Relationship between architectural characteristics and climatic conditions in different regions

Climate mainly affects buildings through temperature, humidity, light, wind, air pressure and precipitation. The change of these climatic factors is closely related to human health, and the change of climate will directly affect our psychological and physiological activities. The most obvious and direct expression of human response to climate is that people in different regions often build houses suitable for local climate according to different living environments.

2. 1, the influence of light on buildings

Lighting is an important factor to be considered in buildings affected by climate. For residential indoor sunshine standards, sunshine time and sunshine quality are generally used to measure. Ensuring adequate or minimum sunshine time is the minimum standard for sunshine requirements.

China is located in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Ordinary residential buildings always want to avoid light in summer and have plenty of sunshine in winter. In the design code of general civil houses in China, it is required that the sunshine time of the whole window should not be less than 1 hour from winter solstice. Only by ensuring the sunshine time and sunshine area can we give full play to the bactericidal effect of ultraviolet rays in sunlight.

Due to the different configuration, spacing or shape of buildings, the shape of the sun shadow is also different. For determinant or group buildings, in order to get enough sunshine, the distance between adjacent buildings in the north-south direction should not be less than the sunshine distance.

Houses in the middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere face south, while houses in the middle and high latitudes in the southern hemisphere face north. The untidy orientation of houses in the equatorial region is related to the north-south movement of direct sunlight. Where the temperature is high, the windows are often small or the eaves are far away to avoid direct sunlight. Houses in Egypt have thick walls and small windows, which can not only avoid the scorching sun, but also prevent sandstorms. In places with low temperature, windows are generally larger to fully receive sunlight and raise indoor temperature. But its windows are often double-decked, so that it can avoid the cold and keep the room temperature.

2.2, the influence of temperature on the building.

Due to the different climatic conditions around the world, the temperature varies from place to place. The climate near the North and South poles is cold and the climate near the equator is hot, so there are different buildings. The characteristics of these buildings are mainly manifested in the thickness of walls and the location of houses. Where the temperature is high, the walls are often thinner and the rooms are larger, which is conducive to accelerating the air circulation in the house and reducing the indoor temperature; On the contrary, the walls are thicker and the rooms are smaller to keep warm. It is found that the average wall thickness in southern Britain, the Netherlands and Belgium is 23 cm, that in Germany is 38 cm, that in Poland and Lithuania is 50 cm, and that in Russia is over 63 cm. This also shows that the higher the temperature, the thinner the wall; Conversely, the thicker the wall.

In some places, in order to keep out the cold, houses are buried in the soil, such as caves in northern Shaanxi, China. The buried soil is a poor conductor of heat, and the scorching sun can't shine directly into it in summer, but it plays a role in keeping warm and keeping out the cold in winter. The windows facing south can fill the room with sunshine. It not only saves building materials, but also fully retains the heat in the house. Some places with high temperature also choose this type of architectural style, such as houses in desert areas. .

2.3, the influence of the wind on the building

Wind plays a very important role in water balance and gas exchange in the environment. In the hot area in the south, striving for good natural ventilation is one of the important factors in choosing the architectural orientation. The orientation of the building should be arranged as far as possible in the direction where the incident angle with the dominant wind direction in summer is less than 450, so as to obtain more convective wind indoors. However, when the overall layout of the building is decisive, the front of the building should be prevented from facing the dominant wind in summer (that is, the incident angle with the dominant wind is 00). In windy and sandy areas, the building orientation should avoid facing the dominant wind direction in sandstorm season, and the longitudinal axis of the building should be parallel to the dominant wind direction in sandstorm season. This can not only maintain indoor sanitary conditions, but also reduce the invasion of sandstorms in a large area. In areas with typhoon, hurricane and other disaster weather, houses are mostly low and flat, with simple appearance, and few prominent parts such as spires and windward parts to reduce the influence of strong winds on buildings. There are frequent cold waves (northwest wind) in winter in northern China, so sheltering from the wind is to avoid the cold. Therefore, the wall facing north often does not open windows, the courtyard layout is very compact, and the door is also opened in the southeast corner.

Dali, Yunnan, China is located between Cangshan Lake and Erhai Lake. Southwest wind blows in summer, and Xiaguan wind blows in winter and spring, and Xiaguan wind has a high speed. So the houses here are all east-west, which has become a unique landscape in China residential buildings.

