How to deal with non-tariff barriers

Question 1: How to deal with non-tariff trade barriers? Non-tariff barrier is a disguised form of trade protectionism, which has the characteristics of concealment, directness and flexibility, and plays an increasingly important role in foreign trade export. For a long time, the research on non-tariff barriers has been a weak link in China, which has caused great losses to China's foreign trade exports. After China's entry into WTO, China should pay more attention to the study of non-tariff barriers to better serve China's foreign trade export and economic construction.

According to the data of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the total value of products returned due to unqualified technology in 1997 alone reached US$ 67 million. From 65438 to 0997 to 2000, the total value of export products blocked by technical barriers in developed countries reached 70 billion US dollars, accounting for nearly 25% of China's total exports. Generally speaking, after China's entry into WTO, there are fewer negotiations on trade in goods and more on trade in services. The biggest obstacle in service trade negotiations is non-tariff barriers, and the most difficult is technical barriers. Because the standards of developed countries are formulated early and there are many clauses, many developing countries can't meet these standards, so they are at a disadvantage in the competition.

China's entry into the WTO is to share the relevant equality provisions stipulated in it, but it does not mean that China will compete with developed countries at a very fair starting point.

Cognition of Non-tariff Barriers

Since 1986 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Maragui Round, trade in services, market access, investment protection and investment policies, including the Internet, have been put on the negotiation agenda of member countries.

Seeking equal competition in trade simply by lowering tariffs has lagged far behind the development of the times, that is, non-tariff barriers. Some policies and regulations currently implemented in trade management or trade protection, such as licensing issues, quota restrictions, trade protection and investment policies, are called non-tariff barriers.

China has signed a list of concessions to join the WTO, and made commitments in terms of quotas and licenses. Sino-US textile quotas were implemented from June 65438 to February 2005, with a transition period of five years; The EU's active and passive licenses for silk products and cotton products will be implemented until 2008. These are time-limited, and these protective measures must be reduced or reduced or prohibited after expiration. At present, China, the United States and the European Union have not signed a mutual recognition agreement on market quality testing. The inspection report issued by AQSIQ on China's export products will not be recognized by the customs of the importing country.

In this case, what should export enterprises do?

How to deal with technical barriers

Among the technical barriers, there are more than 6,543,800 data of product quality standards, such as the European Union, among which the industrial standards in Germany alone exceed 6,543,800+0.5 million. Japan has more than 9,000 industrial standards and more than 400 agricultural products standards.

The main performance of technical barriers is product testing and certification. Product certification actually includes product testing and product certification. Not all products need export certification. Some products are exported with test reports from relevant laboratories, and data analysis is enough to show that the products meet the national import standards. Some products must be certified and compulsory, such as the analysis of UL, FCC, color fastness and flame retardant clauses in American textiles. The FDA in the United States is the strictest in restricting food imports. Even so, as long as the test report proves that the product quality meets FDA standards, it can enter the American market for sale. If the product is not sent to a laboratory approved by FDA for testing, the enterprise is not sure whether its product can meet the standards stipulated by FDA. If the exported products have arrived at American ports, they will be tested temporarily in the case of random inspection by FDA, and only the storage fee of the products during the testing period will increase the cost. Therefore, even if testing and certification is not mandatory, export enterprises should put this work ahead and take the test report in their hands. Once I encounter difficulties in customs clearance, I can produce an inspection report to prove that my quality has reached the specified quality index. Enterprises must go to the United States, the European Union and other relevant laboratories to do product testing, because the United States and the European Union do not recognize the test report issued by our laboratory. Product certificate is equivalent to the certificate of quality issued by the relevant departments. The compulsory certification items for product certification include UL in the United States, FCC and CE in the European Union. If you export mobile phones and walkie-talkies, you must obtain FCC certification.

