What language was spoken in ancient times? Where did English come from?

In ancient times, generally everyone spoke a dialect, but there was also Mandarin, called official language, which means what the person who is an official says, referring to the dialect of the capital city.

Is Mandarin the Beijing dialect?

Author: Pizzano

(This article is only as a question for discussion, the purpose of posting this is not to deny Mandarin or to oppose the push for it, but to explore the facts of the language. We can't change history, but we must respect the facts, and to forget them is to disrespect history.)

[Confused]

People who have been to Beijing or who have heard the Beijing dialect have the realization that it is not the same as Putonghua. People who speak Mandarin very well may not be able to understand Beijing dialect, and even the Mandarin announcers on the radio sometimes have the same difficulty in understanding the local Beijing dialect when they arrive in Beijing, and this is the linguistic reality about Mandarin and Beijing dialect. This fact shows that there is a big difference between Putonghua and the real Beijing dialect, yet various books clearly state that Putonghua is based on Beijing dialect, which creates a great deal of confusion for the people of China: is Putonghua Beijing dialect or not? What is the relationship between Mandarin and Beijing dialect?

In order to clarify the relationship between Beijing dialect and Mandarin, many people have gone through various ways to find the answer. Hopefully, they can figure out this most basic language issue in national life, and hopefully get a clear concept about Mandarin and Beijing dialect. As a matter of fact, is Putonghua a Beijing dialect? History will tell us the answer to this question, because Putonghua did not come out of thin air; like all other languages in the world, it grew up from a primitive language step by step.

[Definition of Mandarin]

According to the world-recognized definition of Mandarin, it is a language that uses the Beijing dialect as its standard pronunciation, the northern dialect as its base dialect, and modern vernacular script as its standard grammar.

But is this definition really so ironically correct?

The scientific accuracy of this definition can be verified by a simple disproof. If this definition is correct, then it should be correct in turn, that is, according to the definition of Putonghua, what is spoken in a pure Beijing accent, with a pure northern dialect vocabulary, and with a standard modern vernacular grammar must be Putonghua.

But this is not the case. What is spoken according to the strict criteria of the definition of Putonghua is still not Putonghua! That is to say, what is spoken in a pure Beijing accent, with a pure northern dialect vocabulary, and with a standard modern vernacular grammar is still not Mandarin! Even if a native Beijinger speaks in standard modern vernacular grammar, it is still not Mandarin. This is a fact that anyone can verify. This clearly illustrates the lack of rigor in the definition of Mandarin.

So what exactly is Mandarin? This question deserves to be rethought. This is a confusion that the definition of Putonghua has given to the Chinese nationals, and with such a confusion, a re-examination of what Putonghua really is should be done.

[The relationship between immigration and language]

So, how can we know exactly what Mandarin really is?

No language in the world can arise, develop, and survive without a certain social group, a group we'll call for the time being the speakers. It is the crowd that is the determining factor of a language, and even artificial languages like Esperanto and women's writing cannot escape the determining role of the social group. Without the group, a language cannot be created, nor can it survive. The study and thinking of a language must also start from the perspective of immigrants, so as to find the roots of the language and truly recognize the essence of a language.

This is the only way to understand Mandarin, which, like all other languages, cannot escape its own history of generation and development, and which is necessarily integrated with the history of migration of Mandarin-speaking groups.

[Comparative analysis of the divergent paths of language relations]

As a linguist, one can abstract millions of characteristics of a certain language, make layer after layer and set after set of theoretical explanations of these characteristics, and find out many, many, and all kinds of "relations" between the two languages, even between two languages like Chinese and English. We can find many, many, many "relationships" between two languages, and we can even find many "homophones and synonyms" between two languages that are almost unrelated to each other, such as Chinese and English. However, the social roots of language cannot be denied. History is history, and there is no shame in history, only the fact that it exists.

