Information about automobile remanufacturing

The most remarkable characteristics of investing in automobile remanufacturing are high investment and high risk.

(1) High investment: automobile remanufacturing needs to invest a lot of resources, such as a lot of labor, land and capital, technology, information and management. Equipment required for remanufacturing, such as testing equipment, processing equipment and testing equipment, is expensive.

(2) High risk: Remanufacturing has great uncertainty, which is mainly manifested in the uncertainty of the arrival time and quantity of recycled products, the difficulty of balancing recycling and demand, the uncertainty of remanufacturing processing route and processing time, the uncertainty of remanufacturing rate of recycled products, the restriction of policy environment on the source of blanks, and the drag of backward social consciousness on the market. Therefore, investing in remanufacturing enterprises is risky.

But remanufacturing also has a high return. For example, compared with new products, automobile remanufactured parts products only cost 50% of new products, save energy by 60%, save materials by 70%, and play an outstanding role in energy conservation and environmental protection. Therefore, investment in remanufacturing can not only achieve good economic benefits, but also achieve great social and environmental benefits. As long as reasonable methods are adopted to reduce high risks, the prospect of remanufacturing is very broad.

According to the "risk diversification theory", high-risk investment needs to diversify investment risks through foreign investment, which is embodied in two aspects: horizontal investment, reducing all kinds of uncertainties through the diversification of remanufactured products, that is, expanding the remanufacturing scope of brands, not only remanufacturing engines, but also remanufacturing starters, transmissions, generators and steering gears. The other is vertical investment, that is, not only investing in remanufacturing processing enterprises, but also investing in remanufacturing upstream resource-based enterprises, remanufacturing technology research and development enterprises and downstream remanufacturing product circulation enterprises. In order to reduce the high risk caused by the uncertainty of remanufacturing, that is, through fully detailed social division of labor, the waste automobile resources are remanufactured with the minimum logistics cost and the most favorable production conditions, so that their surplus added value can be fully tapped. Therefore, it is necessary to make a reasonable plan for the operation mode of remanufacturing enterprises. Analysis on Operation Mode of Automobile Remanufacturing Enterprises

Automobile remanufacturing enterprises can adopt the following operation modes: first, the original product manufacturer mode, that is, the so-called OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) mode, in which automobile manufacturers or original parts suppliers directly invest in remanufacturing enterprises, recycle their own brand of used cars through their own logistics channels for remanufacturing, and sell remanufactured products; Secondly, independent remanufacturing mode, that is, it has nothing to do with manufacturers and/or equipment suppliers, but remanufactured parts are produced by OEM; In addition, it is a contract remanufacturer model of OEM services; Finally, the joint remanufacturer model.

1.OEM Remanufacturing Mode

The "manufacturer responsibility system" is widely adopted abroad, and European OEM remanufacturers occupy a dominant position in the market. The main engine factory recycles the old parts through dealers and special maintenance stations, gives them to the main engine factory for remanufacturing and processing, and then sells them through the after-sales service network. In this mode, OEM enterprises directly engage in parts remanufacturing, and the quality specifications of remanufactured parts are formulated by the original parts manufacturers. Like new parts, the original parts manufacturer undertakes the warranty responsibility.

This operation mode mainly has the following advantages: it is convenient for manufacturers to manage the whole life cycle of products, and recycling after scrapping is considered in product design, so as to carry out remanufacturing design; Give full play to the technical and quality assurance capabilities of production enterprises, ensure the quality consistency of remanufactured products, avoid disputes between remanufactured products and new products, protect corporate brands, and enjoy and establish a good image of enterprises in the market; Strong technical strength, rich management experience and perfect sales and after-sales service network can further implement the "producer responsibility system" without building a new logistics network.

However, the OEM model also has some shortcomings, such as large investment scale of OEM enterprises, small number of remanufacturing enterprises and large recycling logistics radius. Due to the vast territory of China, recycling waste parts from the whole society to remanufacturing production enterprises and reselling remanufactured products is equivalent to a round trip from the recycling point to the remanufacturing point for each product, and the logistics cost is too high; The uncertain influence of raw material recovery cannot be eliminated: in the traditional network, supply is a typical internal variable, and its time, quantity and quality are determined by internal demand, while in the remanufacturing logistics network, supply is basically an external variable, which is difficult to predict and has the characteristics of reverse, small flow and multi-branches. In addition, the remanufacturing variety under OEM mode is single, limited to OEM brands and products, and the remanufacturing equipment utilization rate is low, the cost is relatively high, and the resource utilization rate is also low.