Sign a contract with American authoritative organization (American Standards Consulting Center) ... >>

Question 2: What are the non-tariff barriers facing China at present? In international trade, tariff barriers used to be an important means of trade protection, and major developed countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan relied on tariff barriers to protect the development of their own industries in the development process. However, with the increasingly serious global ecological and environmental problems, the conflict between environment and trade is becoming more and more fierce, which makes trade protectionism gradually shift from traditional tariff barriers to non-tariff barriers. As a new type of non-tariff barrier, green barrier came into being and became a tool for developed countries to restrict the import and export trade of developing countries in the name of protecting the environment. Green barrier is the abbreviation of green trade barrier, also known as environmental barrier. It means that in international trade, some countries take a series of harsh environmental protection laws and standards that are higher than internationally recognized or unacceptable to most countries to restrict or prohibit the import of foreign goods on the pretext of protecting ecological resources, environment and human health. For example, the United States refused to import gasoline from Venezuela because the lead (Pb) content exceeded its own regulations; The European Union banned the import of Canadian leather products because Canadian hunters used traps to catch a large number of wild animals. In 1990s, European countries banned the import of refrigerators containing freon, which led to a 59% decrease in the export volume of refrigerators in China. These are a series of events triggered by green barriers. (2) The characteristics of green barrier (1) are reasonable. The emergence of green barriers is the result of the continuous development of environmental protection movement. Its purpose is to protect the country's natural resources, ecological environment and people's health, and it is a measure to protect the national environment and achieve sustainable development. With the concept of sustainable development deeply rooted in people's hearts, people's requirements for environmental protection are getting higher and higher, and they are more and more sensitive to environmental problems, which makes people's consumption concept gradually change from simple consumption to green consumption. Green barrier is to grasp people's psychology of caring about the ecological environment and put on a reasonable coat for themselves. (2) false. Generally speaking, green barrier is a new type of trade protectionism under the guise of protecting the ecological environment of the earth and human health, which seems reasonable, but actually creates trade barriers. On the surface, the standards of green barriers formulated by developed countries are the same, but in fact, their standards are flexible and changeable, and it is even more unreasonable that the standards are right or wrong. Moreover, most of the barriers are set for developing countries, so they are very deceptive. (3) imbalance. Green barriers are usually set by developed countries for developing countries, so they are extremely unbalanced. It is very unfair to demand developing countries by the technical standards of developed countries, which is a kind of discrimination against developing countries with relatively backward technology, and its purpose is to limit the exports of developing countries. 4 concealment. Green barriers are often hidden in various trade laws and international conventions and become the best excuse for importing countries to reject foreign products. Compared with other trade restrictions, it has more bright spots: on the one hand, it has formulated complex and diverse standards, which are difficult for exporting countries to deal with; On the other hand, it is very hidden, avoiding discrimination, friction, disputes and other issues, which makes exporters feel irrefutable. (5) timeliness. Green barriers can only be effective for a certain period of time, and it is impossible for the implementers to permanently keep the products of specific exporters out of the country. If the exporter's products can't meet the requirements of the importing country for environmental protection measures, and their products are rejected, after a period of technological transformation and a series of green measures, the environmental standards and other technologies of their products will inevitably gradually meet the requirements of the importing country for environmental protection, then the original green barriers of the importing country to products will no longer exist. Therefore, the implementation of green barriers for a certain product has certain timeliness. 2. Background and Causes of Green Barriers (1) The deterioration of the world's ecological environment is the basis for human survival and development. All human activities are inseparable from the natural environment, but human society has destroyed the ecological environment intentionally or unintentionally while developing. At present, ecological environment problems not only affect the quality of human life, but also affect the foundation of human survival, and even develop to the point of destroying some human civilizations and threatening human survival. When the ecological environment reaches its limit, it will take terrible revenge on mankind. Every minute, 28 people in the world die from environmental pollution, and150,000 people die every year. 800 million people get sick from drinking polluted water, and 25,000 people die every day. Due to environmental deterioration, by the end of this century, 14 countries will be unable to feed themselves, and 28,000 people will become ... >; & gt

Question 3: How do foreign trade enterprises in China overcome these barriers? As a new form of trade protectionism, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) is prevailing in all countries (especially developed countries) at a fast speed, which poses a great challenge to China's foreign trade. If it is not handled well, our foreign trade interests will suffer serious losses; On the other hand, technical barriers to trade have indeed played a great role in protecting resources, environment and human health. Objectively, it is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of China's social economy.

On the basis of understanding the positive and negative effects of technical barriers to trade, combined with its actual impact on China's foreign trade transactions and social development, we should study with a positive attitude and take correct countermeasures to deal with technical barriers to trade. Its basic principles are: limiting its unfavorable factors and minimizing its damage to China's foreign trade; Make use of its positive side, turn pressure into motivation, and realize the sustainable development of society.

