Major scientific and technological achievements in ancient China

time

name

condition

summer

Summer recorded the phenology, astronomical phenomena, meteorology and farming in each month.

The earliest calendar

business

Follow the Gregorian calendar and know many constellations, eclipses, and ways to track the sun.

There are records of the earliest solar and lunar eclipses in the world.

the Spring and Autumn Period

Observing the solar eclipse, comets were observed in the first 6 13 years.

The earliest record of Halley's comet in the world

Warring States period

Shi gan xing Jing

The earliest astronomical works in the world

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)

"taichu calendar", from the first month of the year, is a record of sunspots.

China's first complete calendar/the earliest record recognized by the world.

Eastern Han Dynasty

Zhang Heng invented the armillary sphere and the seismograph, and was the first to explain the solar eclipse scientifically.

Seismic azimuth determination is earlier than that in Europe 1700 years.

the Tang Dynasty

Monks and his party measured the meridian and worked out the Dayan calendar.

The first meridian measurement in the world marks the maturity of China's ancient calendar system.

Northern Song Dynasty

Shen Kuo twelve-qi calendar

It is conducive to arranging farming, and Britain is 800 years behind.

the Yuan Dynasty

Guo Shoujing, Jane, Gaobiao, Timekeeping Calendar.

300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.

2. Technological inventions and medicine

The Mohist Scriptures of the Warring States Period reflect the great achievements of China's physics during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, a mathematical work in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Liu Hui, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties, put forward a correct method to calculate pi by using limit theory. In the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi accurately calculated pi, which was 1000 years earlier than that of foreign countries, and wrote the seal script, which made outstanding contributions to the development of mathematics. Pei Xiu, a cartographer in the Western Jin Dynasty, drew the Map of Gong Yu and put forward the mapping principles. Zhu Geography Works by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty: During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ancient architecture in China was mature, and Yuwen Kai, an architect in the Sui Dynasty, presided over the construction of Daxing City, which was expanded into Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun, a craftsman of Sui Dynasty, occupies an important position in the history of bridges in the world. Meng Qian Bi Tan, written by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty, summarizes the scientific and technological achievements of ancient times and the Northern Song Dynasty, and occupies an important position in the history of science and technology in China and the world. Xu Xiake's Travels of Xu Xiake is a geographical work, and the observation and description of limestone dissolution landform is two centuries earlier than that in Europe. Song Tian Gong Kai Wu summarized the production technology of agriculture and handicraft industry in Ming Dynasty. China17th century craft encyclopedia.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, papermaking was invented and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Raw materials for papermaking are easily available and the cost is low. Papermaking spread to Korea, Vietnam and Japan in the 4th century, to Central Asia in the 8th century, to Europe and Africa through Arabia in the12nd century, and to South America in the16th century. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, advanced papermaking technology, increased whiteness of paper, smooth surface, light texture and increased paper output, which gradually replaced bamboo slips and became the main writing material. The invention of block printing and gunpowder in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the books in the middle Tang Dynasty already had the formula for making gunpowder. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military, and the rocket was the earliest gunpowder weapon. Printing, compass and gunpowder developed in the Song Dynasty, which is of epoch-making significance. 165438+In the middle of the 20th century, movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it spread eastward to Korea and Japan, and westward to Egypt and Europe. Four centuries later, Europeans used movable type printing. Compass was widely used in navigation traffic in Song Dynasty. /kloc-in the third century, the compass was introduced to Arab and European countries for navigation, which played an important role in the exchange and development of world economy and culture, and also provided important conditions for European navigators to discover America and realize global navigation. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty set up a special organization in Tokyo to manufacture gunpowder and firearms. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it invented the tubular firearm gun. The appearance of tubular firearms opened a new stage of human combat history, and gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were introduced to Arabia in the middle of13rd century.

Four diagnoses of pulse science in Bian Que during the Warring States Period, looking forward to hearing and asking; Huangdi Neijing compiled by the Western Han Dynasty is the earliest existing important doctor in China.

Learning literature laid the foundation of ancient medical theory; Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica in the Eastern Han Dynasty is China's first complete pharmacological work. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo, an "imperial doctor", was good at surgery and invented Mafeisan, which was 1600 years earlier than the West. Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases is an important classic of Chinese medicine in later generations. Qian Jin Fang, written by Sun Simiao, a medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, comprehensively summed up the medical achievements in the past dynasties and at that time, and had many original opinions, which occupied an important position in the medical history of China. Yuan Dan Gongbu, a famous Tibetan doctor, compiled four medical codes, which have important influence at home and abroad. Tang Bencao, edited by Tang Gaozong, is the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world, and it is also the pharmacopoeia promulgated by the state. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica at the end of Ming Dynasty comprehensively summarized the medicine and pharmacy in China before16th century, which was a masterpiece of oriental medicine.