The name of the ancient puppet show in China

Origin: China puppet art, known as puppet show in ancient times, is a wonderful flower in China art garden. It has a long history, various types and exquisite skills. China puppets have really become art because of its dramatic features: people use puppets as media and "tell stories by singing and dancing".

Puppet art is represented by puppets. How did puppets come into being? So far, there is no conclusion. Slave pottery figurines (Shang Dynasty, 65438 BC+65438 BC +065438 BC +0 th century) were unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province, and wooden figurines (including some "Yue figurines") were discovered during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-2265438 BC+0 th century). The musical figurines and song-and-dance figurines unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha, have made great progress compared with the previous generation in terms of technology, types and modeling standards. This is the original puppet, which has gone through a process from craft to performance: from ceremony to a festive entertainment.

1979, a large puppet with a height of 193 cm was unearthed in Daishu Village, Liyuan Township, Laixi County, Shandong Province. Its limbs are composed of 13 pieces of wood, and its joints are movable, and it is good at sitting, standing and kneeling. Its discovery, on the one hand, reflects the transition of puppets from funeral to entertainment; Furthermore, it shows that puppet making has reached a state of being no different from real people and rich in activities, which has laid a solid material foundation for the germination of puppet shows. Therefore, most people think that China puppet art "originated from figurines" (serving wooden figurines, wooden musical figurines, and movable wooden singing and dancing figurines).

Historical viewpoint: The general viewpoint is: "It originated in the Han Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty". In the Han Dynasty (206- 220 BC), there was a record of Zuo Kuilei (the five elements of the later Han Dynasty). During the Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-265), Ma Jun's Water Turning to a Hundred Dramas was obviously an imitation of the dramas of the Han Dynasty. During the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577 A.D.), Woodenhead, a water-powered organ, was made with superb skills, especially the puppet art in which "Puppet Son" played the story of "Guo Rabbit", suggesting the formation era of Chinese puppet shows. Unfortunately, there are few written records. In the later dynasties, there were many stories of "Guo Rabbit" in puppet shows, and the role of "Lai Baozi" (steamed stuffed bun) and the shadow of "Guo Rabbit" still existed in Heyang Opera in Shaanxi. According to historical records, "At the latest in the Northern Qi Dynasty from 550 to 577 AD, puppet shows were formally formed in China, which were directly manipulated by people, and puppets dressed up as specific characters and performed simple stories in public". In the Sui Dynasty (AD 58 1-6 18), there were many "water ornaments" in the "hundred operas", and the "organ figures" performed many myths and legends of the Three Kingdoms, which had a direct impact on the production and performance of puppet shows. The Tang Dynasty (6 18-896) witnessed an extraordinary cultural prosperity. Musicals compete with legionary teleplay, and official figures can drink and sing blowing sheng. Performance and production have reached a perfect unity. According to the Tang Dynasty murals, poems and songs collected in Cave 3 1 of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, it is inferred that there are puppet types such as lifting strings, cudgels, cloth bags and "bell-ringing puppets" at this time.

The village chiefs watched and played with the muppets, and moved the story again. Singing and dancing; Win laughter and sunset glow.

There are already some names such as "Zhangtou Puppet, suspension spring Puppet, Medicine Puppet" in "Dream in Tokyo". Dream of Liang Lu: "Every puppet, such as smoke powder, ghosts, fighters, case-solving, history books, or telling stories, or telling history, or doing zaju, or like cliff words. Hanging puppets, for example, began with the story of Chen Ping's Six Wonders Pass. Today, there are gold thread doctors Lu and Chen. This makes it as true as ever, especially those who are eclectic. There are also staff-headed puppets, especially Liu Xiao's archer Guo Qi, and his water puppets, including Yao Yuxian, Sai Bao Ge, Ji Wang and Jin Shihao. Make a hundred funerals. There are hundreds of plays in the water, one after another, and the scales dance away, and the dragons turn into reality, and the art is like a god. 』

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), puppet shows became more colorful. In addition to performing traditional China opera programs, they also performed dramas, musicals, series and even appeared in advertisements. At the same time, puppet shows are also facing fierce competition with other art forms. Traditional puppet shows contain the ideological, moral and aesthetic consciousness of people of all ethnic groups everywhere, which should be supported and protected. On May 20th, 2006, the puppet show was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Type:

Puppet art is exquisite and breathtaking. In addition to the artist's wonderful performance, the perfect puppet plastic arts and operating equipment are also important aspects to attract the broad audience. Plastic arts focus on the sculpture and design of puppets. Generally speaking, marionettes are taller, mostly about 2.2 feet. The key parts are decorated with hanging wires, with at most 30 pieces and at least 10 pieces. Some auxiliary hanging wires must be added for stunt performance. The puppet master's performance of various dance figures and martial arts skills depends entirely on the artist's operation skills, which is the key to the artistic level of puppet performance. The staff puppet is taller than the marionette, usually about 3 feet tall. It is equipped with three operation lines, two of which affect the hand and one dominates the performance of the head and body. The puppet is the smallest in shape, only about 7 inches. They are performed by artists' hands, and their operation skills are quite special, which is different from those of string-lifting and stick-headed puppets. Puppets can be divided into different types according to the structure and the manipulation of actors.

