What schools of western modernist literature include?

The main schools of modernist literature:

(1) symbolism literature: it is the earliest, most successful and most influential literary school in western modernist literature, which is divided into two periods. The first period was popular in France, mainly poetry and drama. 1886, the poet Moreas published the Manifesto of Symbolism, which marked the birth of symbolism school. After World War I, late symbolism came into being, and in the 1920s, late symbolism reached its climax.

Symbolism is characterized by opposing superficial lyricism and explicit preaching, advocating the unity of emotion and reason, and advocating the creation of morbid "beauty" through symbolic suggestion, image metaphor, free association and musicality of language, expressing the inner "highest truth" and expressing the beauty and infinite imagination of the conceptual world.

Founder and three main commanders of early French symbolism;

Baudelaire: Flowers of Evil, published by 1, 1857, is a pioneering work of symbolism literature and has become a great event in the history of French literature and even the world literature. 2. Malamei: 1876. His poem "Afternoon of the Faun" caused a sensation in the French poetry circle. He was the leader of the French symbolism movement. Wei Erlun: His main works are Romance without Words, etc .46666.666666668004 His poetic style is lively, fresh and fluent, easy to understand and catchy, so he is loved by ordinary readers. 4. Rambo: 15 years old is good at writing Latin poetry and mastering the traditional rhythm of French classical poetry. Although his creative career is short,

The representative writer of symbolism literature in the later period;

1, Belgian playwright maeterlinck: He is a representative writer of symbolism drama, and his dream play The Jade Bird (1908) is the peak of his drama career. Jade bird symbolizes happiness, and the theme is to praise people's pursuit of happiness and light. Get 19 1 year Nobel Prize in Literature.

2. Irish poet and playwright Ye Zhi: His poem "Sailing to Byzantium" describes the story of an old man who traveled across the ocean to the holy city of Byzantium in pursuit of eternal spiritual life. Ye Zhi won 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature by "expressing the whole national spirit".

3. Valery, a French poet: His masterpiece in his later years was Graveyard by the Sea (1926). The theme of this poem is about the unity of opposites between absolute stillness and life change. The opening sentence "There are white doves rippling on this calm roof" has become a household name.

4. Austrian poet Rilke: He is the representative of symbolism in German literature. His famous group poems Sonnet for Orville and Elegy of Duinnao established his position as a master of modern poetry and had a great influence on the development of modern poetry. Although his style is obscure, it expands the field of artistic expression of poetry.

5. Russian poet Brock: The long poem Twelve published in 19 18 is his masterpiece and the most outstanding poet in Russia since lermontov.

6. American poet critic Pound: His masterpiece, modern narrative poem "Chapters", his influence on other writers, and many literary criticism collections made him a master of modernist literature.

7. Eliot, English poet and playwright: His poem The Waste Land (1922) is the most influential poem in the 20th century, which shows the desolation of postwar European civilization from the perspective of tragedy. In addition, he also has the poetic drama Murder in the Cathedral and the poem Quartet. 1948 obtained Nobel Prize in Literature.

(2) Expressionist literature: it is an important modernist school popular in European and American literature around the First World War. It originated in Germany, starting with painting and then spreading to literature. Nietzsche's extreme proposition of "re-evaluating everything" has had a far-reaching impact on expressionism in the German-speaking world. This formulation first appeared in a painting review published by the German critic Walden in The Knockout magazine, emphasizing the need to break through the external appearance of things, express the inner world and use "expression".

Expressionism is characterized by abstraction, deformation, the use of masks, the confusion of truth and illusion in time and space, the emphasis on sound and light effects, symbolism and absurdity. Its theoretical program is "art is expression, not reproduction", and it is argued that literature should not reproduce objective reality, but should express people's subjective spirit and inner passion, and express the essence of things through appearances, but it is meaningless to accurately describe the external form of things. Representative writers and works of expressionist literature;

1, Swedish writer Strindberg: the pioneer of European expressionist literature. His masterpieces are Go to Damascus and Ghost Sonata.

2. German playwrights Toler and Caesar: The representative work of the former is deformation. The representative work of the latter is the gas trilogy.