(a), from a macro point of view, we should start from the following aspects:

1. China joined the WTO as a developing country, so we should make full use of the preferential treatment given by the WTO to developing countries in foreign trade. Considering the actual situation of developing countries, especially the least developed countries, many agreements under WTO agreements provide for special and differential treatment for developing parties. For example, as stipulated in Article 12 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, members should give more preferential treatment to developing country members in the process of implementing the Agreement. For example, "at the request of a developing country member, the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade may decide to exempt the country from fulfilling all or part of its obligations under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, but at the same time it should be specified and time limited." Considering that for a long time, there is still a big gap between China's productivity level and the level of science and technology compared with developed countries, we should actively carry out diplomatic actions and strive for relevant preferential treatment. Provide greater room for maneuver for China's foreign trade development.

2. According to Article 1 1 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, members are obliged to provide technical assistance to other members, especially developing countries, in drafting technical regulations, establishing standardization bodies and conformity assessment. Therefore, China should strengthen technical exchanges with other countries (especially developed countries), strive for their technical help, and establish technical regulations, technical standards and conformity assessment systems suitable for all parties. On this basis, establish a mutual authentication system to reduce transaction costs.

3, on the basis of the existing international standards, combined with China's actual situation to develop our own standard system. We can't passively deal with the technical barriers of other countries, but should take the initiative to formulate technical standards that can be recognized by all countries and establish our own standard system according to the rights granted to us by WTO and relevant preferential and relaxed terms. Considering the limitation of capital and technology in China, we should first grasp the key points and establish a standard system for industries that are related to the lifeline of China's foreign trade, such as home appliances, textiles and tea. On the one hand, these commodities have comparative advantages in foreign trade, with more exports, higher profits, abundant funds and mature technology, so they have various conditions for formulating standards; These goods account for a large proportion in China's foreign trade. If they are attacked by the technology trade war, it will bring a fatal blow to China's exports. Take China textile export as an example. At present, China is the world's largest textile producer and exporter, with the total fiber processing reaching 1/4 of the world's, and textile and clothing exports accounting for more than 1/8 of the world's. After China's entry into WTO, China's textile and garment exports are facing the strong challenge of green barriers. If international sanctions are imposed, many domestic textile enterprises will close down. Recently, China has formulated JBZ 30-2000 standard, which is equivalent to the international version of OKO-TEX 100 in 2000. This is the first international eco-textile standard in China. The formulation of this standard has greatly promoted the development of China's textile foreign trade. Many enterprises have obtained green passes in the international market.

4. Actively carry out "combined vertical" diplomacy. In the formulation of various multilateral agreements and standards held by the WTO, we should unite with other third world countries and strive for more agreements and standards that are beneficial to China and other developing countries. At the same time, it refused to accept various treaties beyond its capacity.

5. Be familiar with WTO rules and relevant laws, various international trade treaties and international practices, and use them as a weapon of struggle. Discriminatory technical barriers unilaterally set by the importing country under the pretext of environmental protection and quarantine, or the importing country will ... >>

Question 4: How to bypass the non-tariff barriers between countries and let the world trade freely carry out 5-point entrepot trade is your best choice! Ha ha! Want to avoid barriers only through this kind of compensation! I am a full-time third-country transit. Interested in seeing my space. There may be something you want to see! thank you

Question 5: What are the measures for non-tariff barriers? What's the impact on international trade? Since its establishment in June 1 995+1October1,the World Trade Organization has always implemented mutually beneficial arrangements, lowered tariffs and other trade barriers, abolished discriminatory treatment in international trade relations, and realized the stability, coordination and sustainable development of global trade. Nearly 80% of the existing WTO members are developing countries. In order to avoid the further widening of the economic gap between developed and developing countries, the WTO emphasizes that the production of members can only be protected through tariffs, and trade policies with exception clauses are allowed, but administrative intervention such as quantitative restrictions is not allowed. This paper focuses on the innovative use of relevant non-tariff measures by member countries under the WTO background, and analyzes the causes of these measures, and then points out the influence of the abuse of some non-tariff measures on the trade protection mechanism under the WTO framework.

I new forms of non-tariff barriers in the context of the WTO

Under the background of WTO, trade protection has the characteristics of unified form, open measures and different legal treatment. When using non-tariff barriers to protect their own markets and industries, each member country will inevitably innovate to minimize the possibility of retaliation from other countries and maximize the protection.

