Longyan tulou information

"Fujian Tulou" includes Gaobei Tulou, Hongkeng Tulou, Chuxi Tulou, Xiang Yan Tulou and Zhen Fu Tulou in Yongding County of Fujian Province, Tianluokeng Tulou in Nanjing County, Hegeng Tulou and Huaiyuan Tulou in Hua 'an County. They are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas in the west and south of Fujian Province and are famous for their unique architectural style and long history and culture. It is not only the most common round tulou, but also the square tulou and the top tulou, covering the complete architectural style of tulou.

Fujian tulou was formed in Song and Yuan Dynasties. After the development in the middle and early Ming Dynasty, it gradually matured in the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, and it has continued to this day. Fujian tulou is a unique large-scale rammed earth residential building in mountainous areas in the world, and it is a creative masterpiece of adobe architecture. Fujian tulou is built on the mountain with reasonable layout. It absorbs the concept of "Feng Shui" in China's traditional architectural planning (see Dong Bin's Modern Feng Shui Mirror), adapts to the living and defense requirements of people living together, and skillfully uses the narrow flat land in the mountains and local raw soil, wood, pebbles and other building materials. It is a self-contained, economical, strong and defensive high-rise building type with great aesthetic feeling.

In the 1980s, the earth buildings in Nanjing County, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province and Yongding County, Longyan City were mistaken by Americans for mushroom-shaped nuclear weapons. As everyone knows, before the first atomic bomb mushroom cloud flew, this unique large-scale rammed earth residential building, which had been produced since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, had stood on a piece of land of more than 600 square kilometers in southwest Fujian for centuries.

On July 6th, 2008, at the 32nd World Heritage Conference held in Quebec City, China "Fujian Tulou" was officially listed in the World Heritage List.

Earth building layout

The layout of Hakka earth buildings in Yongding is reasonable, which is very similar to the ancient residential buildings in the Yellow River Basin. From the external environment, it is important to choose a place that is away from light and near water as a building site to facilitate life and production. Most construction sites face south, with running water on the left, roads on the right, ponds in front and hills behind; Don't go against the trend, sit north to south, avoid being high before and low after, and avoid facing the pit (avoid rushing); If the building is located in a higher place behind the mountain, then build the building higher or a little farther away from the mountain, which can not only prevent wind and moisture, but also make the building and the mountain configuration harmonious. We not only choose the construction site according to the above three aspects, but also make good use of special areas such as sloping fields and terraces to build all kinds of earth buildings, and even develop them into rugged earth buildings in mountainous areas with distinct levels and spectacular architectural features, such as Yongding ancient bamboo and Chuxi earth buildings. These stresses are undoubtedly closely related to geography, ecology, landscape, architecture, ethics and aesthetics, in other words, to the traditional culture of the Central Plains.

From the perspective of tulou itself, the layout of Yongding Hakka tulou has the following three characteristics:

(1) The central axis is clear, especially the palace enclosed house, Wufeng building, mansion square building and square building. The main hall, the main building and the gate are all built on the central axis, and the horizontal houses and ancillary buildings are distributed on the left and right sides, and the overall symmetry on both sides is extremely strict. The same is true for circular buildings, where the gate, nave and patio are all placed on the central axis.

(2) Take the hall as the core. This building has a hall and a main hall. Organize the courtyard with the hall as the center and combine groups with the courtyard as the center. Even for circular buildings, the position of the main hall is very prominent.

(3) The corridor runs through the whole building and extends in all directions. However, there are few earth buildings in Yongding and even Hakka areas, such as Qing Ji Building, which are small units, self-contained and unconnected with each other.

Earth buildings can be divided into circular buildings, square buildings and Wufeng buildings according to their shapes. There are also deformed concave fonts, semicircles and gossip. Among them, circular buildings and square buildings are the most common, and they often coexist. Thousands of square meters long, gregarious round buildings and square buildings are built between mountains and valleys with simple geometric buildings, and man-made buildings are in sharp contrast with the surrounding green natural landscape. /kloc-After China's economic opening in the 1980s, the landscape of earth buildings in southern Fujian and Guangdong, which are mainly round and square, attracted the attention of the world tourism industry.

rotunda

Round building is a kind of round earth building, also known as Yuan House Earth Building, Fujian Round Building or Hakka Enclosed House. Its use is more important than prevention, so its name is embedded in the name of "Zhai". Although this shape of earth buildings is not the most, the area is usually the largest. The largest area can even reach more than 72 bays.

Usually, the bottom floor of a circular building is the dining room and kitchen, the second floor is the warehouse, and the place above the third floor is the bedroom at home. Each small family or individual's room is independent, and the rooms are connected by a circle of public corridors. These designs usually focus on defense functions.

Fanglou

Square buildings are the most popular among earth buildings. The characteristic of this type of building is that a square or nearly square high fence is rammed first, and then other buildings in the building expand along this fence. The standard specifications for expansion are usually open patios and cloisters around patios. These floors with the same architectural style are piled together, and the highest can even reach six floors. Finally, the use of wooden floors and beams, together with tile roofs, has become the most common square building in earth buildings.

Wufenglou

Fuyu Building in Hukeng Town is a typical Wufeng Building. Wufeng Building is also known as Dafudi, Mansion-style, Palace-style or Pen-rack Building. Although their names are the same, there are some differences. From the outside, this kind of tulou, which consists of two wings and a gatehouse, has the characteristics of three concavities and two convexities, just like the penholder in ancient China. Wufenglou is mainly distributed in counties of western Fujian and Zhangzhou. Among them, Zhangzhou Hakkas who immigrated to Taiwan Province Province also brought the architectural style of Wufeng Pagoda to Taiwan Province Province.

other

In addition to the round building, there are also square buildings and Wufeng buildings. There are other types of earth buildings classified according to their shapes, such as concave, semi-circular and bagua. The concave earth buildings are mainly distributed in Nanjing and Zhaoan in southern Fujian. Pinghe and Yongding are semi-circular, and there are occasional gossip-shaped earth buildings in Yongding, Zhangpu, Hua 'an, Zhao 'an, Nanjing and eastern Guangdong. Among them, the largest gossip earth building in China is Daoyun Building.