3. Czech playwright Capec: The masterpiece is Universal Robot (1920).

4. American playwright O 'Neill: He integrated expressionism into his own creation and formed a unique "O 'Neill School", including anna christie (1920), Emperor Jones (1920) and Hairy Ape (192 1).

5. Austrian novelist Kafka: Most of his novels express the absurdity of the world and the theme of "alienation" of human nature, which has pioneering significance in the development of modern western literature and is the originator of modern western literature. His major works are America (19 14), Castle (1922) and Litigation.

(3) Stream of consciousness literature: it is a widely used writing skill in modern western literature and art, especially in novels and movies, and it is an important type of modernist novels. It rose in Britain in the 1920s and later spread to European and American countries. Its theoretical basis is Bergson's intuitionism, Freud's psychoanalysis and william james's psychology. The concept of "stream of consciousness" was put forward by James, who believed that people's conscious activities were like a river.

The characteristic of stream-of-consciousness novel is that it is not a single, linear structure formed according to the sequence of story plots or the logical connection between plots, like traditional novels, but is organized and compiled through free association with people's conscious activities. The arrangement and connection between plots are generally not limited by time, space, logic or causality, and can be jumped, changed and interspersed at will, with the order of past, present and future. There is no close logical connection between the two scenes, such as time and place. It is a dendritic three-dimensional structure formed by people's conscious activities, which is constantly expanded and withdrawn in all directions and repeated. The artistic skills of "stream of consciousness";

1, Inner Monologue: Under the assumption that no one else is listening, a character directly reveals his feelings and thoughts without scruple. This is the "Inner Monologue", which is the most commonly used writing skill in stream-of-consciousness literature.

2. Inner analysis: The so-called "inner analysis" means that the narrator or character in the novel makes a rational analysis and pursuit of his own thoughts and feelings, which is carried out without others listening. The difference between it and "inner monologue" is that it is guided by reason, reasoning or explaining logically and orderly, rather than letting consciousness flow naturally.

3. Space-time montage: Montage is a series of techniques used to express the multiplicity of things in movies, such as "multi-perspective", "slow motion", "close-up" and "flashback". Stream-of-consciousness novelists often use this technique to break through the limitations of time and space and show the variability and complexity of stream of consciousness.

4. Poetization and musicalization: In order to strengthen the symbolic effect, stream-of-consciousness novelists sometimes use imagery metaphor, movement structure, rhythm, punctuation and even bizarre spelling to imply the feelings, impressions, mental states or meanings of characters at a certain moment with the help of poetry and music. The language of Woolf's The Waves is very similar to that of Joyce's Ulysses.

A famous representative writer of "stream of consciousness" literature;

1, French writer Proust: He is the originator of stream-of-consciousness literature, and he is famous in history for his masterpiece "Memories of Time Past". The "inner monologue" in his works is only an "inner analysis" controlled by reason, not a completely natural flow of consciousness.

2. Irish writer Joyce: His famous work Ulysses (1922) established his position in the history of literature. He is the most accomplished stream-of-consciousness writer and represents the peak of this literary school. There are a lot of monologues in this work, which are characterized by the fact that there is no trace of the author in the monologues, and they are purely the true consciousness of the characters themselves in the novel. This kind of inner monologues is called "direct inner feelings".

3. Faulkner, an American writer: He is the main representative of "Southern Literature" and the representative of American stream-of-consciousness literature, and is famous for describing the disordered consciousness. His representative works are a series of novels, including 15 novels and dozens of short stories. The Sound and the Fury (1929) is Faulkner's best consciousness.

4. British writer Woolf: She is the most accomplished woman among stream-of-consciousness writers. Her novels are often poetic, more like poetic prose in language and full of aestheticism. Her famous works are: To the Lighthouse and Waves.