A Mr. Hercules once wrote:

"If you have 100 numbered balls, put them into five numbered boxes at random, twenty in each box. If they don't work once, put them in again. Ask approximately how many of the same numbered balls were put into the same numbered boxes twice. Based on that rate, 100*1/5*1/5*5 equals 20 on average. How does this relate to your doctrine? Hold on, let me explain. The average vocabulary used by humans is approximately in the tens of thousands, so let's take fifty thousand. Disregarding intonation modern northern speech has about 400 syllables, English is a lot more, the possible combinations are said to be in the tens of thousands. At first glance the possibility of overlap between the two should be very small, but there is no need to be so calculating, in many cases you do not take into account the rhyming part, this is not to blame you, it is true that in the changes in the language of the vowels are more stable, so that the combinations that can be taken into account are only 20 or 30. The ones with similar meaning words with similar sounds are already in the thousands. And that's not all, the consonants are not static, there are examples of g-k-k', b-p-p', d-th-t-t', etc. in both Chinese and Indo-European languages, as well as a plethora of light-lipped, heavy-lipped, tip-of-the-tongue, I-don't-know-what-it's-all-about. There you go, the box is down to just a few b,d,g,l,x,s. Plus, both English and Upper Chinese have compound consonants, which is like putting the ball in the court twice. Finally, if you use your imagination and attach a handful of meanings to the words, you'll have tens of thousands of cognates. A netizen said he has found two thousand, too little, back to the Chinese-English, Chinese-German, Chinese-whatever dictionary and then turn over, more brains, not to become, more convincing?"

While he is only addressing the comparison of Chinese-Indo-European cognates here, the general point is that there is a chance of homophones occurring between any languages, and the chance is still high. I think Mr. Jie Ga's question should be taken seriously, and if this question cannot be answered, any comparison of cognates between languages is meaningless. In the past, scholars' analyses of what Putonghua really is or the relationship between Putonghua and Beijing dialect almost always tended to compare the similarities between the two languages, but this method of analysis is obviously very fallacious, as Mr. Jie Ga's (Hercules) example clearly proves, which shows that when comparing the relationship between Putonghua and Beijing dialect, the important thing is to compare the relationship between them along the lines of the language people and not the speech between the two. This shows that when comparing Mandarin with Beijing, it is important to look along the lines of linguistic folklore rather than at the phonological and linguistic features of the two.

Mandarin is a natural language, and a natural language is naturally produced by a group of people (the speakers) in their long-term language practice. The language and the speakers are one and the same, and if you know the speakers, you will naturally know the language, which is the minimum logic. Phonological features, however, are indirect, and thus have no direct proof. Besides, it is hard to say whether the phonetic features are like or not, the Chinese mother is "ma", the British mother is also called "ma", could it be that English is a dialect separated from Chinese? The fact that a certain language uses a certain sound system doesn't make Mandarin Beijing, if it were that simple, it wouldn't be possible to categorize sub-dialects.

My discussion is characterized by starting with the speakers rather than phonological analysis, which is quite different from all the old argumentative nonsense about Mandarin being influenced by Manchu.

[Evidence of the history of the people of Mandarin]

From the point of view of phonological evidence, standard Mandarin with phonological records can be traced back to the late Qing Dynasty, when Aisin Gioro. Puyi, the Far Eastern Military Tribunal trial documentary, which has the questioning of Puyi, he spoke a mouthful of standard Mandarin, not the old Beijing dialect. Then, the time when Mandarin was designed should be before the era of Puyi's life.

From the evidence of the records, the following information can also prove that Mandarin was designed before the end of the Qing Dynasty:

The history of Mandarin can be proved:

The term "national language" was introduced at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Wu Rulun is believed to be the first scholar to mention the name Mandarin.

In 1909 (the first year of the Xuantong reign), Jiang Qian, a member of the Academy of Senior Governmental Affairs, formally proposed that the official language be named "national language".

In the same year, the Qing Dynasty established the "National Language Review Committee";

In 1910, Jiang Qian once again put forward the idea of "combining the national language with the Chinese characters in order to achieve the effect of unification" in the "Sermon on Preparing for National Language Education in the First Year of the Qing Dynasty".

