What is the nine-product system?

Jiupin official system, also known as Jiupin official law, was an important official selection system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This was the system formulated by Cao Pi in the first year (220) when he was ordered to adopt the opinion of Chen Qun, the official department minister. This system was gradually improved in the Western Jin Dynasty and changed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. From the beginning of Cao Wei to the establishment of imperial examinations in Sui and Tang Dynasties, this period lasted for about 400 years.

Jiupin Zheng Zhi system inherited the imperial examination system of Han Dynasty, initiated the imperial examination of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and occupied a very important position in the history of ancient political system in China. It is one of the three major official selection systems in China's feudal society. In fact, it is the continuation and development of the imperial examination system in Han Dynasty, or another manifestation of the imperial examination system.

Extended data:

Historians argue

1, appellation problem

Chen Changqi disagreed with what historians used to call "Zheng Zhi Grade 9". He pointed out that the existing historical materials of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties did not mention the "nine-grade official system", but the "nine-grade official law" was first mentioned.

In fact, there is no need to distinguish between "Zheng Zheng system with Nine Grades" and "official law with Nine Grades". Or it is wrong to think that the positive system of the Nine Grades is a more accurate expression of the Nine Grades Law. The root of this misunderstanding lies in people's misunderstanding of the evaluation of the official law of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Wei Jin people concentrated on attacking Chiang Kai-shek's system and Chiang Kai-shek's unfair evaluation of talents. Because the Zhongzheng system is an important part of the Nine Grades Official Law, some scholars mistakenly think that the system of Zhongzheng Nine Grades Official Law is the Nine Grades Official Law. In fact, the nine-product system or the nine-product system we often say is only a part of the nine-product official law, not the whole.

2. Rating

Chen Changqi pointed out that the nine-grade official law includes two contents: one is the evaluation of current officials, and the other is the evaluation of official candidates. The former developed into a nine-grade official system, while the latter formed an intermediate nine-grade official system, which is customarily called the nine-grade official system. People are used to calling the grades of the nine-level official system "official grades", while the grades awarded by the officials of Zhongzheng are called "Zhongzheng Grade" and "National Grade".

In his view, under the system of Jiupin Zhong Zheng, the power to evaluate products is in the hands of Zhong Zheng, and the level of products is often tied to family background. A person's clan status and father's rank, that is, "capital", occupy a very important position in the evaluation. Therefore, it is both a habit and a reality to use the concept of "capital" to refer to the "goods" that Zhong Zheng comprehensively gave to officials in the Nine Grades of Zhengfa.

References:

Nine products are in the right system-Baidu Encyclopedia