What were the characteristics of the spiritual life of the peasants in the Song and Yuan Dynasties? Why was the secular life of people at that time so colorful?

The peak of China's feudal dynasties was the Song Dynasty rather than the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was the most economically prosperous, technologically advanced, culturally prosperous, artistically sophisticated, and people's standard of living most affluent dynasty in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty was the dynasty that did China the most honor and the most inventions in the world at that time. The Song Dynasty was also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in Chinese history appeared in the Song Dynasty, when three of the so-called Four Great Inventions of China were invented or began to be practically applied on a large scale, gunpowder, the compass, printing, paper money, draped textiles and important reforms in the porcelain craftsmanship, etc. The Song Dynasty was also the most important period of China's contribution to the world. During the Song Dynasty, navigation, shipbuilding, medicine, craftsmanship, and agricultural techniques reached a level of sophistication never before seen in antiquity and difficult to match in later times. The Song dynasty also developed a new science, technological science. These brilliant achievements were directly linked to Song's comprehensive civilization. The GDP of the Song Dynasty was 50% of the world's. The comprehensive strength of the country both in quality and quantity Song Dynasty was the number one power in the world at that time. The Song Dynasty had reached the peak of the feudal dynasty, and the germ of capitalism had already appeared.

I. [Song Dynasty's economic and commercial]

The Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that did not implement the policy of "suppressing business" for a long time. Since the inception of the Song Dynasty, that is, the treatment of pit mines, the organization of tea and salt development. As a result, a large number of peasants liberated from the land into the commercial handicrafts, the private economy was stimulated, soaring. Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Zhengyin called on people to "accumulate more gold, the city to leave their children and grandchildren, singing and dancing to the end of the day," Song Taizong also issued an imperial edict, "so that the two systems of discussing the art of political abundance in order to hear", so that the officials to study the financial management of the way of seeking wealth. Emperor Shenzong of Song believed that "especially the first financial management", issued "the first political affairs, financial management for the urgent" of the edict. These policies oriented to make the commercial tide of prosperity, the rapid development of trade and commerce, the rapid development of the money industry, prompting the Song Dynasty in the world for the first time in the history of mankind, the earliest paper money and banks. Banks could lend money and make payments off-site. During the Northern Song Dynasty, gold, silver, copper, iron, coal and other mineral deposits were mined in large quantities, and the earliest manufacturing factories and processing factories in the history of the world also appeared throughout the country. Such as shipbuilding factories, firearms factories, paper factories, printing factories, weaving factories, and official kilns around the country. Workers in the factories received wages on a regular basis. The Southern Song Dynasty's weaponry craftsmen amounted to 7,000 or 8,000 people. The Bureau of making clubs, there are more than 1,200 apprentices. Ayakin hospital weavers reached more than four hundred people. In addition to public factories, some private factories also appeared and prospered in large numbers. Because of the unprecedented prosperity of the economy, the Song Dynasty, the amount of money minted is very large, such as the Song Emperor Shenzong when the national annual minting of 5.06 million coins. (The Tang Dynasty's most prosperous Kaiyuan period annual coinage of 320,000贯).　　

The forms and types of money in the Song Dynasty were too rich. Copper coins and silver ingots were the native currency of the Song dynasty. Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some Song coins contained alloy components. There were also some silver coins. The coins of the Song Dynasty were the most and best attained in ancient Chinese history in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The calligraphy on the Song coins is beautiful, mostly in the handwriting of famous artists and emperors, with a full range of seal scripts and cursive scripts, as well as ancient seal scripts and thin gold scripts. All kinds of exquisite currency make people love it, the art of Song coins of the highest artistic craftsmanship of the general category. Song money was the favorite and strongest currency of the neighboring countries at that time. Song money became the treasure of the South China Sea countries of the town treasury. Although Liao, Jin and other countries also imitated the Song coinage money, but the most widely circulated in Jin is the Song money. Until now, the most Song money has been unearthed and survived. In today's east to Japan, west to Europe, Africa, a vast area have been unearthed. This shows the prosperity and strength of Song. In order to avoid carrying a large number of copper money to and from the trouble, in the year 998 AD (Xianping first year) around the Sichuan area folk appeared in the earliest paper money "Jiazi". This is our country is also the world's earliest paper money. But this kind of paper money is only equivalent to the guarantee of the coupons. The Song Dynasty government successively printed and issued several types of banknotes, such as jiaozi, qianxin, guanzi and huizi. In 1023 A.D. (the first year of the Tian Sheng era), the Song government opened the world's first official institution responsible for issuing banknotes, the Yizhou Jiaosi Service, which was the world's earliest central hhhh people's hhhh people's bank. In 1024 A.D., the Song government began to print and issue "Jiaozi", which was printed on copper plates with birds, animals, flowers, patterns or stories, and was exceptionally beautiful. This kind of note is like a public debt, issued by the boundary. Cross initially to two years for a boundary, the issuance of new cross at the same time the abolition and recycling of the old cross, since 1072 AD (xining five years), although still issued every two years a boundary, but the circulation period of each boundary cross increased to four years. The nominal value of the currency was fixed from one guan to ten guan, and it was based on iron money with reserve for issuance, which had basically possessed the characteristic elements of modern local currency. Its use became more and more widespread. The use of bills for commercial prosperity provides convenient conditions. In the fourth year of Chongning of the Northern Song Dynasty, a new type of banknote called "money citation" was issued in the northern part of Jiangbei and northern China, but it was stopped after only one boundary was printed because of poor circulation and unsuccessful use. In 1107 A.D. (the first year of Daguan), the Sichuan Jiazi was renamed Qianyin, and the Jiazi Service was also renamed Qianyin Service, and began to print a large number of banknotes for distribution, which caused a serious depreciation of the Qianyin due to the excessive number of issues. In 1110 AD (Da Guan three years) to limit the issuance of Tian Sheng about 1.25 million guan, the circulation of the region is also limited to the use of iron money in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hedong area, and then took the exchange, stop using the old money quoted to increase the reserves and other methods, so that the value of the money quoted to be restored. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song government set up the "line in the club business" in Hangzhou, specializing in the management of the printing of "clubs". Successively printed a thousand, two thousand, three thousand and two hundred, three hundred, five hundred, six kinds of face value of the club. The "boundary" was three years, and it was canceled when it expired, and new ones were made to replace the old ones. From A.D. 1171 to A.D. 1240, **** issued eighteen circles of hui zi. Later, the government stipulated that the seventeenth and eighteenth kaiko could circulate permanently. This was the real meaning of pure coins made of paper issued by the government. Paper money gradually replaced copper money as the main medium of exchange. The rapid development of commerce played a driving role.