(d) Surrealism literature: 1924 was born in France, developed from Dadaism, and spread to 24 countries in Europe and America from 1924 to half a century in the 1960s. This school has clear political, social and literary theories and a set of experimental artistic methods, but the situation is extremely complicated. As a broad literary movement,

Surrealists believe that literature does not reproduce reality, but expresses "surrealism", that is, "absolute reality transformed from dreams and reality", which is the unity of reality and unreality. In order to describe surrealism in content, they oppose logical reasoning thinking activities, advocate writing the coincidence of people's subconscious, dreams and things, and even turn literature into the product of dreams, subconscious and even insanity, and put forward "automatic writing"

(5) Futurism literature: it is a literary school that rose in Italy in the early 20th century, and it is the embodiment of Futurism art in the field of literature. Its literary achievements are not as high as those of painting, and it has not developed into an international literary movement like French symbolism literature and German expressionism literature, mainly confined to Italy. Later, it also spread to neighboring France and the newly established Soviet Union.

The founder is Italian marinetti, who published the Manifesto of Futurism in le figaro in 1909 and the Manifesto of Futurism Literature in the following year, further publicizing his thoughts. On the subject of literature and art, he advocates mobilizing all artistic means to concentrate on expressing things and people in motion, and dynamically praising the sense of movement, strength and three-dimensional sense. In terms of artistic form, he advocates completely abandoning traditional techniques.

1, Russian Mayakovski's long poem: Clouds in Pants.

2. Apollinaire, France: the first "ladder" poetry form.

Imagism: It is a variant of symbolism. Imagist poetry is characterized by clarity, accuracy, concentration and concreteness. It focuses on expressing the poet's intuitive image, but the author's intuitive feelings are not directly revealed, but implied through the image. American poet Pound's Subway Station is a typical imagery poem.

Seclusion: It is one of the most influential schools of poetry in Italy and the West in the first half of the 20th century. It came into being after World War I and reached its peak in 1930s. Based on subjective idealism, it advocates that artists should avoid the harsh reality and flee to the personal emotional world. Its theme is mainly to describe fragmentary natural scenery, express people's instantaneous feelings, fantasies and subtle emotions hidden in their hearts, and express loneliness, melancholy and life.

In art, the hermit school pays attention to the unconstrained imagination and establishes artistic images with the help of unique metaphors and images. Most poems are free in form, pay attention to rhythm, pursue the musicality of poetry, emphasize the sound of words, and have more power to express subjective feelings than the meaning of words, and strive to tap the emotional color contained in words and abandon their ordinary and daily significance. The representative writers of the hermit school are:

1, Italian poet quasimodo: His works are lost flutes. 1959 obtained Nobel Prize in Literature.

2. Italian poet Montalais: His works include the collection of poems "Black Bone Thief" and so on. 1975 get Nobel Prize in Literature.

Existential literature. Existentialist literature is a literary phenomenon in a specific historical period and has its unique existence value. The two world wars in the 20th century swept away all western values. What is displayed in front of the world is an absurd world that is devastated and terrible. This has caused a serious crisis in beliefs and values in western society and a vacuum in ideological theory. In this particular historical period, the emergence of existential literature with strong philosophical color has enabled westerners to find an existential ark to save themselves. Existentialism warns the world that after the death of God, people are lonely in this world. No one can save him instead of him. At the same time, existentialism conveys a message to people, that is, "man is free, man is free". People should transcend the absurd world, resist absurdity, realize their own life value and create their own essence. This philosophy has made westerners see hope and won praises from many people. Existentialism is deeply rooted in people's hearts under the propaganda of literature, and is known to all ages.

The main representative writers of existentialist literature are Sartre, Abel Camus (19 13- 1960) and simone de beauvoir (1908 ~ 1986).

Magic realism literature

Magic realism literature is an important modernist literary school that rose in the modern Latin American literary world in the 1950s, and once caused a sensation in the world. Up to now, it has a wide influence in the world literary world. Magic realism is rooted in the real life under the dark rule of Latin American oligarchs, absorbs the beneficial experience of ancient Indian literature, realistic literature and western modernist literature, integrates fantasy with reality, myth with reality, and boldly draws lessons from the symbols, meanings, streams of consciousness and other manifestations of western modernist literature.

