East Han Dynasty burial carved pottery figurines is how to develop?

Terracotta produced in ancient China, "things like life" funeral concept, the earliest figurines unearthed in the Yinxu Shang dynasty royal tombs, the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period to the rise of burial figurines instead of the old custom of human martyrdom.

The Han Dynasty sculpture is a great development in the history of ancient sculpture art, this period of figurines, the type, quantity, material, level have reached a new height. To the current situation of excavation, Guanzhong Western Han Dynasty Imperial Tomb pottery figurines for the largest number of terracotta figurines, pottery figurines are generally 50-60 centimeters high. Or inherited the characteristics of the Qin terracotta warriors, molded color; or follow the style of Chu, bare plastic clothing. In the tomb of the king of Hou, in addition to escorting the soldier figurines, the family made slave girl and for fun Kabuki figurines also accounted for a large proportion. Hou Wang tomb of terracotta figurines slightly smaller than the emperor's tomb of ceramic maids, the grade is clear. Low-level officials and landlords are also common in the tomb of the buried figurines, these figurines are mainly home slave girl. In life, there are slave girls can call around. After death, how can no one can command. Western Han Dynasty southern common wooden figurines, Chu system remains. Shandong region pottery figurines inherited the ancient and clumsy tradition of the warring states qidi figurines. East Han accompanied by the development of manor magnates, and the scene model configuration of small terracotta figurines more, and the shape is more flexible and vivid, true to life. Among them, Henan's music and dance, armed figurines; Sichuan's labor, rap figurines; Guangdong's pottery boat and boatman figurines; Gansu Wuwei's bronze chariot and horse ceremonial figurines represent the highest level of the period, representing the richness of the types of figurines and the richness of people's imagination.

The development of figurines has a distinctive era. Generally speaking, the Eastern Han Dynasty figurines and animal sculpture, whether in the scope of the subject matter in or in the sculpture skills, and the previous generation, compared with a great progress. Especially in Sichuan unearthed tomb figurines, with distinctive regional characteristics. Western Han Dynasty tomb figurines to the national capital of Changan as the center, the Eastern Han Dynasty to Luoyang as the center, but Luoyang's Eastern Han Dynasty figurines are far less rich than Sichuan. Other places, especially in the east-west transportation hub of Gansu Hexi area, there are more prominent East Han Dynasty figurines unearthed, such as in 1969 in Gansu Wuwei unearthed in an East Han Dynasty tombs, found in bronze casting figurines and horses group. One of the galloping horse, 34.5 centimeters high, 41 centimeters long, three feet in the air, for galloping and neighing. Amazing is a foot on the ground stepped on the body of a swallow, the world known as the horse Feiyan, by virtue of the whimsical, vivid use of symbolism, set off the speed of the galloping horse, its extraordinary imagination and superb production skills is admirable, this horse Feiyan, become the people to evaluate the sculpture art of the Eastern Han Dynasty compared to the Western Han Dynasty to improve the a corroborative evidence. Horse Feiyan in many times abroad in the exhibition of cultural relics, stirred up the world, attracted the attention of people around the world, is the Eastern Han Dynasty sculpture in the treasure.

Because horses are closely related to people's daily life, they are essential in the burial goods. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the molding of horses in burial objects also reflected the improvement of the skills of skilled craftsmen. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, whether it is the Qin or Western Han pottery horse, mostly four-legged upright, the movement of the whole body is rarely changed, even the head is rarely seen movement, and observation of the excavation of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large ceramic horse found that it has broken the stagnant modeling, the performance of the horse's lively and dynamic character.

In the terracotta figurines are particularly outstanding, there is a figurine of a storyteller unearthed in the Eastern Han Dynasty cliff tombs near Chengdu, Sichuan Province. It is outstanding in expressing the character's movement and expression. "It embodies the talent and typical character of a simple and affectionate storyteller, although the proportion of the body on the shape is not accurate enough, and even look a little childish, but the shaper can seize the theme of storytelling, and from the storyteller should be how the image of how to move the people to consider, made the due artistic exaggeration. Not only the hands and feet have a large dynamic, but also from the expression of the storyteller portrayed excited and rich in humor." Simply like today's Sichuan people "Dragon Gate" that interesting, so it is more popular.

