How to evaluate the development level of ancient agriculture in China?

(1) the origin of agriculture: the primitive society formed the crop planting pattern of southern rice and northern millet. ② The main farming methods of ancient agriculture: slash and burn, hoeing and ploughing cattle. Among them: ① The main farming mode of early/primitive agriculture: slash-and-burn and stone hoe farming, and the basic mode: slave collective farming and large-scale simple cooperation. ② The main farming methods of traditional agriculture: Niu Geng with iron plough, yeoman economy, which began to take shape in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the basic model: intensive cultivation and small-scale peasant economy. (3) The fundamental reason for the change of farming methods: the development of productivity. Specific manifestations: ① improvement of production tools: primitive society: stone tools and bone tools-Shang and Zhou dynasties: bronze farm tools appeared, But it is still the main tool-Spring and Autumn Period: the appearance of iron tools in Niu Geng-Warring States Period: the popularization of iron tools in Niu Geng-Western Han Dynasty: plow wall, rickshaw-Three Kingdoms: rollover (artificial irrigation tools)-Tang Dynasty: ② Improvement of water conservancy facilities: Spring and Autumn Period: Shaobei-Warring States Period: Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu-Han Dynasty: Caoqu, Baiqu and Karez. Regional field method —— Wei and Jin Dynasties: The earliest existing agricultural book "Green Manure and Rotation" in Yao Minshu was earlier than that in Europe 1 0,000 years ago —— Song and Yuan Dynasties: intensive cultivation and comprehensive maturity, multiple cropping system of rice and wheat, Jiangsu and Zhejiang as the economic center in Southern Song Dynasty —— Ming and Qing Dynasties: multiple cropping system, planting crops. (4) The economic center of gravity moved to the south: ① Process: Jiangnan developed in Wei and Jin Dynasties; After the Anshi rebellion, it began to move south; In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the economic center of gravity ("Suzhou and Shanghai are familiar, and the world is full"), and they moved south one after another. ② Reasons for moving south: Northerners moved south, which brought labor and technology. The south was stable, with superior natural conditions, and the rulers attached importance to it. 2. The ancient land system in China.