1. Safeguards. WTO inherits GATT Article 19 to implement safeguard measures-emergency measures for the import of certain products. Safeguard measures usually take the form of raising tariffs, implementing quantitative restrictions or combining tariffs and quantitative restrictions, such as tariff quotas. In fact, not all countries need to temporarily protect domestic industries during the implementation process.

2. Gray * * * field. Grey measures refer to preferential rules of origin and procurement policies, which are widely used as trade protection measures by most members in addition to the multilateral binding rules of WTO. Rules of origin refer to the laws, regulations and common administrative orders adopted by countries to determine the origin of goods. * * * Procurement measures, according to international algorithms, the total annual * * * procurement of countries accounts for 10% to 15% of GDP, accounting for about 30% of fiscal expenditure. * * * Procurement is directly related to the economic interests of domestic suppliers and will have a significant impact on domestic industrial development and foreign trade.

3. Technical barriers to trade. Since the late 20th century, with the rapid development of science and technology, GATr signed the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in April 1979 to regulate the behavior of member countries in formulating, adopting and implementing technical regulations, technical standards and conformity assessment procedures, and then revised it in Uruguay Round, thus ensuring that the effectiveness of WTO in technical barriers will be truly universal and extensive.

4. Environmental barriers. With the increasingly acute and important environmental problems, the influence of environmental protection movement on international trade is deepening. At the beginning of the establishment of the WTO, the Committee on Trade and Environment was formally established, and trade policy, environmental protection policy and sustainable development were regarded as the priority tasks of the WTO. The general principles of WTO in dealing with trade-related environmental issues include Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Agreement on Sanitary and Animal and Plant Quarantine Measures and Agreement on Agricultural Products.

5. Labor standards. The General Assembly of the International Labour Organization, composed of representatives of employers and workers, is held once a year to discuss or adopt issues related to labor rights and interests, and its achievements are recorded in the form of international labor conventions and recommendations, forming a recognized "international labor standard". The content mainly includes the rights of workers, personal dignity, prohibition of labor discrimination, the growth of the next generation, the working conditions of workers and other related human rights issues, as well as the social welfare treatment standards related to trade interests.

6. localism. WTO inherits and develops the principle of allowing exceptions in GATT 1947, that is, the obligation not to undertake and fulfill commitments. These exceptions include that mutual benefit between economic and trade groups shall not be granted to other members outside the group. This practice of excluding members from outside the region by adopting various explicit or implied protective measures has seriously hindered the development of multilateral trade and investment liberalization and affected the development of the world economy and the further expansion of economic and technological cooperation.

Second, the reasons for the prevalence of non-tariff barriers in the WTO context

1. New trade protectionism has promoted the frequent use of non-tariff measures. After the Uruguay Round negotiations, tariffs, as the main form of trade barriers, have been gradually reduced, while traditional non-tariff barriers have been gradually dismantled, and there is little room for using tariffs and traditional trade barriers to restrict imports. Although I know this is trade protection.

Question 6: Impact of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers on international trade-Impact of tariff barriers on international trade: First, impact on consumers in importing countries, which increases the price of imported goods and increases the burden on consumers. On the one hand, the demand of consumers has to be reduced due to the rising price; On the other hand, even if consumers don't have to pay higher prices for imported goods, they should also pay higher prices for similar products.

Secondly, tariffs can increase the tax revenue of importing countries, which is the direct driving force for importing countries to raise tariffs, but these revenues are entirely borne by domestic consumers.

Third, tariffs protect the sectors of importing countries that compete with imported goods. The high price brought by tariffs will inevitably make some consumers give up imported goods and choose domestic similar goods, thus promoting the sales of domestic similar goods.

Finally, the imposition of tariffs will lead to the redistribution effect of importing countries. In theory, the collection of tariffs will inevitably transfer the income of consumers to producers when other conditions are relatively unchanged. After the tariff is levied, the income of producers and * * * will increase, but the income of consumers will decrease, and the loss of consumers will be more than the income of domestic producers and * * *, and no one can get this part of the loss. Therefore, reducing tariffs, although the income of producers and * * * will be reduced, is a boon to consumers-the impact of non-tariff barriers on international trade: there are many names of non-tariff barriers, covering a wide range, and the impact on international trade and related import and export countries is difficult to estimate, but it can be seen from the following aspects:

Influence on the development of international trade

Non-tariff barriers play a great role in hindering the development of international trade. Other things being equal, the degree to which countries around the world strengthen non-tariff barriers is inversely proportional to the growth rate of international trade. For example, from the 1950s after the Second World War to the early 1970s, tariffs dropped sharply. At the same time, developed countries have also relaxed and cancelled non-tariff measures such as import quantity restrictions, thus promoting the development of international trade to a certain extent. From 1950 to 1973, the average growth rate of world trade reached 7.2%. On the contrary, after the mid-1970s, many countries adopted various forms of non-tariff barriers, which affected the development of international trade. From 1973 to 1979, the world trade volume increased by 4.5% annually, from 1980 to 1985, and decreased to about 3%.

