History of Kilns

Which are the longest used kilns in the history of China

Ceramics can be sublimated from the clay because of the kiln firing. The most popular and longest used ones in China's history are the Steamed Bun Kiln and the Dragon Kiln. Steamed bread kiln has appeared as early as in the Western Zhou Dynasty, because the external shape like steamed bread, so named. Steamed bread kiln is mainly composed of fire chamber, kiln room, kiln bed, flue and other parts. Because the flue is located at the end of the kiln chamber, the flame in the fire chamber rises to the top of the kiln chamber, and then has to be reversed to the back of the kiln chamber with the flow of air, so the steamed bread kiln is also known as the semi-inverted flame kiln. The flame passes through the billet to be fired when it is poured down in the kiln chamber, and the heat energy can be fully utilized. Steamed bread kiln is characterized by a slower rise and fall of temperature, which is conducive to the control of the fire, but the firing time is long, and the yield is not high. Due to the high potassium content in the porcelain tire glaze in northern China, the tire wall is thicker, more in line with the firing characteristics of the steamed bread kiln, so steamed bread kiln is very popular in the northern region. Long kiln popular in southern China because of the use of natural mountain slopes to build a long kiln room, so named. The lowest end of the kiln is the fire chamber, and the entire kiln chamber is built on the mountain, with the flue located at the highest point. The flame in the fire chamber rises with the force of air pumping up the flue, and the kiln chamber heats up from the bottom up. Dragon kiln temperature rise and fall faster, is conducive to the firing of porcelain with a thin wall. Because of the long kiln chamber, a large amount of porcelain can be fired at one time. In Fujian Jianyang will be the mouth of the dragon kiln length of 53 meters, visible in its large amount of firing.

History of Refractory Materials

China used clay with few impurities more than 4,000 years ago, fired pottery, and was able to cast bronze. The Eastern Han Dynasty (25 ~ 220 AD) has been used clay refractory materials to do firing porcelain kiln materials and sagger. the early 20th century, the refractory materials to high-purity, high density and ultra-high-temperature products in the direction of the development of the same time the development of completely without firing, small energy consumption of non-conformal refractory materials and high refractory fibers (used in industrial furnaces of more than 1600 ℃). The former, such as alumina refractory concrete, commonly used in large chemical plants, ammonia production unit of the second stage of the conversion furnace wall, the effect is good. 50 years, atomic energy technology, space technology, the rapid development of new energy development technology, etc., requires the use of high temperature, corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance, resistance to scouring, etc. with a combination of excellent performance of special refractory materials, such as melting point of more than 2,000 ℃ of the oxide, refractory Compounds and high-temperature composite refractories.

Ancient, medieval, Renaissance era of refractory materials, before and after the Industrial Revolution, blast furnace, coke oven, hot stove refractory materials, late modern new refractory materials and their manufacturing process, modern refractory manufacturing technology and the main technological advances, as well as the future prospects for the development of refractory materials, refractory materials and high temperature technology with the emergence of roughly the origins of the Middle Bronze Age. China's Eastern Han Dynasty has been used clay refractories to do firing porcelain kiln materials and sagger. the early 20th century, refractories to high-purity, high density and ultra-high-temperature products in the direction of the development of the same time, while the emergence of completely without firing, small energy consumption of unshaped refractories and refractory fibers. In modern times, with the development of atomic energy technology, space technology, new energy technology, with high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal vibration resistance, resistance to

scouring and other comprehensive excellent performance of the refractory materials have been applied. There are many factories producing refractory products in China. China is rich in resources, but also because of this aspect of the reason, the major foreign investors also came to the country to show their skills, show their prominence. In the northeast of China, which is an extremely fertile area for refractory suppliers, leading other foreign investors to question the low prices of their exports, which led to the filing of anti-dumping on new Chinese refractory products by the European Union in 2003, restricting the export of the products to the EU.In 2006, China, in order to protect the massive loss of raw material resources, has been reducing or waiving the tax rebates for some of the industries, which in turn has greatly restricted the export of the The export of products. However, this does not limit the sales of some foreign brands to a large extent, because they have dozens or even hundreds of years of experience in sales and production, and greatly occupy the market, but also to create their brand effect on all continents.