19

In 1911, the Ministry of Education convened the "Central Education Conference" and adopted the "Measures for the Unification of the National Language".

After the founding of the Republic of China, the "Pronunciation Unification Conference" was held in Beijing in February 1913, and the national pronunciation was determined to be "Beijing pronunciation, taking into account the north and the south"; in September 1919, the "Dictionary of National Pronunciation" was edited and published.

Because of the contradiction between the phonetic standard of the National Phonetic Dictionary and that of Beijing, the "Beijing-North China Controversy" broke out in 1920.

Zhang Shiyi, director of the English section of the Nanjing Higher Education Division, published "The Problem of the Unification of the National Language" in 1920, arguing that the Zhuyin alphabet, together with the Guoyin, had to be fundamentally transformed, and not recognizing the Guoyin, advocating that the Beijing sound be the standard for the Guoyin, which was responded to by many people. The National Federation of Education Associations and the Jiangsu Normal Primary Schools Federation successively made the resolution to set the Peking tone as the standard tone and began to promote it in schools. 1919, April 21, the Beiyang == established the "Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language", and in 1928 the National == changed to the "Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language". 1932, the National Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language was established. In May 1932, the Ministry of Education formally announced and published the "Commonly Used Chinese Characters for the National Language", which provided a model for the establishment of the standard of the national language.

During the period of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the term "Mandarin" was adopted after 1955 to replace the "national language".

The term "Putonghua" had already been used by some language scholars at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and was first proposed by Zhu Wenxiong in 1906. Later, Li Jinxi, Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun and others discussed the term "Putonghua" one after another.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to show respect for the languages and scripts of the ethnic minorities and to avoid misunderstandings that might arise from the name "national language", the "National Conference on Textual Reform" and the "National Conference on the Standardization of the Modern Chinese Language", both of which were held in October 1955, were held in succession. "In October 1955, the National Conference on Script Reform and the Academic Conference on the Standardization of Modern Chinese decided to name the standardized modern Chinese language "Putonghua", and defined the definition and standard of Putonghua. The word "Putonghua" means "universal" and "****common", and at the 1955 National Conference on Character Reform, Zhang Xiruo said that the word "Putonghua" meant "universal" and "****common". "At the National Conference on Word Reform held in 1955, Zhang Xi Ruo said: "The Chinese national ****similar language has existed for a long time, but now it is named Putonghua, which needs to be further standardized to determine the criteria. What is this Han national ****similar language that has in fact gradually formed? This is Mandarin, which is a dialect based on the northern dialect, with the Beijing dialect as its standard. For the sake of simplicity, this national ****similar language can also be called just Mandarin." The 1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China explicitly states, "The State promotes Mandarin, which is commonly used throughout the country."

These testimonies show that the emergence of Putonghua was at the end of the Qing Dynasty or even further back, however, with the level of phonological theory and the level of development of vernacular language in China at that time were not compatible with the definition of Putonghua. How could such a level of theory at that time have designed the kind of language in the definition of Putonghua? Assuming that Putonghua was designed, there must have been someone or a group of people who designed it, but there has never been a statement as to who actually designed it. And it is a worldwide ****ing knowledge that Mandarin is a natural language, not an artificial one, and as a natural language, the evidence points to the Manchus, the rulers of the Manchus.

[Basic idea]

Why do you say that Putonghua is the "Chinese language learned by the Manchus" and not the "Chinese language formed under the influence of the Manchus"? The main points are as follows:

1. The "Mandarin" of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the "national language" of the Republic of China (ROC), and the "national language" of the Manchu Qing Dynasty (Qing Dynasty) are one language with the same accent, not different *languages*. not different *languages*;

2, the purest accent of the Manchu "national language" is that of the Manchus, the ruling group of China, who are the orthodox speakers of the Manchu "national language";

3, the Manchus, the ruling group of China, are the orthodox speakers of the Manchu "national language";

4, the Manchu "national language" is a language with the same accent. "

3, Manchu was the main language of the Manchus before their entry into China, and Manchu was the mother tongue of the Manchus, and the turnover of the mother tongue of the Manchus shows that the "national language" of the Manchus was the Chinese language which the Manchus learned and could speak.

