dishes. The fat pig is the most decent meal for the guests. In the middle of eating, housewives should always pay attention to the food in the guest's bowl, and replenish what they can't finish at any time to show their sincerity in hospitality. When eating, the elders sit on it, and the younger generation sits on both sides and below in turn, adding rice, serving dishes and soaking in water to the elders.
Custom of baking tea on blind date
Baked tea is a daily necessity for ethnic minorities in the alpine valleys of China. Because of the cold and dry climate and the lack of vegetables, we often supplement the nutritional deficiency by drinking rich hot tea. The so-called "tea must be drunk three times a day". Roasted tea is diverse, salty, sweet, bitter and spicy, full of life flavor. It is not only the source of energy for hard work, but also the spiritual thing to entertain guests in festivals.
It is said that in the local area, if you can't learn the skill of baking tea and can't bake good tea at your aunt's house, your father-in-law will think that you are incompetent and won't marry your girl. So local boys will learn to bake tea when they are fifteen or sixteen, and they all have their own unique skills in baking tea.
There is also a story among the Yi people that Bailing takes tea seeds from Baizhang Cliff in Wuliangshan to treat all diseases for people. In order to commemorate Lingbi, when guests drink tea, boys and girls always imitate Lingbi to dance, and every time they paste rice and fragrant teas, pots and pans are also related to Bailing. [2]
marriage customs
After the young men and women are engaged, they should make preparations for the wedding reception. Pigs and chickens are often used at wedding banquets, but mutton is generally not used (mutton is used for funerals). The Shiping Yi people in southern Yunnan have the habit of inviting men and women to eat and drink before marriage. Yi people in western Yunnan, who have married their daughters, want to build a shed with branches in the yard or on the dam for guests to drink, smoke, eat and sit around. People call this temporary shed made of branches a "green shed".
Marriage and love of Yi people are strange and interesting. The most interesting thing is that girls who have held the "dressing ceremony" can have sex with their sweetheart in the "theater", and there are traditional wedding customs such as the matchmaker saying that they are friendly to drink and engage in betrothal, starving the bride, crying all night, splashing water on the guests attending the wedding, robbing the bride and fighting in the bridal chamber.
Girls change nepotism.
When Yi girls come of age (usually 15 years old), they will hold a grand "dressing ceremony" according to the custom. At the ceremony of changing skirts, the girl asked her sisters to change her original single braid into double braids and put them on her head. It is also necessary to tear off the original white pendant or old earring line and replace it with coral beads or silver earrings such as red agate to show good luck. Finally, the girl took off the original red and white children's skirt and put on a blouse embroidered with lace and a colorful pleated mop-up dress in black, blue, yellow and white. After wearing the new skirt, the girl can go to the "playground" to dance and sing, participate in social activities and start looking for her sweetheart.
Back bride
According to Yi custom, when the bride leaves the house, her feet can't touch the ground, otherwise there is a danger that her children are not sweet. The young man who takes care of the bride must carry her and help her get on the horse. There are also various rules on the way home: if the mountain is too high and the road is too narrow to ride a horse, the young man who takes care of the bride must take turns carrying the bride; Crossing the river and wading, it is even more necessary for people to carry water across the river. The bride's embroidered shoes must not get wet.
Splash water on relatives.
Yi people believe that clear water can drive away evil spirits and bring happiness. Therefore, Yi people must splash water when they get married. In order to withstand this test, men should be strong and nimble when greeting their relatives, so as to cope with the cold of splashing water and complete the arduous task of robbing the bride. They often review candidates repeatedly and select the best candidates, and some of them travel long distances to select talents.
The wedding ceremony of the Yi people was completed by robbery. On the first night of "robbing the bride", the girls launched a fierce water war against the young man. The girls attacked the young man violently in various ways, such as splashing, splashing and patting. This makes it difficult for young people who come to "grab relatives" to parry. So, the clever young man found a place to store water before dark and quietly dumped some of it to alleviate the attack of "flood".