1, improve the level of comprehensive utilization of resources and the ability to guarantee.

By 2015, the basic self-sufficiency of high-end refractories, magnesite ore resources comprehensive utilization rate of not less than 90%, refractory clay ore resources comprehensive utilization rate of not less than 80%. By 2020, the comprehensive utilization rate of the two ore resources are higher than 95% and 90% respectively.

2, increase energy saving and emission reduction.

By 2015, the main energy-consuming equipment energy efficiency level to reach the first level, the main products of the integrated energy consumption than in 2010 to reduce more than 20%, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides emissions than in 2010, respectively, decreased by 8% and more than 10%, after the refractory material recycling rate of not less than 50%. By 2020, the after-use refractory recycling rate is higher than 75%.

3, improve industrial concentration.

By 2015, the formation of 2 to 3 internationally competitive enterprises, the creation of a number of new industrialization industry demonstration base, the first 10 enterprises to reach 25% industrial concentration. By 2020, the industrial concentration of the top 10 enterprises will increase to 45%.

The workability of refractory materials includes consistency, collapse, fluidity, plasticity, adhesion, resilience, coagulation, hardening and so on.

The development of ancient porcelain kilns in Jingdezhen

China's mountainous south, the north more flat river, this geographical conditions of the different, so the form of its made kiln is not the same. (Bao porcelain Lin provides) three thousand to four thousand years ago, the north appeared steamed bun kiln, which is the spring and autumn and warring states period of the vault technology applied to the kiln masonry and the emergence of the kiln roof so that the thermal insulation performance can be improved. More suitable for the humid and mountainous environment of the south is the dragon kiln, which is the etymology of the word "pottery", i.e., building kilns based on the mountain. Characterized by fast temperature rise and fall, the structural design is also constantly explored in the quest for reasonable, before the Tang Dynasty, the dragon kiln has a short, narrow, steep features, firing is difficult to control the atmosphere of the kiln, after the Song Dynasty, the dragon kiln has become long, wide, slow, easy to regulate the atmosphere of the firing. From: Bao porcelain Lin hope to adopt.

History of ceramics

Ancient kiln sites in the territory of Cizao more distributed along the stream, a large number, as early as in the 1950s, the Palace Museum Chen Wanli, Feng Xianming and other Mr. Cizao kilns have been investigated; subsequently, Xiamen University Museum of Anthropology, Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum, Fujian Provincial Museum, Jinjiang County Museum and other units of the researchers have carried out a large number of investigations on its work, and carried out local test excavations, collected a large number of specimens, and collected a large number of specimens, and collected a large number of specimens, and collected a large number of specimens. After that, researchers from Xiamen University Museum of Anthropology, Quanzhou Museum of Overseas Transportation History, Fujian Provincial Museum, Jinjiang County Museum and other units have made a lot of investigation work on it and carried out partial test excavation, collected a large number of specimens, and found twenty-six kiln sites from the Southern Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Among them, there is 1 kiln site in the Southern Dynasty; 6 kiln sites in the Tang and Fifth Dynasties; 12 kiln sites in the Song and Yuan Dynasties; and 7 kiln sites in the Qing Dynasty. The Spider Mountain kiln site, the Tongzi Mountain kiln site, the Tuwei'an kiln site, and the Daping Mountain kiln site in the Song and Yuan dynasties are collectively known as the Jizao kiln site, and are listed as the first batch of provincial-level cultural relics units in Fujian Province. The kiln site of Xikou Mountain in the Southern Dynasty and the kiln site of Jinjiaoche Mountain in the Song Dynasty are listed as cultural relics protection units in Jinjiang City.

Cizao kiln products of many varieties, a variety of shapes. Its varieties of daily utensils for the bulk of life, in addition to furnishings, construction materials, etc.. Daily utensils of life in the bowl, plate, lamp, plate, basin, bowl, wash, tank, jar, urn, pot, bottle, lamp, pot, pot, water note, military hold, rush, porcelain pillow, etc.; furnishings are stove, incense, vases, flower pots, animal-shaped ink stone, animal and plant models (such as lions, tigers, tortoises, toads, longevity, Rex, etc.), as well as others such as drums, pumphouse, bird feeder, etc.; building materials have decorative panels and so on. Among them, the yellow glaze iron painting pattern large plate, military hold, green glaze dish is designed for export products, dragon urn is the most local characteristics.

