China traditional ancient glazed lamp

History of Glass: It is said that the ancient French glass in Yueguo Tianfang was created more than 3,000 years ago. At the beginning, it was also a love story for the king of Yue and Shi Yu, which made the ancient glass look like a tear of Shi, adding a beautiful charm. In fact, glazed art in China has a history of more than 3,000 years, which can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to compare pearls, jade and precious stones, the ancients created crystal clear, moist and smooth glass art works. It was introduced into Gansu from the two river basins through Central Asia. In Pingliang, Tianshui and other places in Gansu, lead-barium glass beads were unearthed during the Warring States period. Archaeological excavations show that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's glass art made great achievements and was unique among the arts and crafts in the ancient world. Since the Han Dynasty, with the opening of the Silk Road and the exchange and blending of Chinese and Western cultures, the glass art in China has made new progress. From 65438 BC to 038 BC, the glazed wall unearthed in the Western Han Dynasty was a popular style in the Han Dynasty, which proved that there were already larger glassware in the Han Dynasty. In the Museum of Hebei Province, a row of glazed ear cups of the Western Han Dynasty were unearthed together with the world-famous "golden thread jade clothes", which should be the earliest glazed products cast by dewaxing in China so far. Its faint lake green reveals a dark light, which is the graceful light of glass art in that era 2 100 years ago. In BC 166, due to economic and diplomatic needs, the Eastern Han Dynasty decided to seek direct diplomatic relations with Rome. The Roman Liuli Bi Cup (vessel) unearthed in China is a historical witness of cultural exchange between the Han Dynasty and the West. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Shen Yan Town has been the largest glass production center in the north of China, which produces many minerals such as maystone, purple stone, Zi Ling, nitrate, lead, copper and iron, and has the natural conditions to produce glass. In the period of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty, a palace office was set up, and western technicians were invited to the palace for exchange, which revived the production of glass. Among them, the decorative art of "Nest" is an innovation in Qing Dynasty, with various forms, diverse decorations and increasingly exquisite and gorgeous styles. In the next 300 years, glass was ignored again until 1987. Thanks to the efforts of Yang Huishan and Zhang Yi, China's glass creation has opened an extraordinary situation in the history of world craft. The glass art of other countries in the world also has its historical tradition and unique charm. /kloc-in the 9th century, the French reappeared the dewaxed glass casting technology lost in ancient Egypt more than 3,000 years ago in the name of "PATE-DE-VERRE crystal powder dewaxed casting", and once produced works of art that were popular all over the world. The glass in China is warm, smooth and translucent. It is a work of art made of artificial crystal through dewaxing and precision casting. In the poem, the body is like a glass, and Ming Che inside and outside "When I wish for Bodhi, I am like a glass, and Ming Che inside and outside is pure and innocent." This is the classic Buddhist language in the Buddhist Sutra "The Drugstore's Glazed Wishing Sutra", and Liuli has also become one of the seven treasures of Buddhism in China. The description of "color is the same as ice, but there is no dust" in Yuan Zhen's Ode to Coloured Glass in Tang Dynasty conveys the dazzling and attractive style of coloured glass. Zhang Lei, one of the four bachelor's students in Song and Su Dynasties, has a song "The Song of Glass Bottles for Chaoer": The golden beads are wound like a rope, and they are not slapped in the white night. There is no department store in the room, and there is plenty of light in the room. If it's not stone and jade, Kunwu and Tie Bao carve spring ice. The inside and outside holes are empty, but they are bottles. ? Tuo Zhenren wears Thai baht clothes and climbs his knees and sits in the rain at night. Holding hands to carry, Yang Zhi took dew to quench his thirst and satisfy his hunger. "Tuo" means Putuo, "Douluo" and Douluo noodles, and describes the hand holding the bottle. Imagine that the glass bottle was once a Yang Zhi bottle in Guanyin's hand. "Carving Spring Ice describes a glass bottle decorated with carved flowers; When you see that it is thin, "not stone but jade" and "empty inside and outside", its quality is brilliant and slightly azure. "Hainan Bottle" by Confucius in the Northern Song Dynasty: "You can't get enough of green jade all day long. Autumn is always in sight, and spring water suddenly overflows. Without dust, you can clear your heart. If you pour your own wine, the golden urn is not jealous. "There is a saying that" a jade is a silver river, and a brocade scale is a prophet "in Xu Yin's The Duke of the Five Dynasties. Like a bright moon and peaceful parting, I want to go without moving. The fog cover