Does anyone know the organization of the army in the Qing Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty, as well as the rank system and the style of uniforms?

Six Ministries: Since there were only six ministries in the past, their functions were often equal to the synthesis of the functions of several departments today. Its governor, Shangshu, was equivalent to a minister, and the deputy governor, Squire, was equivalent to a vice-minister; the head of each division was called Langzhong, equivalent to the head of the division, and the deputy head was called Extra-lang, equivalent to the rank of vice-minister; as for the chief of the department, he was a bit higher than the head of the division in terms of power and status.

The Ministry of Mandarins: equivalent to the Ministry of Organization + Ministry of Personnel.

Military Department: equivalent to the Ministry of State*Defense*,, the Ministry of Public*Security*, the Ministry of Transportation (Stage), the Military*Commission and other departments.

Ministry of Justice and Da Lisi: equivalent to the Supreme Court, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Ministry of Justice, etc.

Ministry of Rites: equivalent to the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Propaganda, etc.

The Ministry of Household: equivalent to various departments such as the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Audit Office, People's Bank of China (Minting), and General Administration of Taxation.

Ministry of Industry: equivalent to the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources and other departments.

Temple Cabinet: equivalent to the current Politburo Standing Committee in terms of number and status, as these university professors are generally military ministers or also serve as ministers of war, capitals and other positions, are a unique figure. Generally speaking, the three halls and three cabinet (Baohe Temple, Wuying Hall, Wenhua Hall, the body of benevolent cabinet, Wenyuan Pavilion, East Pavilion) *** six university scholar, are when to retirement (Huo Zhi) before empty, by the co-chairman of the university scholar to fill, unless the person was dismissed or death. The co-chairman of the university is equivalent to the Politburo Alternate.

The Minister of the Interior, the Minister of the Interior, and so on: in terms of rank, there seems to be no such thing as a high official of the guards; in terms of function, it can be equivalent to the central police * guard * regiment.

Du Zha Yuan: equivalent to the Ministry of Supervision.

The San Francisco Academy: equivalent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (diplomacy before the end of the Qing Dynasty generally meant to the Mongolian ministries, **, Xinjiang, Russia, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, etc., and mainly still managed Mongolia).

Hanlin Academy: equivalent to the Central Party School + the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Social Sciences.

Guozijian: the equivalent of Tsinghua, Peking University and other schools of the complex also functions as the Ministry of Education Department of Higher Education.

Shuntianfu: equivalent to Beijing.

Boot army: the equivalent of the current Beijing police district cum public * security * Office of the function.

Interior Affairs: an organization that served the royal family, which can be understood as something like the current State Council's General Office.

Governor General: military function equivalent to the Secretary of the Region in the early liberation period.

Governor: the equivalent of today's provincial party secretary and governor.

General of the garrison: equivalent to the present-day commander of the police&reserve* area.

Provincial military: in general, the Qing Dynasty, the military officials on the grade than successive generations have been greatly improved.

The Governor: the highest military officer of a province, equivalent to the present commander of the provincial military region.

Chief soldier: equivalent to today's military division commander or military commander, the town under his jurisdiction is equivalent to today's military division.

Vice Admiral: Equivalent to a deputy military commander.

Senator General: equivalent to a division commander.

Guerrilla: equivalent to a deputy division commander or brigade commander.

Captains and guards: equivalent to regimental rank.

Thousand generals: equivalent to battalion level.

General: equivalent to company rank.

Foreign general: equivalent to deputy company rank.

Outside generalissimo: equivalent to full platoon rank.

Additional Foreign Commissar: Equivalent to deputy platoon rank.

The Qing Dynasty governors and governors were the same as the local officials, also known as the feudal officials. The difference is as follows.

Governor Generals each jurisdiction or field (such as the Governor of the river, the Governor of the East River, the Governor of the grain field, etc.), the two Guangdons, Huguang is a different jurisdiction.