磁灶窑瓷器的胎质一般呈灰色，颗粒较粗，胎质不够致密。 Because of this, the glaze on the porcelain clay more than a layer of yellowish-white cosmetic soil. But generally only half-glazed, no glaze inside. Glaze can be divided into five categories, namely green glaze, black glaze, yellow glaze, green glaze and yellow-green glaze. Green glaze is mostly found in bowls, plates, marigolds, bowls, pots, small pots, pots, jugs, jugs, military holders, lamps, stoves, incense smokers and other objects, some also add brown color under the green glaze; Sauce black glaze is mostly applied to bowls, marigolds, marigolds, pots, jugs, jugs, water note, stoves, drums and other objects, such as bowls and marigolds, the inner side of the mouth or the rim of the blue glaze, the outside of the sauce black glaze; yellow-green glaze is found in bottles, jugs, pots, jugs, military holders, water note, pots, plates, stoves, pillows, birdseed pots and models of plants and animals, etc.; some are single glaze, some are single glaze, some are single glaze. Animals and plants models, etc.; some for the monochrome yellow glaze, green glaze, green glaze ware more "back to the silver" phenomenon; some of the yellow and green glaze with the application of a device. Decorative techniques are incised, floral, molded, carved, glazed and painted. Decorative patterns are flowers (lotus, chrysanthemums, peonies, twining flowers, flowers, etc.), grass and leaves (rolled grass), melons, melons, phoenixes, as well as grate scratching, clouds and thunder, strings, rolled clouds, water waves, and point of color, text, etc., in particular, the most characteristic of the dragon pattern.

In the "Jinjiang County Records" in the "porcelain out of the porcelain stove township, take the earth to open the kiln, burn the size of the bowl, cylinder, urns of the genus, very spare feet, and over the ocean." The record. Through the magnetic stove kiln field investigation and related archaeological data confirmed that over the years Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya and other East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and East Africa, many of the magnetic stove kiln products unearthed. In some of these countries, museums, art galleries, often collect the kiln works, thus, proving that the magnet stove kiln is an important export ceramics origin.

Military hold, bottles, pots, jars, plates, etc. are the main products of the Song and Yuan dynasties, a large number of export products. Among them, the military hold is specifically adapted to the needs of the people of Southeast Asia for religious activities and firing; "dragon urn" production since the Song and Ming Dynasty to the present, along the line, in addition to domestic sales are also exported to Southeast Asian countries. The Ming and Qing dynasties, the magnetic stove to burn a single daily use of crude pottery, still exported overseas, with a large number of overseas Chinese abroad, porcelain technology is also spread all over the South Seas, to promote the development of local ceramic technology, for example, the Philippines Mishi burned "WENNAI" porcelain, it is the magnetic stove of the overseas Chinese surnamed Wu taught. Until modern times, there are still many overseas Chinese operating overseas, teaching skills.

Cizao kiln is China's southeastern coastal area, to burn export ceramics, mainly important kilns, is with a strong amount of local characteristics and the style of the era of folk kilns. It is located in the geographic location --- bordering the Quanzhou port coast, so that its export conditions are superior. At the same time, it is closely related to the rise and fall of Quanzhou port. When Quanzhou's foreign transportation and trade reached its peak in the Song and Yuan dynasties, it was also the period when the production of Jizao kiln flourished. Magnetic stove kiln of some products are specifically for export and fired, such as military hold, etc. may be in order to adapt to the religious life of Southeast Asia around the acceptance of fixed-fire wares, Magnetic stove kiln of the products of the product categories are colorful, although more sloppy but quite distinctive, should be pointed out in particular, Magnetic stove kiln unearthed a number of ceramic sculpture, deep-eyed, high-nosed figures, vividly reflecting the port of quanzhou during the Song and Yuan dynasties " Rising sea in the sound of ten thousand countries business" scene.

