1. How does monopoly arise? Why is it said that monopoly does not eliminate competition? 2, what are the forms of state monopoly capitalism?

1. How does monopoly arise? Why is it said that monopoly does not eliminate competition?

Answer:The so-called monopoly means that a small number of large capitalist enterprises, in order to obtain high profits, manipulate and control the production, sale and price of commodities in one or several sectors through mutual agreement or alliance. Monopoly arises for several reasons: First,

When the concentration of production develops to a fairly high degree, a very small number of enterprises join together to manipulate and control the production and sale of their own sector and to monopolize it in order to obtain higher profits. Secondly, the huge size of enterprises creates a restriction on competition and also creates monopoly. Thirdly, intense competition brings increasing losses to the competing parties and in order to avoid losing both, firms will reach a compromise among themselves and join together to impose a monopoly.

Monopoly does not eliminate competition, but makes it more complex and intense: first, monopoly does not eliminate the economic conditions that produce competition. Competition is the general law of commodity economy. After the creation of monopoly, not only did it not change the capitalist private ownership of the means of production, but it also promoted the continued development of the commodity economy, so it is impossible to eliminate competition. Secondly, monopoly must be maintained through competition. Various monopolistic organizations develop and grow through competition. After achieving a certain monopoly position, because of the intrinsic motivation to reap high profits and the extrinsic pressure of facing stronger competitors, monopoly organizations must continuously enhance their competitive strength and consolidate their monopoly position. Thirdly, society is complex and diverse, and no monopoly organization can encompass the all-encompassing society. In fact, outside the monopoly organizations, there are numerous small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and competition also exists among these non-monopoly enterprises. Even in sectors with a very high degree of monopoly, it is impossible for there to be only one monopoly organization. In order to consolidate their monopoly position and obtain more monopoly profits, each monopoly organization is bound to engage in fierce competition among themselves. In short, in the monopoly conditions, in the monopoly organization, the monopoly organization and the monopoly capitalist group, the monopoly organization and the non-monopoly organization and the small and medium-sized enterprise between the existence of a wide range of fierce competition.

2. What are the forms of state monopoly capitalism?

A: There are four forms of state monopoly capitalism: the first is the state-owned and directly operated enterprises, including: state-owned enterprises to meet the country's own needs, state-owned enterprises providing public **** products, state-owned enterprises in high-tech, high-risk emerging industrial sectors and state-owned enterprises in general industrial sectors. The second type is state and private ****-owned, joint ventures, including: state-owned enterprises to sell a part of the shares to private state and private **** with investment in joint ventures, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises to merge, state-owned enterprises to private enterprises to participate in the shareholding and state-owned enterprises to private enterprises to transfer to the lease or contracting operation. The third is the participation of the state in the process of regeneration of private monopoly capital through a variety of forms, including: the state, as a purchaser of goods and services, orders in large quantities from private monopolies, providing a guaranteed state market for private monopolies; the state, through various forms of subsidies and grants, directly and indirectly finances private monopolies; the state, through social welfare funding, raises the purchasing power of the community and expands consumer demand, creating market conditions for the private monopoly market. create market conditions for the private monopoly market. The fourth type is macro-regulation and micro-regulation. Macro-regulation is mainly the use of fiscal policy, monetary policy and other economic instruments by the state to regulate aggregate social supply and demand in order to realize the basic goals of rapid economic growth, full employment, price stability and balance of payments. Micro-regulation is mainly the state to use legal means to regulate the market order, limit monopoly, protect competition, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the public this time.

3. Why is it said that state monopoly capitalism embodies the partial degeneration of capitalist relations of production?

A: State monopoly capitalism is a new development of monopoly capitalism, which has a positive effect on the development of capitalist economy. First of all, the emergence of state monopoly capitalism is to some extent favorable to the development of social productive forces. Under the condition of state monopoly capitalism, the governments of the capitalist countries use the huge amount of capital in their possession to invest in the process of social reproduction, and to organize those huge projects which are beyond the power of private capital to do and which are adapted to the requirements of the new scientific and technological development

4. What is the essence of the export of capital?

Answer: The main economic motives for the expansion of monopoly capital to the world are: firstly, to export the surplus capital at home in order to seek high profits abroad. Secondly, to transfer part of the non-vital technology to foreign countries in order to obtain monopoly advantage in other countries and seize high monopoly profits. Thirdly, to compete for the market for the sale of commodities. Finally, to ensure a reliable source of raw materials and energy. These economic motivations and monopoly capital political, cultural and diplomatic interests confidential linked together, intertwined with the role of *** with the promotion of the expansion of monopoly capitalism to the world.

6, some say, is the global capitalization; others say, globalization is Americanization. Apply the principles learned to comment on these views.