Tulou * * * is characterized by a long construction period, which generally takes two or three years to complete, and the older one even needs decades and generations of craftsmen's hard work. The wood used must be 300 ~ 500 cubic meters. Because the earth wall is thick under and narrow on the top, it is strong and firm, and its "three defenses" (windproof, waterproof and shockproof) performance is good, and some can also prevent fire (the three-ring earth wall is a wall built by three walls), especially its extraordinary earthquake resistance is amazing. Almost all the earth buildings have been tested by earthquakes to varying degrees and are safe and sound. For example, the Huanji Building in Hukeng Town, Yongding, which was built in A.D. 1693, has experienced several earthquakes in the past 300 years. 19 18 The earthquake on the sixth day of the fourth lunar month only opened a 50 cm wide crack between the third floor and the fourth floor at the upper right of the main entrance. Because the structural thickness of the circular building wall is1.2m, it extends slightly upwards. For more than 70 years, it magically healed naturally, leaving only a crack one or two centimeters wide. In recent years, Fuxin Building, which has the deepest "qualifications" in Yongding, opened another gate to avoid people's inconvenience from entering and leaving through one gate, and invited masons to try their best to dig it with a steel chisel for several days before opening it. This shows the tenacity of this three-in-one earth wall.

Another feature of the earth building is that the structure is extremely standardized, and the rooms are all the same size. Most earth buildings have only one gate for access, and they all have patios, which can store food for more than half a year. Just like a solid castle, it is easy to guard against theft and bandits (in the old days, Hakkas were often attacked by bandits, so tall earth walls were built to prevent accidents). Because the wall is tall and thick, it can not only prevent moisture and keep warm, but also insulate the heat and enjoy the cool, which has many benefits. When Hakka people build earth buildings, they build chimneys into the earth walls, so that the kitchen is clean without black smoke pollution. The construction of tulou is also a manifestation of Hakka people's belief in geomantic omen in the old days. Superstition says that there is a "road evil spirit" on the road, a "stream evil spirit" on the stream and a "concave evil spirit" at the exit. When building a square building, they think that one corner of the building will encounter "Shaqi", so they carve the words "Taishan Shi Gandang" on the cornerstone of the corner of the building to ward off evil spirits, or nail the corner of the building with wooden boards with gossip and words to ward off evil spirits. Circular buildings have no edges and corners, and it is said that "Shaqi" can run away, so in order to avoid "Shaqi", earth buildings after the Qing Dynasty are mostly circular buildings. Generally speaking, it is obvious to emphasize the effectiveness of tulou.

Tulou is not only unique in architectural style, but also meaningful in naming most tulou. Yongding earth building is named after its location, such as "Dongsheng building", which faces east and west, and Yuxiu rises from east; Or named after the owner, such as "Zhen Fu Building", which was built by Su alone; Or named for the memory of ancestors, such as "Qingfu Building", "Fuyu Building", "Zhencheng Building" and "Qingcheng Building" built by Lin Fucheng's descendants in Yongding, which are always inseparable from the words "Fu" and "City"; Or named after the natural environment. For example, "Wangfeng Building" is named after facing the peak of Bijia Mountain, and "Huanxing Building" is named after being surrounded by water on three sides, and its shape is round and round. Or named to wish good luck, such as "Songzhulou" and "50th Floor", which respectively mean "bamboo is green and lush" and "five winds and ten rains are auspicious"; Or give names to encourage future generations, such as "Jing Xun Building" and "Chengqi Building"; Or named after entrepreneurs, for example, the "Fuqiao Building" was built for overseas Chinese in Jiang's family, which means that overseas Chinese are blessed, and the "Qunxing Building" was built to raise funds for all people, which means that they live in groups and prosper; Or named after a pun, "If you rise to the floor", you sit east and west, like the sun rises, and later generations jokingly call it as small as one meter.

Tulou, as a proud architectural form of Hakka people in Fujian, is a treasure in Fujian folk houses. At the same time, it also incorporates human factors, which can be called the epitome of the combination of heaven, earth and people. Dozens of families and hundreds of people go to the first floor together, which embodies the family tradition of Hakka people living in harmony. Therefore, a tulou history is a rural family history. Descendants of Tulou often can tell the origin of Kan Kan family without genealogy. In addition, the use of local materials and the most common soil materials to build tall castles, turning ordinary into magic, reflecting the unique creation of Hakka people in the process of conquering nature.

Since the 1960s, the construction of traditional earth buildings has basically stopped. Today, there are tens of thousands of earth buildings with different shapes in western Fujian and southern Fujian, among which Yongding County and Nanjing County have the largest number, among which there are more than 23,000 earth buildings in Yongding, which are concentrated in Hukeng, Gaotou, Xiayang and Guzhu, and most of them are well preserved and still inhabited. It is mixed with ordinary houses, making the huge earth building stand out from the crowd. The "Chengqi Building" in Gaobei Village, Gaotou Township, Yongding County has appeared frequently in movies and television, and it has also been included in the Dictionary of Places of Interest in China, becoming one of the marks of "residential houses" in China. With its unique round architectural modeling specimens, the reputation of Yongding Tulou spread like wildfire and became synonymous with Hakka Tulou in Fujian.