But the ceramics in the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to the Song glaze color and other crafts of the loss of the product is mainly to the cylinder, pots, jars, plates mainly, production and marketing narrow, low market demand. How to position yourself? Repeat the ancestors of the old road certainly not, so people look to the building ceramics. 1979, the stove people Wu Jinshi, after many practice finally in the ancient kiln for thousands of years burned a modern glazed tiles. From then on, the real meaning of the leap, building ceramics enterprises have been the development of an extraordinary scale.

After more than ten years of hard development, the town of Magnetism as one of the country's five large architectural ceramics production base, become a national star regional ceramic building materials pillar industrial zone, national technological innovation ceramic industry demonstration base, the third batch of science and technology demonstration towns in Fujian Province, at present, has a building ceramic group of 15, the advanced roller kiln production line of more than 300. Production value of more than 100 million yuan of enterprise groups there are 6, the output value of more than 10 million yuan of enterprises there are 159, magnetic stove building materials products sell well all over the country, the production of external wall tiles a production equivalent to two-thirds of the national output. Glazed tiles almost monopolize the national market. Magnetic stove town from the original unknown countryside town jumped into the southeast Fujian economic town. Comprehensive economic strength for many years ranked among the top 10 townships in Fujian Province. 2000 June, by the China Building Sanitary Ceramics Association awarded the "China Ceramic Town" honorary title.

What are the types of ancient ceramic kilns

The kiln is a place to burn ceramic ware, its role is to make ceramic tire glaze at a certain temperature and gas flame conditions to complete the physical and chemical reaction, sintering into ware, and the formation of the color and its changes. There are many types of ancient kilns in China, including horizontal cave kiln, vertical cave kiln, steamed bun kiln, dragon kiln, step kiln, gourd kiln, egg-shaped kiln and so on.

The horizontal cave kiln, one of the kiln types for baking pottery, was popular in the New Age era. Hengcave kiln is hollowed out in the layer of raw soil and made by the fire chamber, fire road, fire eyes, kiln chamber and other parts of the fire chamber is located in the side of the kiln chamber, slightly lower than the kiln chamber. When the kiln is fired, the flame enters the fire road from the fire chamber, then enters the kiln chamber through the fire eye, rises and flows through the blanks, and finally the smoke is discharged out of the kiln through the smoke hole at the top of the kiln chamber. Horizontal hole kiln heating faster, but it is not easy to control the firing temperature and firing atmosphere, the Shang and Zhou period has basically disappeared.

Vertical cave kiln, commonly found in Neolithic sites around. Kiln built in the ground, the fire chamber for the small mouth wide-bottomed bag-shaped pit, on which the kiln room, kiln room outlet open on the ground. There are several fire paths between the fire chamber and the kiln chamber, and the flame rises directly into the kiln chamber through the fire paths. Vertical cavity kiln than the horizontal cavity kiln has made progress, can be fired to increase the temperature some, but it is not easy to control the firing temperature and firing atmosphere, combustion utilization is low, serving gradually replaced by the steamed bread kiln.

Steamed bread kiln, also known as the "round kiln", is one of the main kiln type of ancient baking ceramics, common in the northern part of the country, as late as in the Shang and Zhou dynasties have appeared with steamed bread kiln characteristics of the kiln. Because the fire chamber and the kiln room into a bun-shaped space, so called "bun kiln". Steamed bread kiln by the fire chamber, kiln room, chimney composed of three major parts of the flame from the fire chamber rose to the top of the kiln room, and then inverted to the back half of the kiln bed, through the back of the kiln wall of the bottom of the smoke from the chimney discharge. Steamed bread kiln is easy to control the firing temperature, good insulation, suitable for baking billets thicker, glaze viscosity at high temperatures larger porcelain. The famous Yaozhou kiln in the north, Ding kiln, Jun kiln, Magnetic Kiln, Lin Ru kiln, etc. are used in this kiln baking porcelain.