A: Economic globalization is a process full of contradictions, which produces positive effects as well as negative consequences. The main manifestations are: firstly, the gap between developed and developing countries widens. Secondly, social progress is neglected in economic growth, and environmental degradation and economic globalization may occur simultaneously. Thirdly, the existing institutions, government leadership, social facilities, policy systems, values and cultures of countries, especially those that are relatively backward, will face the impact of globalization, which will lead to governance crises of varying degrees both within countries and in the international community. Fourthly, economic globalization has turned the industrial restructuring of countries into a global exercise, which provides the conditions for the improvement of a country's economic competitiveness, but at the same time carries the risk of dependence on other countries. The negative consequences of economic globalization will constrain or even destroy the development of global productive forces and have a serious impact on the sustainable, stable and healthy development of the global economy

7. What are the manifestations of the new changes in contemporary capitalism? How to recognize its causes?

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(2) Reasons: 202 The changes that have taken place in contemporary capitalism are fundamentally the result of the action of the general laws of human social development and the laws of the capitalist economy; the changes that have taken place in contemporary capitalism are changes within the basic framework of the capitalist system, and they do not imply that the fundamental nature of capitalist relations of production has undergone a change. It is one-sided and unscientific to exaggerate the partial changes in capitalism as fundamental changes in the quality of capitalism; it is also undesirable to deny completely the significance of the new changes in contemporary capitalism and to deny that contemporary capitalism has become different from traditional capitalism in many respects.

8. There is a view that capitalist elements or factors can be produced within feudal society because the two relations of production are of the same private nature, while socialist elements cannot be produced within capitalist society because the nature of the two relations of production is fundamentally opposed. Try to comment on this view by applying the principles learned.

9. How is the historical position of capitalism viewed?

Capitalist society, like all other socio-economic systems in history, its emergence, development and eventual replacement by another higher socio-economic system are all determined by the general laws of human social development, and are objective and natural historical processes that cannot be shifted by human will. However, compared with other socio-economic systems before it, the capitalist system has unprecedentedly raised the productive forces of society, which is incomparable to any other society before it. In this regard, Marx and Engels pointed out in the ****Productive Manifesto: "The bourgeoisie has created in less than a hundred years of its class rule more and more productive forces than all the productive forces of all past generations."

Compared with feudal society, capitalism shows great historical progress: first, capitalism transforms science and technology into powerful productive forces. Secondly, the intrinsic motivation of capital to pursue surplus value and the extrinsic pressure of competition drove the rapid development of social productive forces. Finally, the ideology and political system of capitalism, as the superstructure, played an important role in overcoming the self-sufficient and small-scale mode of production of feudal society, and in protecting, promoting and perfecting the capitalist mode of production, thus promoting the rapid development of social productive forces and social progress. However, the historical progress of capitalism cannot conceal its own limitations. Like all modes of production based on private ownership, capitalism's private ownership of the means of production poses a serious obstacle to the further socialization of production, a contradiction inherent in the capitalist mode of production, and which determines the conflicts, upheavals and crises that have arisen in the economic, political, cultural and social spheres of capitalism, as well as on a global scale. This limitation of capitalism cannot be eliminated within the capitalist mode of production, and it determines the historical transitory nature of the capitalist mode of production.

10. After the Second World War, capitalism was regarded as "dying but not dead, decaying but not rotten", what do you think about the development of capitalism in the post-war period?

The fact that capitalism will inevitably be replaced by a better social system does not mean that capitalist society will die out on its own in the near future. The capitalist system is still able to provide some space for the development of the productive forces, and the transition to socialism will touch on the fundamental interests of the bourgeoisie, and is bound to be obstructed and resisted, and thus the transition from capitalism to socialism is bound to be a complex, long-term historical process. The history of the development of human society has proved that a new socio-economic system replacing the old one always goes through a long, tortuous and complex historical process. In particular, the replacement of the capitalist system by the socialist system is even more long-term and tortuous, because:

First, the exit of a social and economic system from the stage of history must be such relations of production can no longer continue to accommodate the development of social productive forces. Secondly, from a worldwide perspective, the complete victory of a new social system over the old one requires, in the final analysis, that the new social system creates a higher labor productivity than the old one. Socialist society is a higher form of society than capitalist society, and it should create higher labor productivity than capitalism. But so far, the countries that have established a socialist system have not been born out of highly developed capitalist countries, but out of countries that are economically and culturally backward.

Thirdly, the realization of the replacement of capitalism by socialism in a given country depends on a number of factors, the most important of which is the formation of a revolutionary situation, and the maturation of these conditions requires a long period of gestation and preparation. Due to the law of unbalanced economic and political development of capitalism, there is bound to be an imbalance in the state of maturity of the conditions for socialist revolution in each country. In particular, the subjective conditions for revolution are even more different.

Fourthly, in the process of transition from capitalism to socialism, the emergence, consolidation and development of the socialist system will not be smooth, and twists and turns or even retrogression will occur.

In short, the replacement of capitalism by socialism throughout the world will be a fairly long historical process. The growing international division of labor has led to an unprecedented internationalization of production as well. The socialization of production forces the bourgeoisie to make local adjustments to the relations of production within the scope of the attributes of capital, developing from individual capital to share capital, to monopoly capital, and from general monopoly capital to state monopoly capital, and even international monopoly capital. But the socialization and internationalization of capital only changed the interests of the bourgeoisie and did not fundamentally eliminate the contradiction between the socialization of production and the capitalist private appropriation of the means of production. The productive forces, which are the most revolutionary and active element in the mode of production, are always moving forward, and when there is no room for adjustment and change within the capital relations, the capitalist relations of production become a complete shackle on the development of the productive forces. Then, socialist public ownership is bound to replace capitalist private ownership.