The Song dynasty adjusted the traditional practice of emphasizing punishment over people in legislation, and attached great importance to economic legislation. The content of the law involves all aspects of social and economic activities, specializing in the setting of monopoly law, such as salt law, wine law, tea law and other decrees. The Song Dynasty became the most active period of economic legislation in ancient China, with frequent legislative activities, regulations covering all aspects of social and economic activities, and unprecedented imagination in the formulation and implementation of regulations. The economic decrees of the Song paid attention to the distribution of interests between the state and economic actors and conformed to the laws of the commodity economy. The huge financial revenues obtained by the Song dynasty were the result of the rapid development of the national economy, the extreme prosperity of industry and commerce, and the increase in the level of productivity. The abundant social financial resources made it possible for the government not only not to seek to tax the people harshly but also to ensure government revenue. This eased social conflicts and entered a virtuous cycle of governing the country. The economy of the Song Dynasty, especially the secondary and tertiary industries, developed greatly, and the living standard of the people reached an unprecedented high. In 1077 A.D., the total tax revenue of the Northern Song Dynasty***70.7 million guan, of which 21.62 million guan, or 30%, were from the two taxes on agriculture, and 49.11 million guan, or 70%, were from industrial and commercial taxes. Constitutes the main body of national revenue, is no longer agriculture, but industry and commerce, Song Dynasty has come out of the agricultural civilization, Song China's agricultural society has begun to industrial and commercial society that step forward. Song dynasty craft industry also appeared in the copper plate printing advertisement. It was more than three hundred years earlier than the Western capitalist printed advertisements. The great scholar Su Dongpo once made an advertising poem to an old woman who made oil food, which made her business greatly revitalized. Shen Kuo's theory of the velocity of money circulation reached the level of modern monetary theory. In addition, during the Song Dynasty, there were already "tabloids", which were similar to modern newspapers. The world's earliest Chinese capitalism was born in the strong commercial wave of the Song Dynasty.