In fact, in order to argue what kind of language Mandarin is, the most important thing should be to judge the people of Mandarin rather than the phonetic characteristics of Mandarin.

[Beijing dialect 400 years ago: Ha Jiang Guanhua]

Beijing has gone through many dynasties since its foundation, how much has Beijing dialect changed since ancient times? How has it changed? This is a question that no one has really examined until now. Historically speaking, more than 400 years ago, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Matteo Ricci, a missionary from Italy, recorded a large number of Beijing dialects in Romanized Pinyin, which are still preserved today. From Ricci's records, it is clear that Beijing dialect at that time was a language with a large number of initialized characters and no consonants such as zh, ch, sh, etc. This shows that Beijing dialect at that time was not the same as the other languages of the Ming Dynasty, but the same as the other languages of the Ming Dynasty. This shows that Beijing dialect at that time was not the present Beijing dialect, nor the present Mandarin, because neither Beijing dialect nor Mandarin has these characteristics. At the same time, it also shows that both Beijing dialect and Putonghua are less than 400 years old, and that the Beijing dialect of 400 years ago was the official language of the Ming Dynasty (which has been proved to be the official language of Xiajiang?). The record of Matteo Ricci is also a thorough proof. Ricci's record also completely disproves the lie that the so-called incipient sounds disappeared before the Ming Dynasty.

[The emergence of a second language in Beijing: Manchu]

After the Manchus entered Beijing, for the sake of community security and other political purposes, the Manchus expelled all Han Chinese within 10 miles of the Forbidden City and inhabited it exclusively by Manchus, which is known as the inner part of Beijing, while the area beyond is known as the outer part of the city. As a result, two communities emerged in Beijing: the Manchu community and the Han Chinese community, which were very distinct in terms of class, language, and area of residence, and two languages emerged in Beijing: the official language of the Ming Dynasty and Manchu. Any language is one with the crowd, and the geographical difference between the two languages in Beijing at that time was: Manchu was spoken in the inner city, and the Ming official language was spoken in the outer city.

[The differentiation of Manchu - Manchu Chinese]

We analyze a language and the object of expression of that language on the basis of a basic linguistic theorem: language is consistent with social practice. It is the social practice that determines the language rather than the language that determines the social practice, that is to say, if there is an expression in a language, there must be the kind of life practice expressed in that expression. For example, if there is the word "coconut" in the Manchu language, then there must be the practice of "coconut" in the kind of life that the Manchu people live. The fruit exists.

Before they ruled China, the Manchus were a nomadic people of the north, living in an environment completely different from that of the central plains, and the Manchu language was formed in such an environment, and its history was short, and the Manchus had never experienced the kind of advanced scientific and technological and artistic social practices as those of the Chinese in the past several thousand years. This determines that the Manchu language does not have the ability to express the practice of life in China and Chinese culture. Since Manchu is a language of the northern peoples, the primitive life of the Manchus in the steppes and jungles, as well as the short history and culture of the Manchus, have limited the level of maturity of the language. It can be said that Manchu is a relatively primitive language, no matter its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar are very primitive and immature. For the Manchus who had just gained the right to rule China, even in Beijing, the Manchu language was difficult to meet the needs of daily life, Beijing's flora and fauna, architecture, daily necessities and many other things were unheard of by the Manchus who had never seen them before, and it was very difficult to describe and communicate these things in Manchu. Between the Manchus and the Han Chinese is so, between the Manchus and the Manchus is also unable to express the daily life encountered things clearly, as for the Han Chinese like construction engineering language, art language, medicine and other scientific and technological terms and other advanced language use is even more unable to express, the situation was the Manchu language in Beijing to face the crisis of unable to communicate. In the face of the Chinese language, which has a history of thousands of years and has been refined by thousands of people, although the Manchus seized power in China, their language was not up to the task of ruling China. However, as the rulers of China, the Manchus had to face the political reality of using the language. From the expression of their daily lives to the political needs of ruling China, the Manchus were in dire need of a language that could express the life around them. It was too late to change the Manchu language, and the Manchus had no other choice but to learn and imitate the Chinese language, so they adopted the language (including vocabulary and phonetics) of the Han Chinese in Beijing as their only choice, and so a third Beijing dialect appeared -- the broken Chinese language that the Manchus had learned to speak (for the time being, let's call it Manchurian Chinese)