Puppet show is also called Woodenhead. The joystick is installed on the head and hand of the puppet, with the head as the main pole and the hand as the side pole. When an actor manipulates, he holds the main pole in his left hand, the side pole in his right hand, and raises the puppet to manipulate the action. Puppet puppet show, also known as puppet show and puppet show, is 0.27 meters or 0.40 meters high, with a hollow head, an inner bag sewn under the neck and clothes on it. The palm of the actor extends into the inner bag as the trunk of the puppet, and the five fingers support the head and the left and right arms respectively to coordinate and manipulate the puppet to make various actions. My foot can move with my other hand or let it swing naturally.

Puppets with staff heads are all over China. The height of puppets varies from 8 inches to the height of people. The staff-head puppet is performed by the performer manipulating a life pole (connected with the head) and two hand poles (connected with the hand), and some are three poles or "puppets", which can be manipulated internally or externally according to the position of the hand poles. The head is carved with wood, the internal organs are hidden inside, and the mouth and eyes can move; Life-saving poles include wooden poles and bamboo poles with different lengths. The hand lever is connected with the elbow by hand. Those who are "internal operators" often perform traditional operas, and their robes are wide and sleeves are large, which is convenient for performing opera programs, flexible and realistic. "External control" multi-curved handle life pole reduces the burden and increases the expressive force; The paper joint is dexterous in steering, easy to control, diverse in mechanism and rich in movements; Because the handle is outside, the body is free to shape and the sense of wholeness is enhanced, which breaks through the limitations of traditional modeling and is more in line with the needs of people and the times; The material of the hand is constantly updated (wood-plastic-resin), the hand pole is gradually replaced by steel wire, and dance movements such as "flying swallow" and "jumping" also appear in "kicking". This is of great significance to the development of drama, the development of performance and the exploration of the audience. Today, the momentum of puppets headed by staff remains the same.

Muppets are also called muppets or line plays, and they are also called suspension spring puppets. In ancient times, it was called "suspension spring Couple", which consisted of a couple's head, a cage belly, four limbs, a lifting wire and a hook, and was about two feet high. My head is carved with camphor tree, linden tree or willow tree, with internal organs and rich facial expressions; Bamboo chest and abdomen, nothing in hand and martial arts, guns used to make sticks, pens used to walk dragons and snakes, lights waving, interesting; There are three kinds of feet: bare, boots and denier, and there is a lifting line about 3 feet long between the hook and the joint. With the expansion of the puppet stage performance area, the string lifting performance of Quanzhou Puppet Troupe occupies the whole stage space, and the string lifting can reach 6 feet, which is more difficult, but the expressive force is greatly increased. Generally speaking, there are 16 lines. According to the needs of puppet movements, there are basically five lines in Heyang line play, which can be increased to more than 30 when doing stunts. The performance is exquisite and vivid, and the skills are superb. Since ancient times, it has been highly respected.

Iron puppets spread in eastern Guangdong and western Fujian. It is said that it originated from shadow play, and Chaoshan people call it "paper shadow play". Even height 1 to 1.5 feet, painted mud head, paulownia trunk, paper hand, wooden foot; Joystick, commonly known as "iron branch", has a main side and two sides, and a wire bamboo handle. Performers sit or stand and operate after the accident, with regular image and unique structure. Over the past few years, I have increased my height and adjusted my position, which has given it a new turn.

Bag puppets, also known as "hand puppets", are the most popular in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, Fujian. It is even more than a foot high and consists of head, middle limbs and clothes. It uses camphor wood to carve the head, and the organs control the expression and muscle movement; The hand is divided into fist and palm, the index finger enters the head and neck, and the middle finger and thumb fuck.

Sock puppet

Vertical hand, agile, accurate and rich, constitutes the main body of the bag puppet; Performers sometimes twist their sleeves with small bamboo sticks, which enriches their arm movements. It is amazing that they can make difficult movements such as opening fans, changing clothes, dancing swords, fighting and jumping out of windows with superb skills. The puppet shows are rich, traditional, modern, mythical and fairy-tale, with many themes and novel technological structure.

In addition, people occasionally have "water puppets" and "medicine puppets", but the impact is not great. Although "Meat Puppets" is widely spread, it is purely a folk performing art.