The Song Dynasty was the era when the civic class of Chinese society was formally created, and a large number of craftsmen, merchants, and small business owners constituted the middle class of the Song Dynasty. They were economically affluent and had their own independent pursuit of values. The affluent and leisure life of the citizens and their aesthetic and lifestyle interests contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry, novels, etc. all flourished in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time in China, there were large cities centered primarily on commerce, rather than administration. The Song Dynasty's well-developed transportation was the greatest in human feudal history. In the Song Dynasty, there was a post office every ten miles and a post station every thirty miles. The official roads in different places were scattered and well connected. The Song government attached great importance to the postal service, and the practice of "postal service by law" ensured the normal operation of the postal service." The White Pagoda Bridge sells the map by the side of the bridge, and the long pavilions and short posts are clear." The maps of the Song Dynasty were already quite accurate. The four capitals of the Song Dynasty were Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo, Luoyang Prefecture in the Western Capital, Da Ming Prefecture in Beijing, and Yingtian Prefecture in Nanjing. The large cities of the Song Dynasty were concentrated in population, and both Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, were large cities with more than a million people. There were six Song Dynasty cities with populations over 200,000 as in Quanzhou. Cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to forty-six. (The largest and most prosperous city in the West at the end of the Southern Song was Venice with a population of only one hundred thousand.) There was an hour hand hanging from a tower on all the arteries of the city. Each clock was tended by a watchman. He struck the brass roe to tell the time, a sound that echoed even in very narrow alleys, and then he showed the moments to the people in words. The Northern Song Dynasty was rich and powerful for more than 160 years, and the capital city of Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) was "ten times more popular than the capitals of the Han and Tang dynasties", and Bianliang City was not only smooth and developed by dry roads, but also very developed by water transportation." The poopdeck of Bianliang City is always in the clear, and the waterway is also very well developed. Millions of households in Bianliang City were all on stone charcoal, and there was not a single household that burned fuel. Bianliang City in Song Dynasty was already warmed by coal (called burning stone in the West) instead of wood. At that time, the West was using wood to split wood to live for cooking and heating. This was not the case in China's major cities after the 19h4h9h liberation. The birth of the emerging civic class, affluent and comfortable life made the Song people strong consumer consciousness, greatly stimulated the tea house wine market, entertainment and other tertiary industries flourished. Unlike the cities of the Tang Dynasty, the cities of the Song Dynasty were dark as soon as the night came, and the Song City was a city of brilliant light in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not have a curfew hh ban like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a night life. At night, Song people lit lamps in their rooms, in front of their homes and courtyards, and thus there were lights everywhere. People who traveled at night carried various kinds of lanterns. Therefore, the whole city was shining at night. At night, the city is brightly lit, and the sound of sales is heard until dawn. In the "wazi", "hook bar" and other fixed entertainment venues, a hundred plays are performed, and the public concentrates on watching them. At night, the food and beverage stores do a brisk business, and the streets are crowded with people until the sun rises." One or two places on the street noodle store and the city of West Square West food noodle store, all-night trading, the dawn of endless "," the rest of the bridge Road, Fang Lane, there is also a night market poker selling fruit sugar and other things, but also sell Gua Gua people Pan Street hawking, such as the top tray and stretcher to sell the city's food, to the three more unceasingly. Winter months, although heavy rain and snow, there are also night market pan sale." ." Wine shop Bose miscellaneous song call, night and night as long as the first half of the month." The "Liangyuan Songs and Dances are a great success, and the wine is like a knife to solve the sorrows. I remembered how much fun I had as a teenager, and I went up to the Fan Tower in the dead of night." "When I look back in the twilight, the man is at the end of the lights." When will the West Lake songs and dances stop? The warm wind makes the tourists drunk, making Hangzhou into Bianzhou." The tourists are not only a few Song people such as royal relatives and dignitaries, but also the vast number of citizens in the city, the majority of Song people. The Song people were so rich and happy. The Song Dynasty did not have the poverty of "frozen bones" and the pessimism and despair of "the country is broken, the city is deep in spring." The pessimism and despair. Only "West Lake song and dance when to rest" of the drunken optimism, prosperity.

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There is no shame in a civilization being wiped out. The Greek gg, Roman g are g g by the barbarians g eliminated g, but they g their g civilization g g is still g g the pride of the western g side of the people g the world g g people still g admire g they g started g civilization g high g g. In the western g g side of the people g will not slander g g g Greece, g g g Roman g and no one will g g venerate g g Turk g, Tu g g Erqi. g g a no g g have g culture rude g g harsh g gggg harmful robbers gggg no gggg which country gggg which gggg people gggg will gggg admire g. And I gggg we gggg now gggg some gggg Chinese gggg but some strange, we gggg to the generation gggg table gggg in gggg Chinese culture gggg the peak of the dynasty gggg great gggg slander gggg and slamming, and gggg to the gggg massacre gggg to create the history of mankind gggg excellent first gggg into the high civilization gggg my The barbarians who massacred our ancestors are glorified and glorified. It is as if we don't know who our ancestors were, and it is hard to imagine that the Jews nowadays would worship Hitzig Tegeler, while insulting and degrading their Jewish forefathers, who were massacred by Hitzig Tegeler.g This is exactly what is happening in China. ...... We are accustomed to glorifying as great heroes the cold-blooded robbers who slaughtered the butchers of our forefathers! We are accustomed to slandering and scolding the great Song dynasty, which brought so much honor and pride to gg China in the world. g In the world g only Chinese gg people are passionately devoted to scolding gg their own ancestors, and in the g West you can hardly see any Westerners scolding Aristotle. g In China we not only scold Zhu Xi gg, but also scolded the saints who have been honored by our ancestors for thousands of years as saints, and who are revered as great thinkers gd ministries in gg the world. g In China, we are used to scolding Zhu Xi gg, and also scolding the saints who are honored as great thinkers gd ministries in gg the world. Being honored as a great thought gd things to do not come out? Is he still a Chinese? Ancient Greek dd Olympic civilization in the d world, d in China still dd continue to d carry forward! The Songming science, which represents the essence of traditional Chinese cultural thought, has been criticized by the Chinese people themselves for being useless. g The large gg part of the Chinese ddgg people nowadays don't even know the good, superior and rare qualities of their own ancestors. We were slaughtered by the barbarians to cut off the inheritance and continuity of the Chinese civilization. d We still deserve to dd call me dd we d are the descendants of the Song people d d generation?