Governor-General

Positive second rank. Add the title of Secretary of the Ministry of War is from the first rank, plus the title of university scholar is the first rank. The governor-general had jurisdiction over one to three provinces. The Qing Dynasty, the Governor-General of the right Royal Secretary, plus the title of Minister of War. National **** set up eight governors, the end of the Qing Dynasty, plus the Governor of the three eastern provinces, and the Governor of the river, the Governor of the waterway, and so on. The world called "system Taiwan", "system military". For the first grade officer, in charge of a province or two or three provinces of the military, administrative power. Qing dynasty **** with Zhili, two rivers, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hubei and Hunan. Shaanxi and Gansu, Guangdong, Yunnan and Guizhou, Sichuan eight governors. Among them, the Governor of Zhili directly responsible for the security of the capital, the status is more important than the other governors; Governor of the two rivers in charge of Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui Province, military and political power; Governor of Hubei, Hunan Province, military and political power; Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang in charge of Fujian, Zhejiang Province, military and political power; Governor of the two provinces in charge of Guangdong, Guangxi Province, military and political power; Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou in charge of Yunnan. Guizhou two provinces military and political power; Shaanxi and Gansu Governor in charge of Shaanxi, Gansu two provinces military and political power; Sichuan Governor in charge of Sichuan province military and political power.

Governor

From the first rank, in charge of a province's military and political power, generally subject to the governor's control. Example of the right vice imperial inspectorate, the Ministry of War, the title of the minister. In charge of the inspection of the province's local officials. The province's tariffs, canalization, etc. are also under the control of the governor. If there was a need to use military force, the governor would supervise the grain and payroll. Every year, the countryside examination, routine by the governor of the examination, the martial arts by the governor of the examination. Provincial governors, such as the governor, have their own directly under the military battalion, called the "standard". The governor and more than the title of governor, control of the province's towns of soldiers. Its authority is slightly less than the governor, no governor of the province, is more unique, so the governor and the governor is the same as the local officials.

In addition, by the way:

The official system of the Qing Dynasty, the province's highest military administrator called governor, also known as the border officials. According to the official system of the Qing dynasty, each province set up a governor, governor over the governor, governor general jurisdiction over three provinces or two provinces, there is only one province governor, such as the governor of Zhili, governor of Sichuan, the governor is also in charge of the governor, generally no longer set up another governor. The governor is called "Fudai". Governor focuses on the military, and therefore called the "system of military", also called "system of Taiwan", but also the title of "Shuai". The governor could not be called "marshal". The place where the governor was stationed was the Governor's Yamen, also known as the "Governor's Palace", or simply the Palace, or the Palace. The place where the governor resides is known as the Fuyuan, or Palace of Government.

The governor and the governor's status is high, but in the beginning only a temporary set of missions, nominally the highest administrative officer of a province should be counted Buzhengzhi, known as "Buzhengzhi Buzhengzhi", whose duties are equivalent to today's governors in charge of both civil affairs and finances, as if a party of the ancient times, so called "Fangbo", "Fangbo". "He was also like the feudal lords of the Son of Heaven, and was therefore also known as the "feudal lords". When the governor and the governor-general became a fixed position, the status of the Buzhengzhi reduced to become the governor and the governor-general of the bureaucracy.

The province also specializes in the administration of justice to make or call the press secretary, known as the "Press Secretary Press Secretary", "Press Secretary" is the equivalent of the ancient "Chen Tuan", so the press secretary is also called "Press Secretary". The press secretary is also known as the "provincial governor". The status of the provincial censor was just below that of the feudal censor, and the feudal censor and the provincial censor were collectively known as the "two divisions". The "three great ministers" of a particular province are the Fudai, the clan and the provincial ministers.

Governor, governor of the bureaucratic subordinates and specializing in education, also known as the school government; specializing in salt salt transportation and so on. Although they are with the Minister of the cloth, the Minister of the same "Division", but the status is lower than the feudal and provincial platforms.