According to the "risk dispersion theory", the risk impact can be reduced by increasing investment projects, that is, increasing remanufacturing production enterprises, upstream resource enterprises and downstream circulation enterprises, and increasing the types of remanufactured products, but this greatly increases the investment of OEM enterprises and makes them unbearable. Therefore, this model is more suitable for exploring experience when the policy environment is not open, the remanufacturing technology is immature and the intellectual property system is not perfect in the embryonic stage of the industry.

4. Independent remanufacturer model.

Independent remanufacturers can remanufacture products of any brand without OEM authorization, and can keep the original logo or own their own remanufacturing trademarks, regardless of the manufacturer and/or equipment supplier.

Because the market order in developed countries is relatively standardized, the government basically adopts an open management mechanism that relies entirely on market competition and industry self-discipline, and there is basically no restrictive policy on the sale and use of waste products and remanufactured products. For example, in the United States, remanufacturing enterprises do not need the authorization of new parts manufacturers, and remanufactured products do not need to remove the original trademarks, as long as the products are marked "Remanufactured" by a factory. American law does not stipulate that parts are not allowed to be manufactured again. Everything depends on the market. In principle, as long as there is a market, the cost will not be too high and there is no technical problem. In addition, the United States stipulates that the intellectual property rights of the original manufacturer's products are transferred to consumers with the original products when they are first sold, and the original manufacturer has no right to interfere with whether consumers scrap, repair or remanufacture the products after consumption.

The characteristics of this model are multi-variety, large batch and high-scale benefit; High resource utilization rate; Remanufacturing cost is low, and the price advantage is obvious. However, when the government management system and intellectual property system are not perfect, intellectual property disputes and market chaos are easy to occur.

13. Contract Remanufacturer Model of OEM Services.

Remanufacturing enterprises are invested by enterprises other than OEM, which belongs to contractual relationship. Remanufacturing enterprises sign standardized supply contracts with OEMs. Remanufacturing enterprises can supply to multiple OEMs at the same time, and OEMs can also select multiple remanufacturing enterprises for authorization at the same time.

In this mode, the automobile factory indirectly fulfills the producer responsibility by authorizing other remanufacturing enterprises. At the same time, the automobile factory does not need direct investment, which reduces its own investment risk. By increasing the number of remanufacturing enterprises and the types of products they serve, the investment risk can be reduced. Automobile manufacturers can control product quality by establishing remanufacturing technology research and development enterprises and technical standards. Remanufacturing enterprises can reduce the uncertainty of recycling and improve the utilization rate of remanufacturing equipment by increasing the types of products they remanufacture. This model also needs the support of a perfect government management system.

4. Joint remanufacturer model.

Under the joint remanufacturing mode (or mixed mode), OEM authorizes the contracted remanufacturers to produce their own products and purchase remanufactured products from independent remanufacturers.

Under the joint remanufacturing mode, remanufactured products that contracted remanufacturing enterprises have not invested by themselves can be purchased from independent remanufacturing enterprises in society if there are remanufactured products produced on a large scale. Through sufficient market competition mechanism, detailed division of labor, reduce the recycling logistics radius of waste automobile products in the whole society, fully disperse uncertain risks, and use the most advantageous resources of society for remanufacturing production, so as to obtain the best economic and social benefits.

The OEM can ensure the quality and after-sales guarantee of remanufactured products by standardizing the technical standards of contract remanufacturing, fulfill the responsibility of producers through responsibility extension and indirect decentralization, and establish a socialized automobile remanufacturing system led by automobile factories. This model is also suitable for the stage of loose policy environment, perfect management system and high maturity of remanufacturing industry.

The operation modes of the above-mentioned typical remanufacturing enterprises have their own advantages and disadvantages, and they can operate independently or coexist in a suitable environment. You can choose according to different national conditions and the characteristics of different enterprises. For example, the remanufacturing business of General Motors of the United States mainly takes two forms. One is the original manufacturing enterprise that outsources engines, transmissions and other parts, that is, the OEM model; The other is to buy remanufactured parts from independent remanufacturers.

At present, China's automobile remanufacturing industry is at the end of the embryonic stage and the beginning of the growth stage, which is embodied in the following aspects: relevant policies for industrial development have been formulated, technical reserves for industrial development have been established, more and more enterprises are producing remanufactured products, the consumer awareness of remanufactured products is increasing day by day, and the market has begun to take shape. Therefore, the main task of starting the automobile remanufacturing industry has been basically completed, and the basic conditions for industrial development have matured.