What is the most basic choice and arrangement of pneumatic layout?

In aerodynamic layout, the most basic thing is the selection and arrangement of wings and tails.

1, general layout

The horizontal tail and vertical tail of an aircraft are placed on the tail behind the wing, which is the most common aerodynamic layout in modern aircraft.

This layout increases the curved wing area with large sweep angle near the front root of the fuselage side, which can greatly improve the lift of the aircraft at high angle of attack. This added part is usually called "sidebar" in China. Many new fighters adopt this layout.

2. Duck layout

Duck layout is a kind of aerodynamic layout, which is very suitable for supersonic air combat. Moving the horizontal tail to the two sides of the nose in front of the main wing can achieve the same control efficiency with a smaller wing surface, and unlike the horizontal tail, the front wing and the wing can simultaneously generate lift to balance the pitching moment.

In this case, negative lift will be generated. At high angle of attack, the canard can generate bow moment only by reducing the lift, thus effectively ensuring the controllability of restraining excessive head-up at high angle of attack. The early duck layout flew like a duck, hence the name "duck layout".

3. Tailless layout

The layout without horizontal tail, vertical tail and wing can also be collectively called tailless layout. For the tailless layout, its basic advantages are low supersonic drag and light aircraft weight, but its take-off and landing performance is not good. In a word, from the conventional point of view, tailless layout is not an ideal choice.

However, stealth has become one of the main requirements of modern military aircraft, and the new generation of fighters need supersonic cruise capability, so more and more attention is paid to the fighter scheme without tail, especially the fighter scheme without vertical tail.

For fighters, the realization of tailless layout will bring many benefits. First of all, the weight of the plane has been greatly reduced; Secondly, eliminating the tail wing can greatly reduce the aerodynamic drag of the aircraft.

Compared with the traditional layout, its type resistance can be reduced by more than 60%; At the same time, removing the tail wing will make the target feature size of the aircraft larger and reduce the stealth performance; At the same time, canceling the last tail reduces the control surface, actuator and hydraulic system, thus improving maintainability and reducing the life cycle cost.