Terracotta figurines unearthed in Sichuan, the more prominent, but also in Mianyang, North Sichuan, the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb unearthed a Qin and singing figurines and holding a shovel fan labor figurines, "the former portrayed a lone proudly unassuming to sit with his head high and his hands stroking the Qin's image, as if he was singing with the song and express their feelings. Molding techniques simple, smooth clothing pattern, and molded characters in perfect harmony with the style of God. The latter holds a shovel in his left hand and a skip in his right hand, showing the moment when he is about to start his labor. The sculptural technique is simple and concise, also very consistent with the identity of the specific person."

The horse treads the flying swallow in addition to ceramic figurines, Sichuan also has stone figurines. In Lushan an anonymous tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has unearthed a 120-centimeter-high stone figurines, also holding the skip laborers. The same tomb also unearthed a head with two horns, mouth spitting long tongue of the tomb God stone carving. But because of the quality of sandstone, easy to weather, so the image is vague, seem crude.

In the early 1950s, the Palace Museum in Beijing was once open sculpture museum, exhibits have a labeled as the Sichuan Pengshan cliff tomb excavated small stone statues, the Department of red sandstone carved, carved for men and women kissing and hugging, embracing the child's amusing image. This strange subject performance, not only in China is unheard of, that is, in the European countries in the ancient and modern statues are rarely seen.

In 1957, in Hebei Wangdu had unearthed a belonging to the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb riding stone figurines, simple and ancient modeling, in the proportion of horses and people and horse parts of the proportion, are not quite proportional. This may also be due to the stone sculpture shape is not easy to grasp, so with other stone figurines, the same, in proportion to the pottery figurines less than the same period. However, this horse-riding figurine has historical value because of its specific date (Guanghe five years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, i.e., 182 AD).

Henan pottery figurines of small animals, there are also many masterpieces. Such as Hui County unearthed a pottery dog, in the same period unearthed in the Ming ware domestic animals is very prominent. The image of the dog is taken from the rural areas of northern China, watchdogs, subtle techniques, shaping the real, as if a living puppy stood in front of the heel, the home guard yard, barking more than. The other depicts a wild boar, with exaggerated techniques and a ferocious face. These two works of life, is a model of the Eastern Han Dynasty animal figurines. They are comparable to the lamp-wielding courtesans (i.e., Changxin lamps) unearthed from Liu Sheng's tomb in the Western Han Dynasty.

Guangzhou, which belonged to Nanhai County during the Qin and Han Dynasties. A number of Eastern Han tombs have also been found. "Among the figurines of men and women unearthed are dancers wearing flower crowns and adorned with jeweled earrings, and laborers pounding and winnowing rice, in addition to seated figurines holding lamps or lamps, whose vividness is not inferior to that of some terracotta figurines unearthed in Sichuan. And out of the Han tombs in the ceramic building and ceramic boat, in the building and boat type system, showing the unique style of South China, coupled with the eave in front of the porch, molded with farm-flavored chickens, dogs, the local flavor is very strong. From the dress of the dance kabuki, can also be understood after the B.C. Guangzhou area of life customs, is a sculpture both artistic value and local color can be a good study of the work."

In our country figurine sculpture development history, ceramic figurines development earliest, followed by bronze cast figurines, stone figurines and wooden figurines sculpture in the Warring States and Western Han Dynasty, and belong to the Eastern Han Dynasty wooden figurines, is limited to the 1956 Gansu Wuwei ancient tomb group unearthed figurines, carriages, oxcarts and even the tomb owner's living quarters courtyard, furniture and so on, all for the wood carving, and painted colors. Wooden figurines of dancing figurines, sitting figurines, the image of simple and childish, lifelike expression, in the simplicity of the gas contained in the spirit of the Han dynasty carving should have the style of the times.