Division of the following "Road", such as grain Road, salt and tea Road, military Road, Chuan Dong Road and so on. Qing officials nine products, the Governor for a product, Governor two or from a product, Division three or from two products, Road four products, the status of the Road is precisely in the next level on the top. The road is also known as the "dao dai", because it is equivalent to the Song Dynasty's observation, so also known as the "observation".

In summary, there were only three provincial officials in the Qing Dynasty: the governor (governor), the minister of defense, the press commissioner, which can be called the "three major constitutional" important officials. The school envoy and salt transportation, etc., can only be counted as "deputy provincial". The number of provincial and vice-provincial officials in a province who were fortunate enough to be able to enter the provincial and vice-provincial level should be less than 10, and not more than 15 at the most. As for the province below the Department of the Road, can only be equivalent to the current "hall level", can not be classified as provincial level.

Qing Dynasty official positions

Qing Dynasty official positions are divided into nine grades, each grade has a positive from two levels, from is to follow, the meaning of the deputy, for example, from the six grades than the six grades of the lower level. Qing official uniforms, top hat plume, are based on this set of official level to determine and do recognized.

The Qing dynasty did not have the official name of the prime minister or prime minister, the emperor under the highest administrative officer in charge of civil and military government, called the university scholar, but also to see the Manchu court for the government prime minister of the candidate, how high the academic requirements, not political * cronies can be promoted. Later, the Qing court also set up the official title of Minister of Military Affairs and Premier, are with the same authority as the university scholar. These several prime minister level officials, plus the teachers of the late emperor, is the first grade official position, the first grade top hat plume. The teachers of the current emperor, the ministers (ministers) of the six ministries, the governors of the major administrative districts, and the generals, captains, and governors in the military, were of the subordinate first rank.

The teacher of the Crown Prince, the provincial governors, the six departments of the House of Ministers (Vice Minister), belongs to the second grade. Provincial governors, Cabinet ministers, Hanlin Academy ministers, and provincial ministers, are of the second rank. The ministers of the nine temples below the six ministries (at the rank of minister), and the provincial procurators, were of the third rank. The deputy of each temple, the salt transportation ambassador of each province, is the third grade. Provincial Taoist officials (hall level), is the fourth grade. Provinces below the administrative district for the government, the governor is from the fourth rank. The deputy of each province, the governor of Zhili (Beijing-Tianjin area), was of the fifth rank. The six ministries, the governor of each province, are of the fifth rank, and the prefectures are the administrative districts below the prefectures. The six ministries, the governor of each province, are of the sixth rank. The Hanlin Academy compiler, directly under the state with (deputy), is the sixth grade. The Hanlin Academy editor, the county magistrate, is the seventh grade, so there are seven sesame seed official saying. Scholars and first degree, usually from the seventh grade to be appointed to do the Hanlin Academy editorial and so on. Dr. Guo Zi Jian (国子监博士), etc., are from the seventh grade. County deputy, county oracle, etc. is the eighth grade. Further down from the eighth grade, positive from the ninth grade, it is not in the rank. (Shu)

In the Manchu system, county officials (county magistrates) everywhere were not appointed by higher local authorities. All county officials had to be successful in the examination for jinshi, and then were appointed by the central court before being sent out. The new baccalaureate, the seventh grade, county officials and the Hanlin Academy editorial level. It sounds as if the editor of the Hanlin Academy is much bigger than the county official, perhaps because it is in the central court, in fact, the power of the county official is much bigger than the editor of the Hanlin Academy.

University scholar - the Qing Dynasty set up a Manchu, Chinese university scholar each two people, since the Yongzheng eight years since its grade is set to the first grade. This makes the university sergeant became the highest official in the Qing Dynasty, as if the prime minister of the past dynasties, ranked the first of the civil servants. University of the deputy post for the associate university, Manchu and Han each one, Qianlong four years ago, its grade from the first grade. Under the Cabinet Bachelor, six people, Han four people, grade from the second rank.