Influence on commodity structure and geographical direction

Non-tariff barriers also affect the transformation ratio of international trade commodity structure and geographical direction to a certain extent. After World War II, the general trend of products affected by non-tariff barriers is that agricultural products trade is more affected than industrial products, labor-intensive products trade is more affected than technology-intensive products, and the affected countries are developing countries and socialist countries, more and more serious than developed countries. These phenomena have seriously affected the changes in the commodity structure and geographical direction of international trade and greatly damaged the development of foreign trade in developing countries and socialist countries.

Impact on importing countries

For importing countries, tariff barriers can restrict imports and protect their own markets and production, but they will also lead to an increase in domestic market prices. For example, importing countries take measures to restrict the quantity of direct imports, which will not increase imports regardless of foreign price fluctuation or domestic demand, resulting in a widening price difference between home and abroad and raising the domestic price of imports, thus protecting the production of similar products in importing countries, which can play a role in protecting and promoting the production and development of related products in China under certain conditions.

However, the strengthening of non-tariff barriers will make consumers in importing countries pay a huge price, they will have to pay more money to buy the goods they need, and the cost and export price of domestic export goods will also increase due to price increases, weakening the competitiveness of export goods. In order to increase exports, * * * only adopts export subsidies and other measures, thus increasing the national budget expenditure and increasing the tax burden of the people.

Impact on exporting countries

Strengthening non-tariff barrier measures in importing countries, especially direct import quantity restriction and fixed import quantity, will seriously affect the export quantity and price of exporting countries, leading to the decline of export commodity growth rate or export quantity and export price. Generally speaking, the greater the supply elasticity of export commodities in exporting countries, the less the price of these commodities will be affected by non-tariff barriers in importing countries. On the other hand, if the supply elasticity of export commodities in exporting countries is very small, then these suppliers ... >; & gt

Question 7: How to break through the restrictions of non-tariff barriers on import and export trade? If it is worse not to subsidize, then subsidize it, otherwise the international market will be even worse in the future.

If you don't resist their market, you will be occupied.

5. Devaluation is beneficial to export.

Question 8: How to break through the restrictions of non-tariff measures on import and export trade Abstract: As a powerful non-tariff barrier with rationality, discrimination and concealment, technical barriers to trade have objectively become a huge obstacle to China's export trade. How to improve the competitiveness of China's export products, use reasonable measures to break through foreign technical barriers to trade and protect China's export market and economic security is a challenge. What's the matter with you?

Keywords: China technical barriers to trade countermeasures competitiveness

Technical barriers to trade

Technical barriers to trade refer to some compulsory or voluntary technical measures taken by a country or regional organization on the grounds of safeguarding national or regional security, safeguarding human health and safety, protecting animal and plant health and safety, protecting the environment, preventing fraud and ensuring product quality. These measures have an impact on the entry of goods, services and investments from other countries or regional organizations into the country or region. Technical barriers to trade are an important part of non-tariff barriers and have become an important means for developed countries to restrict market access.

Technical barriers to trade are not a brand-new trade barrier. It has a long-standing role in promoting and restricting international trade, and relevant international organizations have also done a series of work in eliminating technical barriers to trade. Since the 1960s, GATT has been committed to the confirmation, control and cancellation of technical barriers to trade. 1974 "standard list" negotiated in Tokyo round; The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade was reached during the Uruguay Round negotiations, which stipulated the formulation, adoption and implementation of technical regulations and standards, inspection procedures, information and assistance. In order to realize the internationalization and unification of standards and reduce and eliminate technical barriers to trade. However, due to its rationality, concealment, discrimination and dynamic variability, technical barriers to trade have become a powerful measure for countries, especially developed countries, to protect domestic enterprises and markets and compete for international market share, and an obstacle for many countries, especially developing countries, to develop export trade.