After pouring water all night, it was dawn and "robbing relatives" began. At this time, the girls hug the bride and the boys go to the "competition". Girls are well-defended, while boys are smart and changeable. They took advantage of the loophole that appeared in an instant, grabbed the bride and ran, and ran out of the Yierli Mountain Road before changing. It can be seen how great it is to "rob" the bride to her husband's house ... >>
What are the customs of Yi people? Torch Festival is the most common and grand traditional festival in Yi area, usually on June 24th or 25th in the summer calendar. Different regions have different legends about the origin of this ancient festival. A more common legend is that there was a Hercules Sjelabi in the ancient sky. He heard that there was a strongman, Attila Ba, so he went to earth to wrestle with Attila Ba. As a result, Slaby lost. After calling back to the gods, the gods were furious and sent locusts to trample crops on earth. On June 24, Attila called on people to light pine branches and torches to drive away insects, thus driving away pests and defeating the gods. In order to commemorate the victory over the gods, from now on, every year to today, we must raise a fire to celebrate. Every Torch Festival, Yi people, men and women, old and young, should put on festive costumes, play with livestock, offer spiritual cards, dance, sing, race horses and wrestle. In the evening, we walked around the house and fields with torches, and then got together to light a bonfire and dance.
In the eyes of Yi people, fire symbolizes light, justice and prosperity, and a powerful force that can destroy all evil. Torch Festival is a festival of joy, love and happiness for Yi people. A few days before the Torch Festival, people have prepared all kinds of torches. The first day is to decorate torches at home, just as beautiful; The next day, I went to relatives and friends' houses to celebrate the festival and talk about my torches. On the third day, we lit torches, held them high and walked into the fields, bringing happiness to the people and wishing the farmland a bumper harvest. On the third day, when night falls, it will be Torch Festival. At this time, people cheered and were very lively. The streets are decorated with colorful lights and filled with festive atmosphere. People are wearing colorful clothes and their faces are full of smiles. They held high torches, crowded into the crowd, and sang and danced, which was very lively! They are integrated, and the torch held high is particularly dazzling, instantly turning the originally dark night into day.
. . . . Too many, right?
History of Yi folk custom materials
Yi nationality is a nationality formed by the continuous integration of ancient Qiang people with southwest indigenous tribes in the long-term development process. Six or seven thousand years ago
The ancient Qiang people living in Hehuang area in northwest China began to develop in all directions, and one of them swam to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who traveled to the southwest formed "Six Yi", "Seven Qiang" and "Nine Borders" in the southwest of the motherland, which are the so-called "Song Yueyi", "Qing Qiang", "insulting Kun", "labor immersion" and "Mimo" that often appear in history books. When the ancient Qiang people swam to the southwest, there were already two ancient nationalities in the southwest-Baipu nationality and Baiyue nationality. After the ancient Qiang people went to the southwest, they learned that Baipu and Baiyue lived together for a long time and absorbed the southern culture of Baipu and Baiyue. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the integration of Kunming people and Yan (Pu) developed into the integration of modern people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents in eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan were called "Lao people" in China's historical records, and sometimes "Lao people" were juxtaposed with "ordinary people".
Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there have been two kinds of barbarians among the ancestors of Yi people. Wuman is developed from Kunming tribe, while Baiman is mainly composed of Lao, Pu and other ethnic groups, and is integrated with other ethnic groups.
During the long-term formation and development of Yi ancestors, their activities once spread all over the central areas of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and a part of Guangxi, and their core areas should be the vast areas adjacent to the three provinces.
An important feature in the history of the Yi people is the long-term maintenance of the slave possession system. Around the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC, there was a split between nomadic tribes and settled agricultural tribes in Yi ancestors' society. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a group of ancestors of the Yi nationality were constantly divided, which indicated that the Kunming tribe had basically completed the transition from primitive tribe to slave ownership on the basis of conquering ordinary tribes.
In the 1930s, the Mongolian society Zhao Tong introduced the Six Zhao Dynasties, and the ancestors of the Yi and Bai nationalities in Yunnan established the Nanzhao slavery regime, with the ruling center in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in western Yunnan, covering eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan, and basically controlling the main distribution areas of the ancestors of the Yi nationality.