Regarding the "foreign local dialect", it is said to be a "foreign local dialect", which is the most common one. "foreign-style local dialects"

The learning and imitation of other dialects by speakers of different Chinese dialects, such as Cantonese, can be recognized as "Cantonese Putonghua" rather than "standard Putonghua", and similarly, Cantonese spoken by northerners can be recognized as "standard Putonghua" by other people. Similarly, when a northerner speaks Cantonese, other people can also tell that it is "Lo Piao Guangzhou dialect" when they hear it. Many northerners who have lived in Guangzhou for 30 to 40 years are fluent in "Guangzhou dialect", and they can clearly understand what other people are saying, and other people can clearly understand what he is saying, but other people can not understand what he is saying. He can understand others clearly, and others can also understand his "Guangzhou dialect", but at the same time, they can also recognize that this is not the authentic Guangzhou dialect, the main point is that he is speaking the "Guangzhou dialect" without the initials.

When speakers of different languages learn and imitate other languages, such as Mongolians, Xinjiangis and Tibetans speaking Mandarin Chinese, others can still recognize that they are not Han Chinese.

Foreign friends learning Chinese, at present I have not seen a Chinese like a foreign friends can not hear the defense, Canada to the Dashan is one of the best learners, however, he said the Chinese language is still not really Chinese people speak Chinese that kind of affection, even if only listen to a small piece of the recordings and can not see him speak in person can also be the same to distinguish, this is because he said the This is because he is speaking "foreign-style Mandarin". One can only imagine how what we Chinese call "Chinese English" would sound to the British.

Fujian Qinjiang's flag language is Chinese, not Manchu, or to be more precise "Manchu Chinese", and the "military language" is actually a less sophisticated local language. A group of people who speak different languages came to the local people, because the local communication of the practical needs of life, the local people's language has become the only comprehensive pass **** the same language, so the foreign crowd learned the language of the local people, "foreign-style local language" is an inevitable process of learning. However, the army, the construction corps is a large group of people, their community structure, way of life, cultural practices have their own characteristics, when their "foreign-style local language" evolved to realize the various needs of the local life practices, especially the need for linguistic communication, this "foreign-style local language" will also lose the ability to speak the local language. When their "foreign-style local language" has evolved to the point where it can fulfill the various needs of local life practices, especially the need for linguistic communication, this "foreign-style local language" loses its strong impetus to continue to converge on the local language, and this "foreign-style local language" is then fixed to form a self-contained language, which is the "military language".

Not only this, but more importantly, it depends on whether Beijing retains a fixed group of people, whether this group of people maintains its own living community, its own characteristics of life, its own cultural practices, and more importantly, whether this group of people has the will to retain its own characteristics, and how strong this will is, and how capable it is of defending its will, etc. We must firmly believe that it is social practice that determines social practice. We must firmly believe that it is the need for social practice that determines language rather than language determining the need for social practice. The fact that 20,000 to 30,000 people can form a "military language" shows that it does not take a large community to form a new language.

[The Formation of the Third Beijing Language--Mandarin]

A small tree in Beijing or a tool in the kitchen cannot be expressed in Manchu! Because the ancestors of the Manchus had never seen such a plant, never seen such a tool, this was the harsh linguistic reality encountered by the Manchus who ruled China at that time. There was no other way for the Manchu language to continue than to use the vocabulary and imitate the speech of the Han Chinese in the outer cities of Beijing! Just as the Japanese Imperial Army had learned to speak Chinese: "Yours, Bailu's, work?" Like the Japanese Imperial Army, the Manchus in the inner city of Beijing began their difficult process of imitating the Chinese language.