Long kiln, also known as the "long kiln", is a relatively common type of kiln in the southern region of China, first appeared in the Shang Dynasty. Long kiln is generally built on the mountain, long and narrow, when the kiln fire is ignited, from a distance like a swooping fire dragon, so it is called the dragon kiln. The dragon is divided into three sections according to its structure: kiln head, kiln chamber and kiln tail. The head of the kiln is the fire chamber, which is used to light the fire; the kiln chamber is used to place the objects to be burned; and the tail of the kiln is the smoke outlet. There are kiln walls on both sides of the kiln, with kiln doors in the walls, which are used for loading and discharging the kiln. On each side of the kiln, there is a row of firewood holes, which are used to add fuel in stages. When the kiln is fired, the fire is first lit at the kiln head, and when the billet under the first row of firewood holes is nearly cooked, the fire is stopped at the kiln head, and the kiln is fired with firewood from the firewood holes. From there, the kiln gradually burns upward to the end of the kiln. Long kiln construction is convenient, loaded with a large amount of burning, heating and cooling quickly, easy to maintain the reducing atmosphere, suitable for firing celadon.

Class kiln, also known as "steps to". Kiln built on a gentle slope, by a number of relatively independent to be linked into a whole. From the second kiln, the level of each kiln are higher than the kiln in front of the female engineering layers of steps, so the name. Flame from the to buckle up to the top of the kiln, and then fell to the back half of the kiln room is not a good part of the kiln bed, and then through the back of the kiln wall at the bottom of the smoke outlet into the second kiln, the back of the kilns play a role in preheating. From the second kiln, the fuel is put into the fire chamber from the wood hole. Each kiln from the front to the back of the sequential roasting, the same principle. Step kiln appeared in the Ming Dynasty, both the strengths of the dragon kiln firing volume, but also bun kiln easy to control the advantages, suitable for firing Dehua white porcelain and other high potassium oxide content, glaze viscosity at high temperatures of porcelain.

Hulu kiln, by the kiln door, fire chamber, front chamber, back chamber chimney and other parts. The kiln chamber is longer than the steamed bread kiln, large in front and small in the back, the waist folded inward, the kiln chamber is divided into two chambers before and after the kiln wall on each side of a row of wood-throwing holes. The gourd kiln was developed from the dragon kiln and is suitable for firing porcelain with high potassium oxide content and high glaze viscosity. To the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, the proportion of the back room is reduced and then disappeared, and gradually developed into an egg-shaped kiln.

Egg-shaped kiln, shaped like half an egg covered, hence the name. By the fire chamber, kiln room, chimney three major components. The kiln bed is low in the front and high in the back, and the kiln chamber is large in the front and small in the back, showing a long oval shape. Egg-shaped kiln structure is reasonable, scientific design, low cost, loaded with a large amount of burning, suitable for a variety of billet glaze firing, at the same time it is fueled by firewood, firing time is short, product quality is good, become the main kiln type of porcelain baking in Jingdezhen area in the Qing dynasty ~