In some hot and humid places, ventilation and cooling have become the main problems in building houses. In these areas, houses have no walls. Modern architecture pays more attention to creating "direct flow" for ventilation and summer.

2.4, the influence of precipitation on buildings

Precipitation mainly affects the choice of building address and the different treatment of building roof. Therefore, when building a house, we should avoid places that are easy to accumulate water and be washed away by water, such as valleys and other places. Therefore, the location of buildings is generally in places with high terrain and easy drainage, such as ridges and mountains. In areas with heavy rainfall and snowfall, the roof slope is generally very large, which can speed up the drainage and reduce the snow on the roof. In order to reduce the weight and pressure of snow and reduce the damage of snow and ice to houses, many medieval houses in the mountainous areas of Central Europe and Northern Europe are designed in spire style because of the long winter time and heavy snowfall here. The bamboo houses of the Dai people in Yunnan, China are very distinctive.

Where there is a lot of precipitation, the vegetation is lush, and the building materials are mostly bamboo; Where there is little precipitation, vegetation is sparse, and earthwork is used for construction; In places with heavy snowfall, snow is even building materials, such as Eskimo igloos.

2.5, the influence of humidity on buildings

Relative humidity reduces the thermal insulation performance of many building materials after being wetted, which is more important for buildings such as cold storage. If the humidity is too high, the mechanical strength of the material will be obviously reduced, destructive deformation will occur, and organic materials will rot, thus reducing the quality and durability. Moist materials are easy to breed mold, once spread in the air and articles, it will endanger people's health and promote the deterioration of articles.

3. The relationship between architectural features and climate in different areas of China.

China has a vast territory and complex terrain. Due to the different latitude, topography and geographical conditions, the climate is very different, and different climates put forward different requirements for housing construction. I think the climate is divided into five zones: severe cold zone, cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone and mild zone.

3. 1, severe cold area

In order to adapt to the cold climate, the walls or other enclosure structures must be thick, the windows should be as small as possible, the houses should have spires and steep slopes, and there should be a fire resistance at home.

Typical buildings are northeast residential buildings and yurts.

● The style of folk houses in Northeast China is generally adobe houses facing south, and three detached houses are the most common. Windows are usually flat and wide, made of wood and relatively small. The window lattice is made of small pieces of wood and then pasted with enough paper. The disadvantage of this kind of window is that the lighting effect is very poor. Later, even with glass, it would not work. The main reason is that the window is too small, but it also has the advantage of good thermal insulation, which is very important for the long winter in Northeast China. Survival is always above everything else. Houses are made of mud and thatch. The roof is covered with thatch, and the walls are particularly thick, mainly for keeping warm.

● The style of yurts is generally pointed at the top circle and wide and round in the middle. The wind, sand and snow on the grassland will form a crescent-shaped gentle slope at a proper distance behind after being buffered by yurts. This is because the yurt has no water chestnut, which is smooth and streamlined. The yurt can also withstand the heavy rain on the grassland, which is due to its morphological structure. In the rainy season, the wooden support of the yurt should be relatively "steep" and covered with a top felt, so it is difficult for rain and snow to invade. The top of the bag is round, so the rain can only flow away from the felt at the top.

In winter, the felt bag is thickened outside, and a layer of felt is tied inside, which has good windproof performance.

Mongolian yurts are warm in winter and cool in summer. Because it is a sphere, it is white and has good reflective effect. Wind windows can also be opened on the back, and the edge of the felt can be lifted.

3.2, cold areas

It is cold for a long time in winter and needs heating. Traditional houses generally use kang or other heating equipment for heating, followed by ventilation and rain protection.

Typical buildings are Beijing quadrangles and caves in northern Shaanxi.

● Beijing Siheyuan: It integrates heating, lighting, ventilation and drainage.

Generally, quadrangles are located in east-west hutongs facing south. The basic shape is the north room (main room), the south room (inverted room) and the east and west rooms, which are separated on all sides and surrounded by high walls to form a four-in-one and open a door. Generally, there are 3 rooms in the north room, 5 rooms in the front room, 3 rooms in the east room, 3 rooms in the west room and 4 rooms in the south room, including door openings and hanging doors *** 17. There is a yard in the middle of the yard, which is very spacious. There are flowers and trees in the courtyard and goldfish in the fish tank. It is the center of the courtyard layout, and it is also the place where people walk, light, ventilate, enjoy the cool, rest and do housework.