But the Manchu language compared to the Chinese language has its inherent disabilities, first of all, the word into the sound of the word all of a sudden lost, which is the Chinese homophonic words increase the most fundamental historical reasons, with the Manchu set of learning Chinese pronunciation is not class, can be said with certainty, this is the pronunciation of the worst of the Chinese language. However, history is so cruel, the Manchus of this lame Chinese than the Japanese Imperial Army's lame Chinese is much more fortunate! With the increase in the use of the population, this let the Han Chinese people laugh off the teeth of the lame Chinese into the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty "*** with the language" - this is the early Mandarin (the temporary use of the title of the English language known as Mandarin). ).

[The development of Beijing dialect in the inner city - out of the inner city of Beijing, forming the "official language"]

With the formation of "mandarin" in the inner city of Beijing, the "broken Chinese" language became more and more common.

With the formation of the "mandarin" language in the inner city of Beijing, a fixed group of "mandarin" speakers was formed in the inner city of Beijing. This group of people was the highest ruling group in China at that time - the Eight Banners nobles. "Mandarin" became the official language of the Qing rulers - the "Manchu official language".

It is difficult to verify history, but we should believe that it is social practice that determines language.

It is possible that some Han Chinese brought the Chinese language from the interior of the country outside the border, and before the Manchus entered the border, there should have been exchanges between Han Chinese and Manchus and language interactions, which is quite reasonable, "The Manchus spoke a lot more Chinese before they entered the border. Nurhachu's Chinese was very skillful" is also very reasonable.

But this should not cause a qualitative change in the Manchu language, let alone a change in the dominant position of Manchu among the Manchus, because the survival of the language is determined by the needs of the social activities of the crowd. In the Manchus before the entry of the Manchus, the social activities of the Manchus have not fundamentally changed, the Manchus speak Chinese is only a political need or only part of the people involved in the economic and cultural exchanges between the Manchus and the Manchus, the Manchus simply do not have the social urgency of having to radically change their mother tongue. This is not a change in the basic way of life of the Manchus, the Manchus only after the entry into the Customs completely changed their social activities, into the vast majority of Manchus must communicate with the Han Chinese, it is this qualitative change in social activities that produced the "Manchu Chinese" in the mainstream position of the Manchus. Therefore, Manchu Chinese must have appeared only after the Manchus entered the country.

The exact time remains to be proved, and the phonetics in the Kangxi Dictionary is still somewhat different from the phonetics of today's Mandarin, but it is much closer to today's Mandarin than any other Chinese dialect, and the emergence of the Kangxi Dictionary marks the maturity of Mandarin as an independent dialect. All this shows that Mandarin was formed during the period between the Manchu's entry into China and the completion of the Kangxi Dictionary.

The historical greatness of the Kangxi Dictionary was the elimination of more than 80,000 Chinese characters, which the vast majority of the Chinese people no longer know how to use, despite the fact that today's Microsoft Corporation has restored the Chinese language's character base to more than 100,000 to a large extent, and the emergence of the Kangxi Dictionary at the same time signaled the beginning of the decline of the Chinese language and Chinese culture.

From the history of the formation of "Manchu official language", "Manchu official language" is mainly influenced by the Manchu language in the phonological aspect, which is a kind of immature crappy Chinese phonological system, while the influence in vocabulary and grammar is very limited, from the nature of the language, "Manchu official language" is the most important part of the Chinese language. From the nature of the language, "Manchu official language" should be attributed to a dialect of Chinese rather than to a dialect of Manchu, but it is the worst kind of Chinese dialect.