Fiction is the main type of magical realism literature. Most of these works reflect the real life of American countries in a magical and magical way. "In the narrative and description reflecting reality, magical and grotesque characters and plots, as well as various supernatural phenomena are inserted, which makes the real political society in Latin America become a modern myth, with both fantastic artistic conception and realistic plots and scenes, making people inseparable from ghosts. Illusion and reality are mixed, thus creating a unique style of magic and reality, "magic" without losing truth. Therefore, people call this technique "magic realism". Magic realism literature essentially wants to express not magic but reality. "Magic" is just a technique, and reflecting "truth" is the purpose.

The main representative works of magical realism are Corn Man by Guatemalan writer M A asturias, Kingdom of the World by Cuban writer A Carpentier, Pietro Barramo by Mexican writer J J Rulfo, Deep River by Peruvian writer J M Gudas and One Hundred Years of Solitude by Colombian writer Garcí a Má rquez.

The basic characteristics of magical realism literature;

Reflect the social reality of Latin America by magical means. In the works of magic realists, the social reality in Latin America is essentially different from the "reality" in the definition of traditional realism. Magic realists show a kind of Latin American reality full of hunger, strangeness and illusion, which is what Carpentier called "magic reality". In this reality, life and death are inseparable, people and ghosts are inseparable, and illusion and reality are mixed.

School of "black humor"

It is a very important school in western modernist literature, which has a wide and far-reaching influence on modern world literature. Catch-22, Gravitational Rainbow, Tobacco Agent and Slaughterhouse Five are the most influential and representative works of black humor. This black humorous novelist highlights the absurdity of the world around the characters and the oppression of individuals by society. Expressing the disharmony between the environment and the individual (that is, the "self") with a helpless irony attitude, and amplifying, distorting and deforming this disharmony phenomenon, making it more absurd and ridiculous, and at the same time making people feel heavy and depressed. Therefore, some critics call "black humor" "humor under the gallows" or "humor in times of disaster". Black humor writers often create some eccentric "anti-heroes" and use their ridiculous words and deeds to insinuate social reality and express their views on social problems. In terms of description techniques, black humor writers also break the tradition, and the plots of novels lack logical connection, and often use fantasy to describe real life. Confuse serious philosophy with gag. For example, Catch-22 written by Heller, Gravitational Rainbow written by Pinchin, First-rate Breakfast written by Wernig Jr., and some "black humor" novels ridicule the spiritual crisis of human beings, such as Bath's Tobacco Broker and Purdy's The Opening of cabot Wright.

America's "Beat Generation"

The Beat Generation is a group of loosely combined young poets and writers who appeared in the United States after the Second World War. This name was first put forward by the writer Jack Kruja around 1948. In English, the adjective "beat" means "tired" or "down and out", and Krujak gave it.

New novel school

"New Novel" is a new literary genre that appeared in the French literary world in the mid-1950s. Their literary views and writing methods are completely different from the realistic literary tradition since Balzac, and they have the tendency of "anti-fiction". They are the most revolutionary literary school after World War II, and have made great achievements in theory and creation. At that time, writers considered to belong to the "new novel" school were Alan Rob Gorril and natalia sallot.

1956, sallot published her famous paper "The Age of Doubt", which was regarded as the declaration of the "new novel" school. In 1956 and 1958, Rob Gorril also published papers such as The Road to Future Fiction, Nature, Humanism and Tragedy, which clearly expounded the literary views of the New Fiction School.

There are two stages in the development of New Fiction School: "cold eyes" before the mid-1950s and "lively period" for more than 30 years. claude simon won the Nobel Prize in Literature on 1985.

Absurd drama

Absurd drama: an anti-traditional drama school that rose in France in the 1950s. 1950 The Bald Girl by French playwright Yunescu came out. 196 1 Beckett made a sensation on the French stage with his drama Waiting for Godot, and the absurd drama was published by British critic Eslin. The absurd drama has reached a mature and prosperous stage. Absurd playwrights advocate pure drama and grasp the world through metaphor. They give up the conflict between image-building and drama, and express the ugliness and horror of reality, the pain and despair of life with fragmented stage intuitive scenes, weird props, upside-down dialogues and chaotic thinking, thus achieving an abstract absurd effect. Representative writers include Younescu and Beckett.