What kiln in the Tang dynasty

Tang Dynasty seven famous kilns: Yuezhou kiln, Dingzhou kiln, wuzhou kiln, xingzhou kiln, yuezhou kiln, Shoushou kiln, hongzhou kiln, xingzhou kiln. 1, Yuezhou kiln: also known as "Yue kiln". The kiln site of Yuezhou kiln (Yue kiln) is located in the area of Shaoxing, Shangyu, Cixi, and Yuyao in Zhejiang Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period, this area was the political and economic center of the state of Yue. After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to the county of Huiji, and during the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to the state of Yue, so it was called Yuezhou Kiln, or Yue Kiln for short. Ancient Yue is not only the birthplace of celadon in China, but also the birthplace of porcelain in China. Yue kiln firing porcelain has a long history, as early as in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the diligent and intelligent Yuezhou people burned a mature porcelain, through the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties and the Five Dynasties period of vigorous development, to the Song has never been interrupted, Yue kiln celadon ceramics in the history of Chinese ceramics occupies an important position. Yue kiln celadon is the treasures of ancient Chinese porcelain, in the history of Chinese ceramic development has a very high position. 2, dingzhou kiln: in changde city, hunan province, dingcheng district, mainly burns celadon, is the famous kiln of tang five generations. 3, wuzhou kiln: kiln site in zhejiang jinhua, is zhejiang territory yueyao outside the famous porcelain kiln. Zhejiang Jinhua area in the Tang dynasty belongs to wuzhou, so it is called wuzhou kiln. It is one of the six major celadon production areas in Tang Dynasty. Began to burn in the three kingdoms, the kiln expanded during the tang and song dynasty, became a famous celadon production area. 4, Yuezhou kiln: Xiangyin County in Hunan Province, belonging to Yuezhou in the Tang Dynasty, so called Yuezhou kiln. Began burning in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and the decline of the Five Dynasties. Mainly burned celadon, is one of the six major celadon production areas in the Tang Dynasty. 5, Shouzhou kiln: kiln site in Huainan City, Anhui Province. Anhui Huainan in the Tang Dynasty is Shouzhou, so the name. Began burning in the Sui dynasty, flourished in the Tang, finally the late Tang dynasty. Is one of the six major celadon production areas in the Tang Dynasty. 6, Hongzhou kiln: in Jiangxi Province, Fengcheng County on the west bank of the Gan River. Fengcheng, Jiangxi Province in the Tang Dynasty belonged to Hongzhou. Began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, finally the late Tang Dynasty. To burn celadon mainly, is one of the six major celadon production area in the Tang Dynasty. 7. Xingzhou Kiln: Xingzhou Kiln, also known as "Xing Kiln", is located in the area of Neiqiu County and Lincheng County, which belongs to Xingtai City, Hebei Province. It belonged to Xingzhou during the Tang Dynasty, so it was called "Xing kiln". Porcelain was fired in the Tang Dynasty, and Xing Kiln produced white porcelain, which is a product of Chinese porcelain kilns in the Tang Dynasty. Xing kiln white porcelain is a product of Chinese porcelain kilns in the Tang Dynasty. It is also famous for its celadon porcelain produced in the famous Yue kiln of the same era. In the Tang Dynasty, China's porcelain appeared in the "southern blue and northern white" situation. Xing kiln white porcelain production, began in sui, into the tang after further development. To the middle and late Tang Dynasty has become a system of its own, and can be divided equally with the Yue kiln celadon.

How to understand the industrial furnace What does it mean

Industrial furnace: industrial furnace according to the thermal regime can be divided into two categories: a class of intermittent kilns, also known as cyclic kiln, which is characterized by intermittent production of kiln furnaces, kiln temperature in each heating cycle is changing, such as chamber kiln, trolley-type kiln, well kiln, etc.; the second is a continuous type of kiln furnace, which is characterized by continuous production of kiln furnace, kiln hearth Division of temperature zones. In the heating process, the temperature of each zone is unchanged, the workpiece by the low-temperature preheating zone gradually into the high-temperature heating zone, such as continuous heating kilns and heat treatment kilns, ring kilns, step kilns, vibration bottom kilns and so on. Classification controlled atmosphere furnace controlled atmosphere furnace is the use of artificially prepared atmosphere, through the furnace can be gas carburizing, carbon nitrogen **** osmosis, bright quenching, normalizing, annealing and other heat treatment: in order to achieve the purpose of changing the metallurgical organization, improve the mechanical properties of the workpiece. In the mobile particle kiln, the use of fuel combustion gas, or external application of other fluidizing agents, forced to flow through the furnace bed of graphite particles or other inert particles layer, the workpiece is buried in the particle layer to achieve the strengthening of the heating, but also carburizing, nitriding and other non-oxidizing heating. In the salt bath kiln, the molten salt solution is used as the heating medium to prevent oxidation and decarburization of the workpiece. Cupola kiln furnace in the cupola kiln melting cast iron, often by the quality of coke, air supply mode, kiln material conditions and air temperature and other conditions, so that the melting process is difficult to stabilize, it is not easy to obtain high-quality iron. Hot air cupola furnace can effectively increase the temperature of molten iron, reduce the alloy burnout, reduce the oxidation rate of molten iron, so as to be able to produce high-grade cast iron. Coreless induction furnace with the emergence of coreless induction furnace, cupola furnace has been gradually replaced by the trend. This induction furnace melting work is not subject to any cast iron grade limitations, from melting a grade of cast iron, quickly converted to melting another grade of cast iron, is conducive to improving the quality of iron. Some special alloy steels, such as ultra-low carbon stainless steel and rolls and turbine rotors and other steel, the need for a flat kiln or general arc kiln melting out of the steel, in the refining kiln through the vacuum degassing and argon churning to remove impurities, and further refining out of high purity, high-capacity high-quality steel. Flame kiln furnace flame kiln furnace fuel source is wide, low price, easy to take different structures according to local conditions, is conducive to reducing production costs, but the flame kiln furnace is difficult to achieve precise control, serious pollution of the environment, thermal efficiency is low. Electric kiln furnace electric kiln furnace is characterized by the kiln temperature uniformity and easy to achieve automatic control, good heating quality. According to the energy conversion method, electric kiln can be divided into resistance kiln, induction kiln and arc kiln. Unit time unit kiln bottom area calculated by the heating capacity of the kiln is called the kiln furnace productivity.

