General situation of transportation and resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The traffic on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly by highway, including Sichuan-Tibet line, Qinghai-Tibet line, Xinzang line, Yunnan-Tibet line and Chengaba line, which constitute the traffic artery connecting the study area with the mainland. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, a "heavenly road crossing the roof of the world", runs through Qaidam, Kunlun Mountain Pass, Bayan Kara, Tanggula and Yarlung Zangbo River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from north to south, which has become one of the cornerstones for the development and take-off of the study area. In addition, there are regular flights to other cities in China from Lhasa and Ali.

In addition, the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a certain foundation for the networking of primary and secondary roads and railways, but it is relatively weak. The highways in southern and eastern Tibet are denser and more developed than those in northern and western Tibet, and the integrity of the highway network system is better. Railway traffic is located in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, extending from north to south. There are many broken roads in Qiangtang basin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the highway network system is not very good. It can be seen that the traffic situation in this area is not optimistic. In the past, we had the foundation and experience of highway and railway construction, which laid a certain foundation for the transportation network construction needed to build China strategic oil and gas reserve base.

2. Basic information of natural environment

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest border of China, bordering Kunlun Mountain, Altun Mountain and Qilian Mountain in the north, Longmen Mountain and Jinping Mountain in the east and Himalayas in the south. The average elevation is over 4,000m, which constitutes the highest level of the three steps in China. Therefore, it has typical plateau arid and cold climate characteristics, and the glacier coverage area is about 4.7× 104km2, accounting for more than 80% of the total glacier area in China. Due to the high altitude, the plateau air is dry and thin, the solar radiation is strong, the temperature is low and the rainfall is low.

It is also the "water tower" of China and Southeast Asia, the "regulator" of the atmospheric system in Asia and the northern hemisphere, and the birthplace of 10 major rivers at home and abroad, such as the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Nujiang River, the Lancang River, the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Indus River.

This area has a unique ecosystem and gene bank of alpine organisms on the earth. The surrounding tall mountains are bridges and barriers for the distribution of animals, and the complex and diverse natural environment of the plateau has also had a far-reaching impact on the distribution of animals. Plateau animals that can adapt to local living conditions-such as wild yak, Tibetan gazelle, Tibetan wild donkey, Tibetan antelope, snow leopard, etc. -Live there. There are also muntjac, crested deer, leopard, clouded leopard and other animals in the forest on the southern edge of the plateau. According to a rough estimate, there are about 10000 species of higher seed plants in the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Due to the difference of internal ecological conditions, the regional difference of plant species number is very significant, showing an obvious decreasing trend of more in the southeast and less in the northwest. Therefore, the development of strategic oil and gas reserves will inevitably be affected and restricted in this fragile environment and protection-oriented area. However, as long as we base ourselves on the basic principle of "protection in development and protection in development" and implement a set of effective measures, we can achieve the dual goals of environmental protection and economic development.

3. Basic situation of land resources

The land resources in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are characterized by grassland, woodland, water area and unused land, accounting for 99.33% of the total land area. Grassland dominated by land resources includes alpine meadow, alpine grassland and alpine desert. Woodland accounts for only about 7.96%, mainly distributed in western Sichuan and southeastern Tibet. Other land use types, such as cultivated land, garden, residential area, industrial and mining land and traffic land, only account for about 0.67%. This shows that the land resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are very natural, and human activities have little interference with the natural ecosystem.

In this basic original ecological environment, human beings need to pay attention to environmental protection, but on the other hand, this area has great restrictions on human activities. Bad weather conditions greatly limit human activities. Therefore, labor protection and the provision of basic living conditions are important contents of oil and gas exploration and reserve base construction in this area.

4. Basic information of mineral resources

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the active continental collision orogenic belt, which has the characteristics of large-scale mineralization, new metallogenic age, many types of deposits and good preservation conditions. By 20 10, more than 20 kinds of mineral resources10 have been found in Xizang Autonomous Region, and there are more than 50 kinds of mineral resources available for development and utilization, among which chromium, copper, iron, boron and gold, chromium, copper, zinc, potassium salt, lithium, magnesium, boron and asbestos are 165438. 3483 mineral deposits of various types have been discovered successively, including 800 large and medium-sized mineral deposits. The scale of proven reserves has reached 22 large, 25 medium and 48 small. Such as Tibet Qulong copper mine, Xiongchun copper-gold mine, Chongjiang-Tinggong copper mine, Duobuza copper mine, Lawu lead-zinc mine, Yaguila lead-silver mine, Ranoma lead-zinc mine, Xiong Ni iron mine and Qinghai Dachang gold mine. Among them, there are several iron mines with potential reserves of 100 million tons, and Yulong copper mine with potential reserves of 10 million tons ranks among the top three in Asia.

In addition, the area is also famous for its large number of lakes. According to the survey data before 1990s, there are about 500 salt lakes in Tibet [189], of which 220 are in northern Tibet (the lake area is larger than 1km2) [189], accounting for about 44% of the total number in Tibet (at present, it may be due to natural conditions and human factors, etc.). In addition to common salt lake resources such as halite, borax and mirabilite, there are rare metal minerals such as lithium, rubidium and strontium. Its reserves are also extremely rich. According to the calculation, the reserve of lithium carbonate in salt lakes in northern Tibet can reach 399.12 ×104t only if it is at least 292.09× 104t; t； The maximum reserves of cesium carbonate are 1.35× 104t, and the minimum is1.24×104t; The maximum reserve of rubidium carbonate is 2.55× 104t, and the minimum is 2.3 1× 104t.

Therefore, the construction of strategic oil and gas exploration and reserve bases in this area can further promote the exploration and development of other mineral resources. It also laid a foundation for the development, processing and utilization of other mineral resources in the future; At the same time, it can also promote the convenience of local people's lives and create more employment opportunities.