is close at hand, and the blue cage is one millimeter. "It can be seen that the ancients praised the clear texture of glass with poems, which blended the clean leisure of Buddhism. Coloured glaze has also become a fashion ornament representing the purity of the soul, or given to friends, or watched and played. Glass technology: Different from foreign glass, China glass is moist, smooth and bright. It is a work of art made of artificial crystal through dewaxing and precision casting. This production process is lengthy. From conception, design drawings, three-dimensional prototypes of sculptures to the completion of works, it takes dozens of strict checks, and the whole process takes about two months or even longer. " Come from the fire, go into the water ",the expensive colored crystal materials have been burned by fire, and there are dozens of exquisite polishing processes in the water to achieve a crystal clear, soft and clean surface texture. Preforming is complicated and must be identical. A mold can only burn one work and cannot be used twice. Large and complex works even need to be fired many times to complete. Low success rate makes work more valuable. The limited distribution of works around the world makes each work more collectible. In manual production, workers must master exquisite technology to operate, and each process has its own uncertain factors, which require repeated experiments in the process, and the colors of the works are all the same, making it extremely difficult. And then fired at high temperature. The selected raw materials are melted at a high temperature above 1400℃ to make crystal glass of various colors. After repeated cleaning, they are put into the mold according to the proportion of materials used in the work, and strict heating and cooling curves are set. The furnace temperature must be controlled within 65438 0000℃ 5℃. Small works need to be burned for 1 to 2 weeks, and large works even take several months. It is difficult to control the flow of molten colored crystals, but because of this, various glazed works with different shapes but unified styles have emerged. After the glass is baked, it needs a series of grinding and polishing processes that are no less than jewelry making. It takes nearly 20 days for a finished glass to be finely crafted. Bubbles are the breath of glass, which is a knowledge in the field of glass art. Some producers deliberately create more bubbles in techniques to reflect the life breath contained in glass, which has a flowing charm. In fact, in the process of making glass, after a sudden cooling and many manual processes, bubbles are inevitable, which has become the unique charm of glass. The bubbles in the works are more imaginative and aura. During this period, dozens of manual operations need careful operation to complete, and a little negligence may cause failure or defects. Because part of the glass is fired, the yield is only about 70%. And because the glass can only be burned once, it can't be returned to the furnace, and once it fails, it can't be redeemed. So from the perspective of artistic production, glass is indeed better than Huang Jingui. Contemporary colored glaze: The "fifth element" colored glaze in the eyes of artists is different from any other gemstone. It can blend various colors, and it is still transparent and unchanged for thousands of years. Even the collocation of different colors has different symbolic meanings. For example, green glass is safe, purple glass is aphrodisiac, and the matching color is also said. For example, amber and blue are good for career and fortune. The natural color of glass "invisible and charming" gives Chinese and foreign artists a broader creative space. In foreign countries, coloured glaze shows strong artistic vitality. The works of Emile Galle, the most important designer during the Art Nouveau Movement in Europe, are on display at the newly-built Shanghai Glazed Art Museum. The artist, who was born in Nancy, a French craft town, integrated the beautiful pictures of plant life in nature into the design of glass works. In addition, 33 pieces of glazed works by 10 artists from Britain, America, France, Czech Republic and other places were exhibited. They are almost the most representative group active in the field of glaze art in the modern world. Among them, American writer Jansky's "Colored Glass Ribbon" toughened more than 20 kinds of glass filaments with different colors into the shape of a bird's nest; Antoine Le Pierre, another famous contemporary French glass writer, inherited his grandfather's dewaxing casting process, developed a variety of translucent textures, and combined a large number of words with specific historical and cultural images, making his works look like a history and full of historical feelings. Nowadays, there are many fine glass arts, ranging from necklaces to decorations to screens and lamps. Glass has become the "fifth element" for artists to express their feelings and decorate their lives, and it has also become a widely circulated lifestyle. It is colorful, unpredictable and magnificent, as if flashing with 5,000 years of oriental wisdom and a distinct ideological realm of "invisible, colorless and colorful".