Windows and sill walls are embedded in the large frame between the upper sill (without lower sill) and the left and right columns. The upper window frame can be supported, while the lower window frame is usually fixed. In winter, Korean paper or cellophane is often used to stick windows, which are bright inside and dark outside, which can not only prevent the invasion of cold air, but also keep sufficient indoor light. Stick a window screen or cold cloth on the window in summer. This is a window screen made of wood in various counties in southern Beijing. It looks like cloth instead of cloth, which can provide ventilation and relieve indoor heat. Add a piece of paper outside the cold cloth, roll it up during the day and put it down at night, so it is also called "rolling window". Some people use a window with an upper branch and a lower branch.

The discharge of domestic water in quadrangles is mostly in the form of seepage pits, commonly known as "seepage wells" and "seepage ditches". Siheyuan generally has no toilets, and toilets are mostly located in hutongs, which are called "official houses".

● Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi: People use the characteristics of loess to make caves and build rooms, which are called earth caves. There are two kinds of windows, one is a small square window of about 1 square meter; The other is a round window of about 3-4 square meters, which is characterized by warm winter and cool summer. Cave dwellings are usually built in sunny places on the mountainside or at the foot of the mountain. Many trees and flowers are planted in the open space above the cave. The cave is fire-proof and sound-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, saving land and labor.

The caves in northern Shaanxi are such arched caves dug according to the mountain situation. Because loess itself has the property of standing upright, the bearing capacity of vault is better than that of flat roof, and vault is generally used in caves to ensure its stability. Northern Shaanxi is characterized by thick soil layer and low groundwater level in the Loess Plateau, and digging caves as dwellings has the advantages of being warm in winter and cool in summer. Set high windows for lighting.

3.3, hot in summer and cold in winter

The wall is very thin. In summer, this feature is beneficial to the heat dissipation of the house. Although the temperature of the house rises rapidly during the day, it is designed to reduce the indoor temperature as soon as possible at night, so the problem of excessive temperature is mainly solved by ventilation during the day.

The whole house faces south, to be exact, southeast. The room is very large and the layout has the characteristics of a hall. There are usually several windows in the south, and they are very large. The back room usually has windows on the west and east. This is mainly based on ventilation, which is hot in summer and the walls are thin, so it is necessary to rely on ventilation to dissipate the heat in the room.

Traditional houses generally have sloping roofs and tiles; First of all, most houses are equipped with eaves gutter or gutter drainage.

The typical building is Fujian folk house: Hakka earth building in southwest Fujian is a special rural folk house. Tulou is square and round, shaped like a pet bunker. Its outer wall is compacted with soil, lime, sand and glutinous rice, and its thickness is 1 m, which can reach 5 layers. From the outside to the inside, the roof falls off layer by layer, with the main building in the middle. The total number of rooms can reach more than 300, and there are dozens or even dozens of households living on the first floor. Fujian is a "mountain country" along the southeast coast, with mountains and hills accounting for more than 80% of the land area. The terrain is complex, and the phenomenon of banditry is serious in history. After the Han people in the Central Plains moved here, they built earth buildings to guard against thieves, and hundreds of people of the same family lived here, so they were like earth buildings in a fortress with outstanding defense functions. In addition, Fujian is located in the southeast coastal earthquake zone, with a warm and rainy climate. The solid earth building can not only prevent earthquakes and damp, but also keep warm and insulate heat.

3.4, hot summer and warm winter areas

Buildings pay more attention to heat dissipation and moisture prevention, and houses in coastal areas generally face the sea to enhance the ventilation effect of rooms. Because of the hot and humid climate, many courtyards have thin walls and roofs, and some have wide porches or spacious halls in order to facilitate ventilation and avoid heat and rain.

Typical buildings are Gaoshan folk houses: there are five main types: wooden houses, bamboo houses, huts, stone houses and grass-topped underground palaces.

3.5. Moderate area: The three-dimensional climate features are obvious. Most areas are wet in winter and cool in summer, with distinct wet and dry seasons. There are many thunderstorms and fogs throughout the year, and the annual temperature range is small, the daily range is large, the sunshine is particularly strong, and the winter temperature in some areas is low.

Buildings in this area pay attention to rain, moisture and heat dissipation. The maintenance structure is thin and simple, with good permeability and many windows, and there is space between the floors of the house, which can prevent moisture.

The typical building is the "dry fence" building of bamboo and wood buildings of the Dai nationality in Yunnan, mainly for rain, moisture and heat protection, so as to obtain dry and cool living conditions.