The development of ancient Chinese ceramics

I divided the nearly 10,000 years of Chinese ceramics history into five different periods of obscurity, budding, establishment, peak, unique, and so on, and described. Chinese ceramics in the period of obscurity (about 10,000 years ago - about 13th century B.C.) The most direct cause of the birth of pottery was the use of fire. Fire was used in the time of the Yuanmou people, about 1.7 to 700 thousand years ago, and the hardening of the earth or clay by roasting inspired the primitive ancestors to discover pottery. According to Marx, in his Summary of Morgan's book "Ancient Societies", the invention of pottery "gave some control over the source of food, and thus the beginning of a sedentary life". Pottery-making is also said to have been invented during the time of Shennong, the Yandi Emperor. According to the Book of Zhou, "Shennong ploughed and made pottery." The invention of pottery unveiled a new page of mankind's utilization of nature, transformation of nature, and struggle against nature, and was a technological revolution in the history of human social development. Although the ancient pottery raw materials crude, simple shape, firing temperature is low, but it is after all the use of chemical changes in the manufacture of artifacts of human attempts, its invention, greatly improved the quality of life of the primitive ancestors. In the long history of China's ceramic development, this time the manufacture of pottery is still in a period of obscurity, although it is so colorful, so colorful, but relative to the fine porcelain manufacturing process, has been in the ignorant primary stage. Since the 1970s, China's archaeology has discovered a large number of early pottery remains, such as about 10,000 years ago in the early Neolithic period in Jiangxi Wannian County, Xianrendong pots, Guangxi Guilin Caipi Yan residual gray pottery, Hebei Xushui County, Nanzhuangtou site of the discovery of pottery fragments. In addition, there are more than 8,000 years ago, the red pottery of the Magishan culture, more than 7,000 years ago, the Yangshao culture of colored pottery, more than 6,000 years ago, the black pottery of the Dawenkou, and so on. What makes people feel puzzled is that the egg-shell black pottery of Longshan culture, which was as thin as an egg hub more than 4,000 years ago, cannot be imitated so far. The miraculous hands of the ancestors, who made black pottery with the help of the sacred fire of heaven and earth, once again strongly proved the evolution and inheritance of Chinese civilization. Traditional Chinese culture emphasizes continuity and unity, but archaeological evidence from all over China shows that each region often has its own unique traditions and cultural origins. I have made field trips to the Hemudu site, the Half Slope site, the Daxi site, the Yangshao site, the Majiayao site, the Longshan site, the Dawenkou site, the Liangzhu site, the Hongshan site, the Sanxingdui site, and the Neolithic cultural remains in the vast areas of ***, Xinjiang, and Qinghai, etc., and have made a large number of comparisons and discriminations between them. The invention of pottery is not a region or a tribe of ancient forefathers of the patent, any one of the ancient agricultural tribes and groups of people, in the long-term practice of life, can be created in their own independent environment, Europe has been found 20,000-30,000 years ago pottery. I have seen these cultural remains, can be said to be the local indigenous culture, and never the so-called "Chinese civilization to the west", not Chinese prehistoric culture is only Yangshao pottery culture and Longshan black pottery culture concept, and not in the modern Chinese historiography dominated by "Chinese civilization The idea that "Chinese civilization originated in the Central Plains and then spread to the four barbarians" is not the dominant view in modern Chinese historiography. The possibility of "civilization coming from the west" does not exist, although it is known that the history of pottery production in Europe predates that of China, but it is almost impossible for it to be transmitted from Europe. The Swedish Antsen, who discovered the Majiayao culture at that time, once preached this theory, but in his later years also completely changed