[The Development of Inner-City Beijing Dialect - Taking Root and Forming the "National Language"]

After the formation of the "Manchu Official Dialect", with the geographical extension of the Manchu regime, the people who spoke the "Manchu Official Dialect" were able to speak the "Manchu Official Dialect" and the "Manchurian Official Dialect" in their own language. After the formation of the "Manchu official language", as the Manchu regime extended geographically, the Eight Banners nobles who spoke the "Manchu official language" also went from the royal inner city of Beijing to every corner of China, so the accent of the first administrator of each place became the local standard accent. And in the local upper class to the common people's society continues to penetrate and grow, and ultimately make the "Manchu official language" to become China's "national language".

Geographically speaking, the northern part of China is the main area of Manchu activity, and also the area with the highest degree of Manchuization. While some areas in the south, such as Guangdong, Fujian and other places due to the "mountain high emperor is far away" and less affected, which is the southern languages read the Tang and Song poems more pressure rhyme than Mandarin more intimate fundamental reason, but also the Qing Dynasty China is not a famous poet of the fundamental reason.

One point to note is that Mandarin was the "national language" of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which permeated the whole of China directly from the inner city of Beijing, bypassing the outer city of Beijing, so the outer-city dialect of Beijing was not the real "national language" -- Mandarin. Therefore, Beijing's outer-city dialect is not the real "national language" -- Mandarin. However, just as the aristocrats in the inner city and the commoners in the outer city of Beijing are two communities that are not compatible with each other, "outer-city Pekingese" and "inner-city Pekingese" are two languages that are not the same as each other in line with class differences. The so-called "Beijing dialect" has always been of two kinds: "outer-city dialect" and "inner-city dialect," while the "Beijing dialect" referred to in different places actually means "Beijing dialect. The term "Beijing dialect" as used in various places actually refers to the "inner city dialect" (mandarin) rather than the "Peking dialect" spoken by the Han Chinese in the outer city. The "Beijing dialect" spoken by the Han people in the outer cities is actually a small language that has no influence on other Chinese dialects.

(The influence of Putonghua on the languages of the Chinese people)

[The development of inner-city Pekingese - the establishment of the status of Chinese as a representative language]

Mandarin, after more than 200 years of Manchurian rule in China, and after the vote by Sun Yat-sen's regime on the status of the "national language", became the official language of the People's Republic of China. After more than 200 years of Manchu rule in China, after the Sun Yat-sen regime's vote on the status of the "national language", and after the People's Republic of China's constitutional provision on the "national representative language", the status of Mandarin as the representative language of the Chinese language has become impregnable.

(Dynastic changes and the transmission of the national language)

[The disappearance of Beijing dialect in Beijing]

From the history of language, Putonghua is not a Beijing dialect, but only an inner-city dialect of Beijing. With the dissolution of the Manchu dynasty, the aristocratic groups of the inner-city of Beijing disappeared from Beijing, and thus the real mother of the Putonghua dialect no longer existed in the city of Beijing. It may have been half right to refer to Mandarin as Beijing dialect more than 100 years ago, but it would be a mistake to do so today, because the concept of "Beijing dialect" has changed, and is no longer the same as the original "Beijing dialect".

[Putonghua]

Putonghua is Manchu Chinese, but Manchu Chinese is not the same as Putonghua, which is one kind of Manchu Chinese, and Manchu Chinese is a big language. The Manchurian Chinese formed after the Manchus entered China was not just an accent, because the Manchus were distributed all over the country, and thus formed a variety of Manchurian Chinese, which is because language is a product of social life practice, but the "Putonghua" of these Manchurian cities around the world is centered on the Beijing Putonghua, which is also based on the fact that the social life practice determines language. This is also based on the fact that social life practice determines language. Due to the differences in the degree of influence of local dialects and the degree of differences in the dialects themselves, the differences between the Mandarin dialects of the local Manchurian languages are not necessarily smaller than the differences between the traditional dialects of the local Manchurian languages and the Mandarin dialects. Therefore, there is a lack of basis for using Mancheng's Chinese from all over the world as the natural linguistic folk of Putonghua.

In a word: there is no longer a natural speaker of Mandarin in the world!