Nanzhao slavery dynasty once ruled the Yi ancestors' areas for a long time, which had a far-reaching impact on the existence and development of local slavery. In the second year of Tang Dynasty (902), the collapse of Nanzhao slavery dynasty did not mean the demise of slavery in the areas of Yi ancestors. For more than 300 years in Song Dynasty, Yi ancestors in Rong (Yibin), Lu (Hanyuan) and Li (Hanyuan) were in the struggle between Song Dynasty and Dali regime, and the slave economy was relatively prosperous. In line with this, the slave production relations appeared the situation that big tribes enslaved small tribes.
In the third year of Mongolia, Mongolia and Mongolia Khan (1253), Mongolian cavalry attacked Yunnan in three routes from Sichuan, passing through the Yi region, which led to the formation of a loose anti-Mongolian alliance in the divided Yi region and began to be unified under the name of Luoluo people. Accordingly, Mongolian aristocrats intensified their struggle for the local Yi people and developed into a chieftain system in some frontier ethnic areas, in which the hereditary positions of leaders of all ethnic groups were enfeoffed to rule the local people. From 1263 to 1287, the Yi Tusi were established in Yuexi, Xichang, Pingshan, Dafang, Zhaotong and Weining.
During the 276 years of Ming Dynasty, the land spanned the Yi Tusi (Mozi) such as Shuixi (Dafang), Wuxuan (Weining), Wumeng (Zhaotong), Mangbu (Zhenxiong), Dongchuan (Huize), Yongning (Xuyong), Mahu (Pingshan) and Jianchang (Xichang). On the basis of the above hierarchical relationship, the chieftain system of Shuixi, Jianchang and Wumeng Yi people in Ming Dynasty is still the superstructure of slavery.
During the period of Kang Yong, the Qing Dynasty carried out the policy of "changing the soil into the stream" in the Yi area, which dealt a heavy blow to the forces of Tusi, Mutu and slave owners. With the development of social productive forces, some areas have quickly transitioned from slavery to feudalism.
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Culture and art
Yi people can sing and dance well. Yi people have various traditional tunes, such as climbing mountains, entering doors, welcoming guests, eating wine, getting married and mourning. Some tunes have fixed words, some don't, and they are all improvisations. Folk songs are divided into male and female voices, and local folk songs have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include Hulusheng, Mabu, Bawu, Kouxian, Yueqin, flute, Sanxian, chime, bronze drum and Daping drum. Yi dance >>
The daily life customs of the Yi people are characterized by large dispersion and small settlement, so the houses of the Yi people are different everywhere. But most houses have a fire pit, which will not go out all year round. It is not only used for heating, lighting, stewing or baking food, but also the center for gathering friends and receiving guests. Pot stones or tripods in the fire pit shall not be trodden with feet, and spitting in the fire pit is strictly prohibited. Grill unclean things, as well as taboos in the fireplace. Yi people have strict customs and habits for the young and old, men and women, subjects and guests. When meeting elders, the younger generation must stand aside and let the elders go first; When the elders enter the house, they must be seated, and the rest are seated in turn; When eating, the elders sit on it (commonly known as "the upper seat"), and the younger generation sits on both sides and below in turn, waiting on the elders to add rice, vegetables and soaking. Don't touch the heads of adults and old people. A brother can joke with his sister-in-law, but a brother can't joke with his sister-in-law. The guest entered the room and offered his seat. The host sits on the guest's left, and the younger generation sits opposite the guest. It is forbidden to wear sandals on the kang; Take off your shoes when you go upstairs; Naked and semi-naked adults are prohibited from entering the house; Don't step on the threshold or sit on it; Don't knock on tables and bowls with chopsticks; Don't whistle, sing folk songs and swear at home; Women's clothes and trousers can't be dried in passing places and beside honeycombs; It is forbidden to urinate in front of the sun.
Yi customs to pictorial, you have to go to the encyclopedia:
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