this view. China's vast territory, the natural environment is very different, mountains, rivers, forests, deserts, etc. caused by the barrier, the formation of different cultures in different regions, resulting in the origin of the Chinese civilization is diversified, but in the process of continuous development, complementary to each other's strengths and weaknesses, mutual integration, enrichment of connotation, and ultimately gradually towards the integration of the mainstream culture of Greater China, which is the same as the countless trickling of small streams ultimately merge into the vast Yangtze River and Yellow River. This is just like countless trickling streams eventually merging into the vast Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The manufacture and use of pottery is an advancement of human civilization, and it seems to be in a period of incubation compared to the later invention of porcelain. People carefully appreciate the gray pottery, colored pottery, black pottery, white pottery, etc. of this period, from which they can draw wisdom, induce inspiration, stimulate pride and self-confidence, and gain great enjoyment in the spirit. The budding period of Chinese ceramics (about 13th century BC-1st century AD) Chinese porcelain after a long period of gestation of ancient pottery, finally sprouted in the field of hope. Around the time of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, primitive porcelain was created in the area of Gan and Zhejiang. The middle and late Shang Dynasty "primitive celadon" has been decent, it may be the originator of China's porcelain, belonging to the budding period of porcelain, which created an important condition for the invention of porcelain. Although in Shanxi Xiaxian East Feng site found more than 4,000 years ago the primitive porcelain, but that is only a chance phenomenon, does not have universal significance. When the Shang Dynasty smelting bronze furnace fire in the Great Land of China after the flicker, the luster of ceramics is dimming. At this time, the original celadon finally came out of nowhere, shining in China. Porcelain production to have the following conditions: 1, the clay must be kaolin; 2, to have a glassy glaze; 3, usually fired at a temperature of 1200 ~ 1300 ℃. Compared with pottery, porcelain has a hard texture and clean and beautiful advantages, knocking sound crisp and pleasant. When the Central Plains countries large-scale casting of beautiful large ritual objects to sacrifice to the gods in the underworld, the Yue people used precious bronze casting tools, agricultural tools and weapons, and face the reality on the ground, and strive to develop the economy pragmatically, "farming and war" as the top priority of national affairs. The Yue people built the dragon kiln according to the mountainous terrain, which increased the temperature of the kiln. The use of mud strips for the molding process, in the original porcelain on the application of thin greenish-yellow glaze, and because the glaze contains iron, porcelain is green, so the name celadon. Last spring, I examined the ancient kiln site in Jiangxi, the same provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Mr. Fan Changsheng told me: the largest kiln in the Shang Dynasty has been found in Yingtan City, Tongjia Town, corner of the mountain, according to experts on the primitive celadon test data show that it is no difference with modern porcelain, the site area of more than 30,000 square meters, has been exposed 400 square meters, and found that the buns of the kiln and the dragon kiln furnace nearly 10, has unearthed more than 570 complete and repaired artifacts. and has been restored more than 570 pieces of artifacts, the shape of the tripod, pots, zun, beans, bowls, urns, etc., popular huan bottom ware, three-footed ware and very rare flat-bottomed ware. The most popular decorative patterns are cloud and thunder pattern, lattice pattern, leaf vein pattern, string pattern and so on. I have seen primitive celadon from the late Shang Dynasty in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, and a large number of primitive celadon fragments from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in Deqing. I was particularly impressed by the expedition at the junction of Xiaoshan, Zhuji and Shaoxing, where.