China is a developing country with low overall economic development level, backward export commodity structure and low product grade. At present, technical barriers to trade have become the main obstacle to the development of China's export trade. According to China National Intellectual Property Administration's introduction at the 2002 academic annual meeting of China Association for Science and Technology, 80% of the current world trade barriers come from technical barriers to trade. In recent years, 60% of China's export enterprises have suffered from foreign technical barriers to trade to varying degrees, which has affected 25% of China's total export. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Commerce, in 2002, 2 1 products of six major industries, such as electromechanical and light industry, encountered technical barriers to trade, 7 1% enterprises were blocked, and 39% products were blocked, resulting in a loss of $654,380+07 billion. Technical barriers to trade reduce the international market share, lose trade opportunities, withdraw from the market, weaken the competitiveness of products, reduce the confidence of foreign consumers in some products in China, especially agricultural products and food, and bring long-term negative effects on China's exports. Therefore, it has become an important topic to study the countermeasures to deal with technical barriers to trade in order to promote the development of China's export trade.

Countermeasures against technical barriers to trade

Implement standardization strategy according to international standards

In practice, popularizing and using international standards is the fundamental way to reduce international trade friction, break through technical barriers to trade and expand commodity exports. By the end of 200 1 9744 national standards in China, only 862 1 adopted international standards and advanced foreign standards, the adoption rate was only 43.7%, while most WTO members adopted about 70%. Among these 86,265,438+0 standards, most of them are equivalent or non-equivalent, and only about 65,438+00% are equivalent. The following measures should be taken: ① Transformation standard. Organize special manpower and material resources, seriously study and actively promote the use of international standards or advanced standards of developed countries, and convert them into equivalent standards in China, so as to determine the direction and purpose of enterprise production and technological transformation, promote the technological progress of enterprises, and then improve the product quality and technical level of enterprises; ② Actively participate in the formulation of international standards. At present, many international standards are transformed from national standards or enterprise standards of developed countries, which fully reflect the interests and economic and technological level of developed countries, while few international standards are dominated by China, which is not conducive to China's active participation in the formulation and revision of international standards ... >>

Question 9: How to Deal with Anti-dumping Barriers China enterprises should take the initiative to establish anti-dumping awareness and understand dumping and anti-dumping related knowledge. Enterprises should consider the factors of dumping and anti-dumping when developing markets and formulating product price strategies, and understand the anti-dumping laws and regulations of exporting countries. Although the Agreement on the Establishment of the World Trade Organization is an agreement signed between * * *, it regulates the behavior of enterprises. Export enterprises should abide by the rules of the game, especially the rules of the WTO. As the WTO anti-dumping agreement is the main basis for anti-dumping prosecution among member countries, enterprises must understand the WTO anti-dumping mechanism as soon as possible. In case of foreign anti-dumping investigation, at least the following contents should be understood:

1, relevant legislative provisions of anti-dumping countries and relevant provisions of the WTO;

2. Anti-dumping procedures commonly used in the world and the anti-dumping procedures of the anti-dumping countries;

3. The basic characteristics and main problems of China's export products encountering anti-dumping abroad.

Question 10: Find some cases of China enterprises encountering non-tariff barriers and search the news online.

One is that Zhongce rubber was sued by the United States for dumping. If there is news on the Internet, you should find it.

The most typical technical barriers to trade are Huawei and ZTE, which are accused by the United States of endangering US national security and refusing to enter the US market. This matter has been in the news for some time. Go and search for it yourself.

Huawei was sued by Cisco in 2003. In early 2003, Cisco, an American communication equipment manufacturer, sued Huawei of China for copying Cisco's software from its routers sold in the United States. You can also learn about it.

There is also our neighbor Japan, which officially implemented the seedling amendment law in July 2003. This law stipulates that those who use Japanese plant sources to produce or improve agricultural products without paying patent fees will be fined up to 3 million yen or imprisoned up to 3 years; When a corporate enterprise infringes, it can be fined up to 654.38 billion yen. Many seedlings of fruits, spinach and flowers exported from China, such as green onions, ginger and garlic, were introduced from Japan or improved from this variety. The seedling amendment law will have a great negative impact on China's export of Japanese agricultural products.

There are too many technical barriers to trade, and it hasn't been in the news recently. The European Union has raised food standards (in fact, it is stricter now). Many foods on our side, such as instant noodles, were detained by EU customs and ordered to be returned, because the foods did not meet EU standards. . . . . .