What are the traditional Chinese thinking patterns? Give examples of each

The traditional Chinese thinking mode, the most characteristic of the overall thinking, intuitive thinking, analogical thinking, discursive thinking.

First, the overall thinking The so-called holistic thinking, refers to the heaven and earth, people, society as a closely interlinked whole, that the heaven and earth, people I, people's hearts and minds are in a holistic system, there is an interdependent link between the elements of the system. The ancients had many typical remarks in this regard, for example, Mencius of Confucianism said, "The gentleman who has passed through the chemical, the existence of God, up and down with heaven and earth in the same stream, is not said to be a small complement to it?" ("Meng Zi - Du Xin Shang") Taoist Zhuang Zi said: "Heaven and earth and I was born together, and all things are one with me." ("Zhuangzi - the theory of things") we put "up and down and heaven and earth with the flow" and "everything with me as one" linked to see the son can know whether the pre-Qin Confucianism or Taoism, are people and everything in heaven and earth as a whole system.

Second, intuitive thinking The so-called intuitive thinking, refers to the accumulation of knowledge in the past experience on the basis of the sudden grasp of the essence of things, as well as based on this ability to produce the way of thinking. The ancient holistic thinking that, for the universe ontology, for the "heaven - earth - man" system, only rely on language, concepts, logical reasoning to cognition is not exhaustive of its meaning, must rely on the "image" of the "human body", the "human body", the "human body", the "human body", the "human body", the "human body", the "human body", the "human body", the "human body" and the "human body". It must be grasped by the intuition and epiphany of the "image". Zhou Yi. Department of Rhetoric" said: "The son said: books can not be said, words can not be said. But is the meaning of the sage not visible? The son said: the sages set up an image to fulfill the meaning." Obviously, "making an image" includes the expression of the process and result of "observing an image" and "realizing". Confucianism and Taoism both advocate the use of intuition as the basis for comprehending and grasping the universe and life. Zhuang Zi's "to multiply things in order to swim in the heart" and "to swim in the heart at the beginning of things" are all about intuition and realization of the root of all existence and the laws of natural operation. In Song Dynasty, Zhang Zai's "If you have a big heart, you will be able to realize the things in the world", Zhu Xi's "There is no way to realize the essence and thickness of all things, but there is no way to realize the greatness of my heart", and Lu Jiuyuan's "my heart" and "the universe" are in harmony with each other. The "my heart" and "the universe" of Lu Jiubuan, is to emphasize the experience of the ultimate reality of the universe with the body and mind.

Third, analogical thinking Analogical thinking is derived from the "heaven, earth, people" system of thinking as a whole, refers to some aspects of the relationship between the internal attributes of the two objects are similar to the introduction of other aspects of their reasoning method may be similar. Ancient Han Chinese people discovered early that there are categories of things in heaven and earth and personnel practices, and when the differences and similarities between two categories of things are clearly recognized, analogical thinking becomes more fruitful. One area in which the Chinese have excelled since ancient times, and the most ancient form of expressing analogy is the metaphor, often used to discover truths that illustrate the world. Zhuangzi, for example, relied heavily on metaphors and analogies to argue philosophical issues. For example, "The Theory of Things" through the sniping Gong Fu Cun, reckless two ask shadow, Zhuangzhou dream butterfly and other metaphors to argue that there is no certainty in the understanding of any matter of right and wrong standards, all the struggle for right and wrong is the comprehensive nature of the Road to distort and fragmentation, and to oppose the understanding of the one-sidedness

Fourth, dialectical thinking Joseph Lee in the "History of Science and Technology in China", Volume III of the ancient Chinese glorious dialectical thinking was summarized, he said : "While the Greeks and Indians carefully considered formal logic at an early date, China has been inclined to develop dialectical logic, and accordingly, while the Greeks and Indians developed mechanical atomism, the Chinese developed the philosophy of the organic universe." This "dialectical logic", as Joseph Lee called it, is a prominent element of the traditional Chinese mode of thinking - dialectical thinking. The so-called dialectical thinking, is the use of the unity of opposites point of view, method to understand, analyze various natural phenomena and their changes.