[Confusion over the definition of Putonghua]

There are two kinds of languages in the world: natural languages and artificial languages

[Concepts]

Artificial languages are those designed by someone or a collective under the guidance of strict linguistic theories;

Natural languages are those naturally formed by the speakers of a certain region in the course of social practice. language of a certain region in the course of social practice.

[Examples]

Artificial languages: e.g. Esperanto;

Natural languages: most of the world's languages are natural languages.

[Comparison]

1, an artificial language is preceded by a theory, whereas a natural language is preceded by a language, whereas a natural language is preceded by a theory;

2, an artificial language presupposes that there is necessarily a designer of it, whereas a natural language presupposes that there is necessarily a population of its speakers.

3, the definition of a language in general is as follows:

Artificial language is defined in the following format:

A language designed by XX (the name of a person) with XX sound as the standard, XX dialect as the base dialect, and XX script as the normative grammar;

Natural language is defined in the following format:

Language spoken by the speakers of XX region as the standard. as the standardized language.

4, Almost all languages in the world are natural languages, Esperanto is an artificial language.

[Confused]

Based on the above definition of Mandarin, it should be an "artificial language", and therefore, it should have its designer and design time. So, who actually designed Mandarin? When was it designed?

[Artificial language?]

Mandarin is not the current Beijing dialect, nor is it any artificial language. Because China 100 years ago did not have the academic ability to create an "artificial language" like Mandarin, and there was no individual or group of linguists who were the real fathers of Mandarin in practice, before modern linguists in China tried to create China's national language, Mandarin, in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, there was no linguist in China, and there was no linguist in China. -Before the modern linguists in China tried to create the national language of China - Mandarin, the rulers of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, such as Daoguang and Cixi, could speak fluent Mandarin, and they were the real fathers of Mandarin - the royal family in the inner city of Beijing in the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

[Definition of Mandarin]

The fact that Mandarin is a natural rather than an artificial language is hardly disputed throughout the world. However, the current definition of Putonghua still uses the definition of an artificial language, and this kind of scholarly confusion may seem to be intentionally misleading to the Chinese people! This shows that even if we don't talk about the question of what Mandarin is, the definition of Mandarin is not correct, and it must be redefined.

[If Mandarin is a natural language]

No natural language can be verified without the people who speak it, and the history of natural languages cannot be verified without the history of their migration. Mandarin is today the ****same language of the whole country, but it is not a language without a history.

Who were the first Mandarin speakers? Where did the Mandarin speakers come from?

Looking at the whole of China now, there is no dialect recorded in the dialectology of the dialect is Mandarin, but Mandarin actually exists in the official language, the history of the time forward a little bit can be found in Puyi and the Qing dynasty's royal relatives are speaking a mouthful of standard Mandarin (there is no phonological system of the level of the difference), which shows that in the country's Chinese dialect language people, the Qing dynasty's royal relatives are the only ones who can be verified. This means that among all the Chinese dialect speakers, the Manchu imperial relatives are the only ones who can be verifiably identified as Mandarin speakers. The only plausible explanation is that Putonghua was a language spoken by the Manchu imperial relatives, which is the only verifiable historical clue to the formation of Putonghua, and it is logical that they must have been the speakers of Putonghua.

But the question is, why did the Manchu imperial relatives speak a language different from any Chinese dialect when they did not speak Chinese 400 years ago before the Manchus entered the country? This is the mystery of history!

[Mandarin and Beijing dialect]

When we understand the history of Mandarin, the concept of Mandarin becomes clearer. The other "Manchu", "official", "national", "Mandarin", "Peking", "Beijing" and "Mandarin", "Chinese The concepts of "mandarin", "Chinese language" and "dialect" will not be confused. Historically speaking, Putonghua has never been the current Beijing dialect; it has its own history. The present Beijing dialect, although neighboring with Mandarin and always under the influence of Mandarin and constantly close to it, has never really become one with Mandarin, and the people who speak these two languages have never lived in two distinctly different societies, so they are different. /td